女,2岁2个月。拉链头卡在食道取不出来。通过手术切开。疤痕导致食道狭窄。现在鼻子处插了10毫米胃管。嘴巴禁食
\n需要做食道扩张手术，做后也不知道效果怎样
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阴茎短小，睾丸小个，阴茎勃起不舒服，影响生育
\n可以做延长手术吗
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想知道是什么原因 要不要去检查 会可能是什么病
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","barId":"1686","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1020","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1345,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486746898985,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486746898983,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"6f08827db09911e6927f00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1479808372065,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"海总剑客","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"洞医客服微信2276635444","realName":null,"signName":"洞医网提醒您：请仔细阅读产品说明书或者在医务人员的指导下购买和使用，禁忌内容或者注意事项详见说明书","head":null,"phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"756954943@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"1599","isDel":0,"createAt":1486742481490,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"特别想睡觉发烧是不是肺癌晚期","content":"女,65岁。症状是：咳嗽，少痰，无力，走路就喘，特别想睡觉，只能仰卧睡觉，侧身就咳嗽。
膝盖酸，有时候发烧38.2
是不是肺癌晚期
","barId":"1686","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1020","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1470,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486742481493,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486742481490,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"3272","isDel":0,"createAt":1486701869677,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"肺水肿病人应该做哪些检查","content":"当出现了较为严重的疾病也是很害怕的，面对这些时候我们大家要采取合理的一些方法，特别是肺水肿的出现也是很难对付的，它直接伤害的就是肺部，大家清楚了解这些后在及时做好检查，那么，肺水肿病人应该做哪些检查?下面具体的解答吧。
\n1、X线检查 只有当肺血管外液量增加30%以上时，胸部X线检查才出现异常阴影。
\n(1)普通透视检查：间质性肺水肿的主要X线表现：
\n①间隔线：是重要的X线表现，A及B线出现机会较多，诊断也较容易，其出现和消失的迅速变化是急性肺水肿的特征，其出现时间往往比临床症状早，也是估计左心衰竭程度和疗效的极有价值的指标。A线：由肺野外围引向肺门之线状影，长约4cm，宽0.5～1mm。多见于上肺野，急性左心衰竭时较多见。B线：多见于肋膈角，为长约2～3cm的水平横线，宽度亦为0.5～1mm，为间隔线中最常见者，右侧多见。C线：少见，为互相交织成网格状的线状阴影，可见于肺的任何部位。D线：往往自前胸膜表面向后行，长约4～5cm，宽2～4mm，多见于舌叶及中叶，故在侧位胸片上显示较好。
\n②胸膜下水肿：叶间胸膜及肋膈角处胸膜增厚。有时可发生少量胸腔积液。
\n③肺门阴影：模糊和增大。
\n④支气管周围及血管周围阴影增强(袖口征)：支气管及血管断面外径增大且边缘模糊。
\n⑤其他：心脏改变，肺纹理增粗及上肺静脉扩大等。
\n(2)普通透视检查：肺泡性肺水肿的X线表现有许多类型，其相同特点是短期内变化快。典型X线表现为自肺门向肺野外周围扩展的扇形阴影，在双侧肺门外方形成蝴蝶状。也可能出现单侧性肺水肿，X线表现为单侧或一叶模糊的斑片状阴影，易误诊，常见于长期卧床病人，特别是侧卧的病人。
\n肺泡性肺水肿:
\n①肺泡实变阴影，早期呈结节状阴影，约0.5-1cm大小，边缘模糊，很快融合成斑片或大片状阴影，有含气支气管影像.密度均匀。
\n②分布和形态呈多样性，可呈中央型、弥漫型和局限型。中央型表现为两肺中内带对称分布的大片状阴影，肺门区密度较高，形如蝶翼称为蝶翼征。局限型可见于一侧或一叶，多见于右侧。除片状阴影外，还可呈一个或数个较大的圆形阴影，轮廓清楚酷似肿瘤。
\n③动态变化：肺水肿最初发生在肺下部、内侧及后部，很快向肺上部、外侧及前部发展，病变常在数小时内有显著变化。
\n2、心导管检查Swan-Ganz导管检查 床边进行静脉Swan-Ganz导管检查测肺毛细血管楔嵌压(PCWP)，可以明确肺毛细血管压增高的肺水肿，但PCWP高度不一定与肺水肿程度相吻合。Swan-Ganz导管常保留数天，作为心源性肺水肿的监测，指导临床治疗，维持PCWP在1.9～2.4kPa之间。
\n3、其他检查方法 过去许多血管外水(EVLW)测定方法，如X线、热指示剂稀释技术、可溶性气体吸入法、经肺电阻抗、CT、磁共振成像等，对肺水肿微血管-肺泡屏障损伤的早期判断并不敏感。近年来通过体外测定同位素标记蛋白(常用99mTc)经肺毛细血管内皮的净流量，评价肺血管内皮通透性;通过测定肺泡对同位素小分子物质(放射性标记蛋白、99mTc-DTPA)的清除，评价肺泡上皮的通透性，可较早地判断肺损伤程度。这些方法为肺水肿早期诊断提供了先进而有效的手段，但仍需要进一步完善。
\n上述是专家对于疾病出现的检查方法，而大家注意到了这些也是应该及时的来做好检查，我们大家不能够忽视这样的问题。知道了以后还是要积极来治疗。
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很多人会因为对于一些东西的不了解而导致一些疾病的发生，那么现在就让小编为大家介绍一些应该去注意的事项，肺水肿在我们日常生活中也是常见的疾病之一。预防肺水肿很重要。其实有好多人平时因为不了解肺水肿，而误食了一些药物诱发出肺水肿。那么都有哪些药物会导致人们患上肺水肿呢。在这里我就为大家介绍介绍吧。
\n1.产科药物
\n麦角新碱是一种麦角生物碱，对子宫平滑肌具有收缩作用，用于防止产后出血。曾有报道1例患者剖腹产术后应用麦角新碱时出现肺水肿。
\n催产素具有收缩子宫平滑肌的特性，用于介导分娩和防止产后出血，静脉注射催产素可引起肺水肿。
\nβ受体激动剂能松弛子宫平滑肌，抑制子宫收缩，部分患者可发生肺水肿，称为子宫收缩抑制剂相关性肺水肿，肺水肿的发生主要与心输出量增加、肺毛细血管后静脉收缩。
\n2.止痛剂
\n阿司匹林是一种非甾体类抗炎剂，具有较好的解热和肌肉骨骼镇痛作用，也可用于短暂缺血发作和冠状动脉综合征，非心源性肺水肿是水杨酸制剂常见并发症之一，可能与肺毛细血管膜通透性的增高有关。
\n美沙酮是一种长效麻醉镇痛剂，用于治疗急性和慢性疼痛，也可用于麻醉成瘾的维持治疗，已有美沙酮引起肺水肿的报道。吗啡是一种鸦片类镇痛剂，应用麻醉制剂尤其是大剂量应用的病人容易诱发非心源性肺水肿，可能与免疫球蛋白和补体在肺内沉积或脑干神经反射引起的毛细血管通透性增高有关。
\n丙氧芬(propoxyphene)也是一种鸦片制剂，口服或静脉注射尤其是大剂量应用时可引起肺水肿。
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肺水肿这种疾病，是非常常见的，生活中大家不要忽视，以免造成呼吸困难，导致更多的危害出现，这疾病发生后，很多的患者会出现咳嗽，胸闷，呼吸困难，发冷汗，心动过速。那么肺水肿在出现时会有哪些常见症状呢?
\n肺水肿的症状
\n肺水肿间质期，患者常有咳嗽、胸闷，轻度呼吸浅速、急促。查体可闻及两肺哮鸣音，心原性肺水肿可发现心脏病体征。肺水肿液体渗入肺泡后，患者可表现为面色苍白，紫绀，严重呼吸困难，咳大量白色或血性泡沫痰，两肺满布湿罗音。血气分析提示低氧血症加重，甚至出现CO2潴留和混合性酸中毒。
\n典型的急性肺水肿，可根据病理变化过程分为4个时期，各期的临床症状、体征分述如下。
\n间质性水肿期：主要表现为夜间发作性呼吸困难，被迫端坐位伴出冷汗及不安，口唇发绀，两肺可闻及干啰音或哮鸣音，心动过速，血压升高。
\n肺泡性水肿期：主要表现严重的呼吸困难，呈端坐呼吸，伴恐惧窒息感，面色青灰。皮肤及口唇明显发绀，大汗淋漓，咳嗽，咳大量粉红色泡沫样痰，大小便可出现失禁。两肺满布突发性湿性啰音。
\n休克期：在短时间内大量血浆外渗，导致血容量短期内迅速减少，出现低血容量性休克，同时由于心肌收缩力明显减弱，引起心源性休克，出现呼吸急促、血压下降、皮肤湿冷、少尿或无尿等休克表现，伴神志、意识改变。
\n终末期：呈昏迷状态，往往因心肺功能衰竭而死亡。
\n肺水肿的检查。
\n动脉血氧分压(PAO2)
\n氧分压是表示溶解在血中的氧分子所产生的压力。因氧分压与细胞利用氧的情况有关。
\n二氧化碳分压(PCO2，PCO2)
\n二氧化碳分压又称二氧化碳张力，指血浆中溶解的二氧化碳所产生的压力。由于二氧化碳分子具有较强的弥散能力，故血液二氧化碳分压基本上反映了肺泡二氧化碳分压的平均值，即代表了呼吸成分。通常抽动脉血，用血气分析仪测定。二氧化碳分压测定主要用于判断是呼吸性酸中毒还是呼吸性碱中毒。
\n胸部透视
\n透视是病人置于X线管与荧光屏之间的直接检查。可做全面动态的直接观察，如心脏搏动、横隔活动、胃肠蠕动、关节活动等。也可在X线造影检查中用以定位观察、胃肠造影检查、指示诊疗操作，如心导管插管、骨折复位、异物摘除等。X线透视应用最多的部位是胸部，检查肺部、胸膜、纵隔及心脏、大血管病变。也可用于四肢骨、软组织、体腔内异物及气体、结石、避孕环等的检查。
\n胸部平片
\n胸部平片，也称胸部摄片检查。摄片检查所得的X线影像远比透视时清晰，其优势有：(1)受检部位的影像永久保留在胶片上，可供分析、讨论及复查对照;(2)可作为科研资料保存;(3) 摄片可显示微细结构，如2MM以上的早期病源较透视清晰。(4)摄片能够检查人体较厚部位，并使患者接受X线量较少。
\n经过上述的专业分析之后，大家对于症状有了一定的了解，这种疾病会影响到肺部的健康，严重的时候还会导致死亡，因此若是出现了异常，患者应该积极的进行检查，合理的进行治疗，以免失去最佳治疗时间。
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（一）病因治疗 \n对肺水肿的预后至关重要，可减轻或纠正肺血管内外液体交换紊乱。输液速度过快者应立即停止或减慢速度。尿毒症患者可用透析治疗。感染诱发者应立即应用适当抗生素。毒气吸入者应立即脱离现场，给予解毒剂。麻醉剂过量摄入者应立即洗胃及给予对抗药。
（二）吗啡 \n每剂5～10mg皮下或静脉注射可减轻焦虑，并通过中枢性交感抑制作用降低周围血管阻力，将血液从肺循环转移到体循环。还可松弛呼吸道平滑肌，改善通气。对心原性肺水肿效果最好，但禁用于休克、呼吸抑制和慢性阻塞肺病合并肺水肿者。
（三）利尿 \n静脉注射呋喃苯胺酸（速尿）40～100mg或丁尿胺1mg可迅速利尿、减少循环血量和升高血浆胶体渗透压，减少微血管滤过液体量。此外静脉注射速尿还可扩张静脉，减少静脉回流，甚至在利尿作用发挥前即可产生减轻肺水肿的作用。但不宜用于血容量不足者。
（四）氧疗 \n肺水肿患者通常需要吸入较高浓度氧气才能改善低氧血症，最好用面罩给氧。湿化器内置75～95％酒精或10％硅酮有助于消除泡沫。低氧血症难以纠正者可应用呼吸机经面罩或人工气道给氧，有助于升高间质静水压减少心输出量并降低微血管内静水压力，减少液体滤出血管外，但禁用于心输出量不足者。
（五）扩血管药 \n静滴硝普钠15～30μg/min可扩张小动脉和小静脉。α受体阻滞剂可阻断儿茶酚胺、组胺和5-羟色胺等介质的血管收缩作用，扩张肺和体循环的小动脉、小静脉。两者均可降低心脏前后负荷，减少肺循环血流量和微血管静水压力，进而减轻肺水肿。常用苄胺唑啉0．2～1mg/min或笨苄0．5～1mg/kg静滴。但应注意调整滴数和补充血容量，保持动脉血压在正常范围。
（六）强心药 \n主要适用于快速心房纤颤或扑动诱发的肺水肿。两周内未用过洋地黄类药物者，可用毒毛旋花子甙k0，25mg或毛花甙丙0．4～0．8mg溶于葡萄糖内缓慢静注。
（七）氨茶碱 静脉注射氨苯碱0．25g可有效地扩张支气管，改善心肌收缩力，增加肾血流量和钠排除。但应注意注射速度，预防对心脏的不利影响。
（八）肾上腺糖皮质激素 \n对肺水肿的治疗价值存在分歧。一些研究表明，它能减轻炎症反应，减少微血管通透性，促进表面活性物质合成，增强心肌收缩力，降低外周血管阻力和稳定溶酶体膜。可应用于高原肺水肿，中毒性肺水肿和心肌炎合并肺水肿。通常用地塞米松20～40mg/d或氢化可地松400～800mg/d静脉注射，连续2～3天。
（九）减少肺循环血量 \n患者坐位，双腿下垂或四肢轮流扎缚静脉止血带，每20min轮番放松一肢体5min，可减少静脉回心血量。适用于输液超负荷或心原性肺水肿，禁用于休克和贫血患者。
现在的生活是越过越好的走向，但是这并不意味着疾病就会从我们的生活中退去，所以我们只能在生活中去进行预防。有很多的人在检查的时候发现出现了肺水肿，这是一种对人体造成的折磨是很大的，因此，平时患者应该注意自己的饮食，也要注意多休息，通过饮食来有效的控制病情，那么，哪些食物有益于肺水肿的防御呢，我们一起来了解一下。
\n牛肉(里脊)
\n牛里脊肉是脊骨里面的一条瘦肉。肉质细嫩，适于滑炒、滑熘、软炸等。
\n葫芦
\n葫芦瓜，又名葫芦、蒲瓜、夜开花和大葫芦等，属葫芦科一年生攀缘草本植物瓠瓜的变种，茎蔓生，叶心脏形，互生，夏秋开白花，果实的形状因种类而异，具体的说又分为瓠子、葫芦、匏瓜(瓢葫芦)和扁葫芦几种。原产非洲南部。我国自古有栽培，现在是民间夏令常吃的佳肴。葫芦瓜是可消肿结、润肌肤的瓜菜。
\n白条鱼
\n初级淡水鱼。 是低海拔常见之鱼类，喜欢群聚栖息于溪流、湖泊及水库等水体之上层。 主要摄食藻类，也食高等植物碎屑、甲壳类及水生昆虫等。 繁殖力及适应性强，能容忍较污浊之水域。
\n菊苣
\n菊苣为药食两用植物，菊苣叶可调制生菜。它的根含菊糖及芳香族物质，可提制代用咖啡，促进人体消化器官活动。 植物的地上部分及根可供药用，中药名分别为菊苣、菊苣根，具有清热解毒，利尿消肿，健胃等功效。
\n刁子鱼
\n刁子鱼，也叫刀子鱼、白刁鱼，生长在长江流游的具有地方特色的淡水鱼，形如柳叶，却肉质鲜美。此鱼种长不大，一离开水，很快就死去，人工无法饲养，渐渐地人们都习惯把它叫成刁子鱼，具有丰富营养价值。
\n母鸡(一年内)
\n老母鸡之所以受到很多人的推崇，主要是从中医上来说，母鸡的鸡肉属阴，比较适合产妇、年老体弱及久病体虚者食用。而老母鸡由于生长期长，鸡肉中所含的鲜味物质要比仔鸡多，这是使鸡汤味道更鲜美的主要原因。另外，老母鸡中脂肪含量比较高，炖出的汤也更香一些。
\n绿豆饼
\n绿豆饼是选择优质面粉深加工后，配备营养丰富的绿豆陷，并运用专用的配料，加工而成，其松、香、酥、软、香醇诱人、细腻香软。是目前市场火爆的特色传统糕点小吃。 绿豆饼之所以受到亲睐，主要原因有两点：一是采用优质绿豆和面粉制作，二是独家配方和专用的配料。 烤制好的绿豆饼的皮面金黄鲜亮，柔软可口，吃上一口，更是妙不可言。绿豆的功效，众所周知：尤其是适合小孩、老人和女性朋友。
\n绿豆芽
\n绿豆芽，即绿豆的芽。绿豆在发芽过程中，维生素C会增加很多，而且部分蛋白质也会分解为各种人所需的氨基酸，可达到绿豆原含量的七倍，所以绿豆芽的营养价值比绿豆更大。
\n结语：其实很多疾病都是可以通过食物去预防的，所以平时生活中，大家可以多吃一些蛋白质食物。上述的这些食材，都非常常见，比如是牛肉，葫芦，母鸡，豆芽，豆饼，都是很常见的，希望大家可以尝试一下，以免身体出现这种疾病，造成不良后果，我们应该注意一些肺部保健方法。
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1.改善通气维护呼吸功能
\n及时清除气管内分泌物，保持呼吸道通畅，严密观察呼吸道情况，监测呼吸机给氧的真正效果；定时做血气分析；了解肺功能、保持血氧饱和度在98%以上；做呼吸管理、气管内吸痰，动作轻而短暂，每次不能超过15 s。吸痰前后给高浓度氧气。避免低氧血症进一步使用颅内压增高。
\n2. 做好基础护理
\n（1）患者体位、抬高床头15°～30°，以利于静脉回流，减轻肺水肿，帮助患者每2 h翻身1次，按摩皮肤受压处防褥疮，翻身时与翻身后使患者头部身躯体保持一条直线，以便维持静脉回流、降低颅内压。（2）保持室内安静谢绝探视、减轻陪护、保持患者充足睡眠、避免颅内压波动。（3）输液管理、严格控制液体入量及早期限制钠盐的摄入，根据患者的生命体征、尿量及颅内压决定补液量，以保持尿量于正常范围为适度。（4）饮食管理：患者2次手术、伤口修复需要加强营养，气管切开会失大量的水分，患者吞咽困难导致摄入不足。高热消耗大量的水分、热量。脱水剂的使用易造成电解质紊乱。我们采取早期管饲高蛋白、高热量、高维生素、营养丰富易消化的流质食物；同时控制进水量及食盐量。
\n3. 积极防治并发症
\n（1）肺部感染：将患者安置在单人房间、保持室内空气流通、清洁温、湿度适宜。控制出入人次。定时做空气消毒，每日2次，经常更换体位并轻轻叩击背部及时而科学地吸痰，适当取半坐位防止误吸，严格无菌操作，做好气管节开和呼吸机治疗的管理，气管套管每日清洗消毒2次，及时留取痰标本做细菌培养及药敏试验，给予营养支持，提高机体抵抗力；（2）电解质紊乱：合理补液，记录24 h出入量，定时监测尿比重、尿钠，监测血生化。（3）高热：给予患者头部冰枕、腋窝腹股沟等大血管表浅处置冰袋，有效控制高热、降低脑细胞代谢和耗氧量，增强脑细胞对缺氧耐受力，有助于防止和减轻脑水肿：补充水分和营养，增加患者抵抗力，促进机体早日康复。
\n出院指导
\n做好健康教育宣教，嘱加强营养，饮食宜高热量、高维生素、高蛋白，适当运动，不宜过度疲劳，积极预防感冒，保持良好心态，并定期来院复查。
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肺不张表示肺的部分或完全无气，体积萎陷。肺不张是一个病征，而不是病名，故需寻找引起肺不张的病因。
症状
症状: 肺不张的临床表现差异较大，和肺不张的范围及其引起肺不张的病因密切相关，一侧性肺不张，常伴有明显的呼吸困难，体格检查常发现患侧胸廓变形、呼吸音消失、叩诊实音、气管向患侧移位等改变，而局限性的肺不张症状可不明显，临床体征也不典型。中心型肺癌引起的肺不张，常有刺激性咳嗽、咳血丝痰、呼吸困难等由肿瘤引起的临床改变。
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急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ali/ards)患者的肺容积,可能接近婴儿肺或只占正常成人肺的较小部分。一般认为,在ali/ards的治疗中,呼气末正压通气(peep)既可防止呼气末肺泡萎陷,又能避免肺泡过度膨胀,是一项有效的治疗措施。
\n呼气末正压通气的疗效存在争议
\n当患者接受peep时,一些明显塌陷的肺组织可以复张,但某些患者的肺组织复张微乎其微。严重的肺损伤常常伴随着过度肺泡复张,通常会发生更严重的低氧血症,伴发更大的死腔,且呼吸系统的顺应性降低。
\n意大利学者gattinoni等的一项研究纳入68例ali/ards患者,分别在5、15、45 cmh2o的气道压下,屏气行全肺ct检查。影像学检查结果显示,未复张的肺组织(包括实变或塌陷的肺组织)占整个肺实质的5%~70%。此外,研究者还观察到应用高水平peep治疗,部分患者的反应仍较弱。接受peep治疗的患者,其肺复张疗效与肺塌陷体积的比例密切相关。
\n笔者推测,在非选择性ali/ards患者中,随机应用peep并不改善患者的生存率,因为peep治疗对肺复张效果好的患者有效,但对肺复张效果差的患者只能增加其肺泡张力和损伤。
\n小潮气量+适当的peep值得探索
\n另一项随机对照研究纳入标准参数机械通气24小时、pao2/fio2≤200 mmhg的ards患者103例,患者随机接受传统的机械通气(对照组),或在低潮气量情况下加用高于压力容积曲线低位转折点压力(pflex)的 peep(试验组)。按照预计体重计算设定潮气量,对照组的潮气量为9~11 ml/kg,peep≥5 cmh2o,试验组的潮气量为5~8 ml/kg,peep设定为(pflex+2) cmh2o。
\n主要测定指标为重症监护室(icu)和院内病死率、脱离机械通气的天数和发生肺外器官功能障碍的人数。结果显示,在试验组中脱离机械通气的天数较多,在对照组中发生肺外器官功能障碍的人数较多。
\n潮气量设定较小,且peep设定为(pflex+2) cmh2o进行治疗,可以使持续性ards患者的icu病死率降低,但对ali患者无显著疗效。笔者推测,这种治疗方法的机制是peep可防止肺泡萎陷,低潮气量和低平台压可避免肺泡过度膨胀。
\n肺复张术治疗早期ards利弊共存
\n肺组织塌陷对ards患者的有害作用仍然是有争议的,至今还没有一项有效的技术可以在床旁操作以减少肺塌陷的发生。
\nborges等研究了肺复张术在早期ards患者中纠正低氧血症和肺组织塌陷的作用。研究纳入26例患者接受吸气压序贯递增(每次增加5 cmh2o)通气,直到患者动脉血的(pao2+paco2)≥400 mmhg时,停止递增。当吸气压至60 cmh2o时,初始目标仍未达到,或者出现血流动力学恶化或气压伤,试验将被终止。
\n肺复张效果通过ct检查(9例)或者连续6小时接受icu监测(15例)进行评价。结果显示,大部分患者(24例)能够达到肺开放的效果并维持,但这是以一过性的血流动力学改变和高碳酸血症为代价的,动脉血氧和肺塌陷体积的比例负相关(p<0.0001)。
\n对于早期ards患者,通常可以纠正低氧血症并使肺完全复张,但是鉴于其短暂的副作用,此项技术在应用于临床之前仍有待进一步研究。
\n","barId":"1686","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1017","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1794,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486701635716,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486701635714,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"4773","isDel":0,"createAt":1486701607537,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"干细胞可防治肺组织损伤","content":"
第四军医大学西京医院呼吸内科赵峰博士完成的一项研究证实，干细胞可以防治肺组织损伤。这一研究将为今后临床治疗肺组织损伤提供有力的实验依据。
赵峰博士利用骨髓间充质干细胞（mscs）成功地诱导分化出了肺组织细胞。mscs是骨髓中区别于造血干细胞的另一类干细胞，在一定条件下分化为软骨细胞、心肌细胞、神经细胞、肝细胞、支气管上皮细胞、肺泡上皮细胞等多个胚层来源的细胞，并具有取材容易、可体外大量扩增、免疫原性小、移植费用低廉、无伦理学影响等优点。因此，通过诱导mscs分化为肺泡上皮细胞以达到治疗肺损伤、恢复肺功能的目的，有可能成为一种治疗肺疾病的新方法。据赵博士称，上述 \n研究还仅仅是阶段性成果。
更新时间：2012-08-01 15:39:09 | 文章来源：有问必答健康社区
2004年3月2日《内科学年鉴》（annals of internal \nmedicine）上的一项再次分析表明，低潮气量通气对急性肺损伤的超重和肥胖病人的益处与对正常体重者相似。
“尽管成人的肥胖很流行，但超重对重症病人后果的影响还没得到很好研究”，美国科罗拉多大学的奥伯利恩（james m. \no''''brien）和国立心、肺和血液研究所（nhlbi）的同行写道，“有人认为高潮气量通气对需要呼吸机的肥胖病人有益”。
\n他们检查了10家医疗中心招募来参加随机对照试验的902名急性肺损伤病人的资料：这些试验指定病人或接受较高（12ml/kg）或较低潮气量（6ml/kg）通气，部分人还使用了酮康唑、己酮可可碱或安慰剂。与体重正常的病人相比，肥胖病人肺损伤如创伤的间接原因更多。试验开始前，超重和肥胖病人因为设置的潮气量较高，气道平台压力更高。结果表明，体重与调整死亡危险增加、实现停用呼吸机或不用呼吸机的时间无关。
“超重和肥胖急性肺损伤病人的后果与体重指数（body mass \nindex，bmi）正常者相似”，作者写道，“这表明低潮气量对他们都有益”。“医生不应想当然地认为肥胖病人的状况差于正常病人”，他们说，但“将来还要研究对其它重症病人，过重是否增加了后果不良的危险”。
在生活当中说起血胸疾病可能很多人没有听说过这样一个疾病，我们要知道血胸疾病对于患者的危害是相当大的，严重了导致患者死亡，所以人们要重视对于血胸疾病的预防。那么既然想能够很好的预防血胸疾病，我们就要了解关于血胸疾病的发病原因有哪些?
\n的确生活当中任何事物都是有着它的成因的，而且我们只有了解了导致疾病产生的原因才能更好的预防和治疗疾病，对于谢兄疾病也是一样，人们要想能够远离血胸疾病那么就要了解导致血胸形成的原因有哪些，以利于在生活当中避免这些诱发因素。从而避免血胸的出现。
\n哪些原因导致血胸发生?
\n血胸发生原因和机制的不同，可将血胸分为创伤性血胸和非创伤性血胸。绝大多数血胸是由穿透性或钝性胸部创伤所引起。
\n非创伤性血胸很少见，可继发于某些胸部或全身性疾病，极少数患者可以找不到明确的引起出血的原因。非创伤性血胸又称自发性血胸。
\n此类患者均无外伤史，但有时可有咳嗽、腹压增加、负重、疲劳、运动、突然变换体位等诱因，尽管自发性血胸临床少见，但病因多种多样，若对其缺乏了解和认识，常常造成临床漏诊和误诊，导致不正确处理，产生严重后果。
\n非创伤性血胸除无外伤史外，临床表现与创伤性血胸相似，主要也表现为内出血和胸腔内器官受压的征象。故按其病因分为特发性血胸、感染性血胸、子宫内膜异位也可引起血胸、其他原因引起的血胸。
\n胸壁、肺、胸内大血管或心脏的穿透伤或钝性伤均可引起胸膜腔内积血称创伤性血胸，同时存在气胸时称创伤性血气胸。
\n只有拥有了健康的身体，我们才能让自己在人生这太道路上幸福前进，因此，无论如何，我们都应该保证自己的身体是健康的。上文的资料介绍就是说的哪些原因导致了血胸的发生的相关讲解，希望会为你深入的认识此病带去帮助。
\n大家阅读完文章内容了解了关于导致血胸产生的原因，希望在以后我们能够重视好对于血胸疾病的预防，因为血胸是对于患者有着比较大危害的，出现血胸不仅患者要承受一些病痛上的折磨，而且高额的治疗费用让一些普通家庭承受了巨大的经济压力，所以还是积极预防避免出现这样的疾病为好。
\n专家表示：我们只有了解了导致血兄发生的原因，才能更加正确的预防和治疗这个疾病，每个人都希望能够健康快乐的去工作和生活，但是这需要我们每个人在平时做好对于疾病的预防，做好日常保健，尤其要避免一些意外情况的发生。
\n","barId":"1686","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1015","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1723,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486701523466,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486701523464,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"3781","isDel":0,"createAt":1486701499121,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"血胸的早期症状","content":"
血胸的早期症状
一.临床表现
小量血胸(500ml以下)，如果患者体质较好、出血速度不快，可无明显症状。大量血胸(1000ml以上)，且出血速度较快者，可出现面色苍白、出冷汗、脉细速且弱、呼吸急促、血压下降等内出血征象和心肺受压征象。查体可发现肋间隙饱满、气管向健侧移位、叩诊呈浊音、心界移向健侧、听诊呼吸音减弱或消失。血气胸患者上胸叩诊呈鼓音，下胸叩诊呈浊音。由于肺裂伤而引起的血胸患者常伴有咯血。开放性血气胸患者可直接观察到血液随呼吸自创口涌出的情况，并可据此估计胸内出血的严重程度。
二.诊断
有胸部创伤史(包括医源性所致) \n自发性血胸有咳嗽、腹压增加、负重、疲劳、运动、突然变换体位等诱因。有相应临床表现和胸片检查结果一般可作出诊断。胸腔穿刺来确立诊断。
胸膜腔积血可引起低热，但如出现寒战高热、白细胞计数增多等化脓性感染征象，则应穿刺抽液送作细菌涂片和培养检查。
血胸演变形成纤维胸，如范围较大者可出现病侧胸廓塌陷，呼吸运动减弱，气管、纵隔向病侧移位，肺通气量减少。x线检查显示纤维板造成的浓密阴影。
三.有下列情况者提示出血仍在继续应高度警惕：①患者处于严重休克状态伴有明显呼吸困难，患侧肋间隙增宽，叩诊浊，气管及纵隔向健侧移位，周围血液血红蛋白往往低于90～100g/l。②开放性胸部创伤伴休克状态，有大量血液随呼吸从伤口涌出;③胸腔穿刺抽得的血液很快凝固(肯定不是误刺入血管)，则说明胸内有活动性出血;④经输血补液后，血压不回升或升高后又迅速下降;⑤重复测定人体周围血血红蛋白、红细胞计数、红细胞比容，呈进行性持续下降;⑥胸膜腔穿刺抽不出血，但内出血症状加重，x线胸片显示胸膜腔阴影继续增大;⑦放置胸腔闭式引流后，每小时引流量超过200ml并持续2h以上，或24h引流血液超过1000ml;⑧胸腔引流血液色鲜红，温度较高，其血红蛋白测定及红细胞计数与周围血液相近似。
相信大家对血胸并不是很了解，这是一种发病率不高的疾病，我也是最近两天一直听同事说才知道原来还有这种疾病，但是正因为这不是一种常见的疾病，大家对这种疾病的治疗方法更是知之甚少，于是我收集了一些有关血胸这种疾病应该怎样治疗的文章，希望对大家能有所帮助。
\n保守治疗 如果病人处于休克状态，先要补充血容量。先快速输注晶体液1000ml和羟乙基淀粉(706代血浆)400ml。经中心静脉置管测压，可作为大量补充液体时的判断指标，也可发现胸部损伤后早期休克的原因，是否由于低血容量引起或有心脏压塞的可能。小量血胸(＜300ml) 一般采用胸腔穿刺抽出积血，以解除胸内压迫，防止继发感染。反复胸腔穿刺引起脓胸发生率为2.2%，胸腔闭式引流脓胸发生率小于5%。中等量血胸(＜1000ml)，如果没有继发感染也可自行吸收，目前多主张早期安置胸腔闭式引流管，连接水封瓶，1.96kpa(20cmh2o)负压持续吸引。
\n2.手术治疗 大量血胸(＞1000ml)引起休克的病人，经各种有效抢救措施无满意反应，应立即剖胸手术。如果病人经补充血容量后血压尚能维持，有下列情况者也应剖胸手术：①经胸腔闭式引流后2～3h，每小时引流量仍在150ml以上；②出血量仍持续增加，无减少趋势；③胸腔内有大量凝血块；④左侧血胸伴纵隔增宽，怀疑主动脉弓破裂可能；⑤胸内异物形状尖锐，位于大血管旁，有可能引起再次出血。
\n电视胸腔镜手术(vats)同样适用于胸廓及肺表面活动性出血的出血和凝固性血胸的早期清除。其优点为操作简便，损伤小。
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血胸患者应如何保健？有些血胸患者实在存在我们的生活当中，一旦我们不小心触碰到的时候，即会用一种特殊的方式招呼我们，根据专家介绍，血胸不是常见病，但是预防保健血胸是我们需要做的，血胸发生及血容量会影响到血的循环，当初血大量的话，血胸患者容易出现休克甚至死亡。
\n血胸患者应如何保健
\n1、积极防治原发病。由于胸部创伤引起的胸膜腔积血称为创伤性血胸，由于继发于胸部疾病或全身性疾病而引起的血胸称为继发性血胸。极少数病例无明确原因的血胸称为自发性（或特发性）血胸。因此积极防治原发病是预防本病的关键。
\n2、增强体质，提高抗病能力。积极参加各种适宜的体育锻炼，如太极拳、太极剑、气功等，以增强体质，提高抗病能力,不要去空气不流通的地方，注意不要着凉感冒,不要被动吸烟、不做打球、跑步等剧烈运动，可做扩胸的运动，但量力而行，循序渐进，注意动作、幅度勿，时回医院复诊，如有胸痛等及时就诊。
\n3、注意生活调摄。居住地要保持干燥，避免湿邪侵袭，不恣食生冷，不暴饮暴食，保持脾胃功能的正常。得病后，及时治疗，避风寒，慎起居，怡情志，以臻早日康复。饮食宜清淡为主，多吃蔬果，合理搭配膳食，注意营养充足。忌烟酒忌辛辣，忌吃生冷食物。
\n以上是专家为我们介绍的保健措施的正确方式，其不仅在疾病的康复能够得到有效地帮助，还会给我们减少一些痛苦，如果还有关于血胸疾病这方面的问题，欢迎随时咨询，祝大家健康快乐，生活幸福美满！
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血胸疾病并不是人们想象的那么可怕，只要我们患者能够积极的进行治疗，相信疾病是可以得到很快恢复的，而且现在医疗技术水平发达，这个疾病是可以通过手术进行治疗的，但是在手术的前后要做好护理事项，下面我们护体来看一下。
\n一、术前护理
\n1、胸腔闭式引流的观察和护理：应密切观察生命体征变化。对于持续引流的患者，应保持引流装置密闭无菌，每日观察引流量并记录，每日在无菌操作下更换引流瓶，经常挤压引流管，避免受压、扭曲。
\n术后半卧位，鼓励患者深呼吸及有效咳嗽，保持引流通畅，注意观察引流管的水柱波动情况，告知患者任何情况下引流瓶不可高于胸部;指导病人带管下床活动，妥善携带引流瓶，保持密封系统，不需夹管。
\n2、饮食护理：患者入院后即告知患者及家属低脂甚至无脂饮食，术前2周开始禁食，应用周围静脉高价营养。
\n3、周围静脉高价营养的护理：每日选择粗直的手臂静脉进行穿刺，同一根血管不得连续使用2次以上，每天先补充液体，待全天补液量还剩500ml时，以同一静脉通道以20滴/min速度输注，输完后，再输剩下的500ml，葡萄糖或复方氨基酸液，滴注脂肪乳的同，输液肢体局部放置水温在72～74℃的热水袋，外加干毛巾包裹，直至输液全部结束，可以防止或减轻周围静脉硬化，输入过程中经常巡视病房，严防药液渗漏皮下，导致组织坏死。
\n4、心理护理：对于在就医过程出现不配合医生的行为的患者，医生应主动讲解禁食的重要性和疾病相关知识，争取配合治疗，另一方面与医生沟通，经全科人员高度重视，进行术前讨论，制定周密的医疗和护理计划，消除患者焦虑心理，使其在最佳心理状态下接受治疗。
\n5、术前宣教：向患者介绍术前需做哪些准备，术后可能出现的不适，需如何配合等，如术前预防呼吸道感染，练习床上大小便，学会深呼吸和做有效咳嗽，术后离床活动的时间、活动量、活动意义，以及预防术后并发症。
\n二、术后护理
\n1、胸腔闭式引流的观察及护理术后观察胸腔闭式引流液的颜色、量，患者取半卧位，鼓励患者有效咳嗽，做深呼吸，协助拍背，经常挤压引流管，保持引流通畅，带管下床活动。
\n2、饮食护理：术后患者禁食，应用周围静脉高价营养两周，开始无脂饮食，1周后改为低脂饮食。
\n3、生命体征的观察。
\n通过阅读上面文章内容，我们能够了解到血胸患者手术前后的护理事项，希望大家要重视这些，这些护理事项做到了，能够有利于疾病的缓解和恢复，对于手术的成功也是起着至关重要作用的，希望我们患者能够早日恢复健康。
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气胸发生在不同人群中，青少年和老人都有可能出现，尤其是自发性气胸，他在不同的人身上有不同的症状表现，我们要注意找到合适的治疗方法，才能够早日治愈这种疾病，另外要调整我们的呼吸，体育锻炼，下面我们来具体了解一下。
\n自发性气胸有两种情况：
\n1.青年人，多见于中学生，运动后发生，CT检查往往有肺大泡，如果反复发作2~3次以上，可以考虑手术切除肺大泡。
\n2.老年人，往往有慢性肺病史，如慢性阻塞性肺病或支气管哮喘等，多在疾病的发作期，因气道阻塞加重引起气胸，部分人可能有肺大泡。如反复发作引流效果不好时，也可考虑手术治疗。
\n气胸反复发作后，局部胸膜可以形成粘连，增厚，患者可以有胸部不适，疼痛或紧缩感，多出现在病变同一侧。随着时间的延长和呼吸运动的锻炼，多数症状会逐渐减轻或消失。你为右侧胸痛，不剧烈，如果疼痛与呼吸运动有关，也可能与既往的气胸有关。可以对症处理，如止痛、营养神经等，如果疼痛频繁或疼痛性质发生变化，可能与气胸无关，可能需要进一步检查。
\n如何预防小儿患上气胸
\n1、气胸多为继发，应积极治疗原发性疾病，如葡萄球菌性小儿肺炎常见的并发症为脓胸、气胸、脓气胸，应积极预防。在人工通气CPAP时，应注意预防本病的发生。
\n2、婴幼儿应尽可能避免接触呼吸道感染的病人，流行季节少去公共场所。
\n3、小儿患病要做到早诊早治。
\n4、做好儿童的计划免疫，特别是麻疹活疫苗和百白破混合制剂的注射，以减少继发肺炎的发生。
\n5、积极提倡母奶喂养，合理预防佝偻病、营养不良等。
\n6、提倡户外活动，多晒太阳培养，良好的饮食及卫生习惯。
\n7、小儿衣着不过厚或过薄，婴儿不要包裹过紧，平时居室内要每天定时开窗换气，加强早产儿及体弱儿(包括先天性心脏病患儿)的保健和护理。
\n以上就是自发性气胸有两种情况，相信大家已经清楚了，同时还介绍了小儿预防气胸的方法，希望家长朋友要注意了解，多关注孩子的身体变化，在出现这种疾病时，及早的进行治疗，在生活中对孩子做好护理，尤其要注意防寒保暖，避免感冒的出现，保持室内的空气流通，减少气胸这种疾病出现在我们的孩子身上。
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气胸有哪些症状？在我们日常生活中比较常见的一种疾病，但是许多人对此疾病都不怎么了解，气胸的发病通常发病都比较急，也有的发病缓慢一些，发病慢的患者有时候甚至没有感觉到什么不适的症状。有些病人在发病前可能会由于用力咳嗽、持重物、屏气或者剧烈活动而诱发了气胸，症状的轻重还要根据病人病情发展的快慢、病人肺部的萎缩情况、肺部的原发疾病以及患者本身的心肺功能等来决定。下面我们就来给大家详细的介绍一下气胸会有哪些症状。
\n气胸发病的常见症状
\n1、呼吸困难
\n气胸发作时病人均有呼吸困难，其严重程度与发作的过程、肺被压缩的程度和原有的肺功能状态有关。在年轻的呼吸功能正常的病人，可无明显的呼吸困难，即使肺被压缩>80%，亦仅能在活动时稍感胸闷，而在患有慢性阻塞性肺气肿的老年病人，肺被轻度压缩就有明显的呼吸困难。急性发作的气胸，症状可能更明显，而慢性发作的气胸，健侧肺脏可以代偿性膨胀，临床症状可能会较轻。
\n2、刺激性咳嗽
\n自发性气胸时偶有刺激性咳嗽。
\n3、胸痛
\n常在发生气胸当时出现突然尖锐性刺痛和刀割痛，与肺大疱突然破裂和肺被压缩的程度无关，可能与胸膜腔内压力增高、壁层胸膜受牵张有关。疼痛部位不肯定，可局限在胸部，亦可向肩、背、上腹部放射。明显纵隔气肿存在时，可出现持续的胸骨后疼痛。疼痛是气胸病人最常见的主诉，而且在轻度气胸时，可能是惟一症状。
\n4、其他症状
\n气胸合并血气胸时，如出血量多，病人会心悸、血压低、四肢发凉等。
\n以上就是关于气胸的症状的介绍了，您是否都了解了呢？了解了之后，那么我们在日常生活中如果发现自己由以上症状，那么就应该及时的去医院进行诊断治疗，以免病情恶化，最后祝您身体健康！
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日常生活当中，有很多的人会出现气胸的现象，在这种疾病出现后，带来的危害后果很多，因此，平时大家需要全面认识气胸的发展，而且要注意合理进行用药，有效的抗炎止痛，避免造成更多危害，同时也要注意治疗方法，气胸患者的常见药物治疗方法有哪些？
\n治疗气胸的药物
\n1.控制感染。继发性气胸，原发病感染易致胸腔感染，胸腔穿刺、留置吸引管也易引起感染，均需加用抗生素治疗。首选青霉素80万U肌注，每日二次或静脉给药320万U，每日2次，感染重可选用广谱抗菌素。
\n2.镇痛。胸部剧痛可给予可待因15～30mg，每日3次。
\n3.止咳、祛痰、平喘有刺激性咳嗽或剧咳时可给氨酚待因一片，或可待因15～30mg，每日3次。止咳祛痰，可给甘草片3片，每日3次。必嗽平16mg，每日3次。达先片10mg，每日3次。平喘可给氨茶碱0.1g，每日3次。
\n4.镇静剂应用。患者精神紧张、烦躁可给安定。
\n5.避免过度用力。应保持大便通畅，可给小量导泻药。
\n6.。休克应立即抗休克治疗。
\n7.月经性气胸。可给予激素治疗，应用孕激素、雄激素、丹娜唑(Danazol)等，主要用于抑制卵巢的排卵及异位的宫内膜组织，但复发率高，长期服用副作用多，故一般认为只适用于症状轻，难于接受手术及手术后复发者。
\n气胸饮食疗法
\n(1)桃仁红花羹：桃仁15克，红花10克，藕粉100克。煎桃仁、红花药液200毫升，再人藕粉搅拌即成。适用于胸阳不振者。
\n(2)鲜橙汁：鲜橙去皮榨汁半碗，冲入米酒，每次2～3匙饮用，每日2次。适用于肝郁气滞者。
\n(3)苡米粥：生苡米与白米以1：3比例，先将苡米煮烂，后加入白米煮粥。适用于痰热壅肺者.
\n(4)五汁饮：鲜芦根、雪梨(去皮)，荸荠(去皮)、鲜藕各500克，鲜麦冬100克，榨汁混合，冷服或温服每日2次。适用于肺阴不足者。
\n平时大家应该关注这种疾病的出现，而且要注意身体的调理方法，有效地进行了止痛。平时也要注意护理事项，避免造成患者出现咳嗽，咳痰，应该全面进行调节身体，这样才能避免造成更多影响，同时也要注意护理方法，合理进食。
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气胸也可以说是一种呼吸道疾病，使患者呼吸急促、胸痛、胸闷，影响我们的正常工作和生活，那么我们应该注意及时的进行治疗，除此之外，还要做好日常生活中的护理，避免一些并发症的出现，下面就气胸这种疾病的护理方法给大家做一下总结：
\n一、 执行呼吸系统疾病一般常规。
\n二、绝对卧床休息。取半卧位或坐位，避免过多的搬动病人和不必要的活动。咳嗽时不要用力，以免自发性气胸反复发生。保持大便通畅。
\n三、呼吸急促或紫绀时 ，应急速给予氧气吸入。
\n四、配合医师进行胸腔抽气，抽气时，病人避免过度用力和剧咳，可给予镇静、止痛、镇咳、药物。以免咳嗽用力而促使自发性气胸复发。
\n\n
气胸病人的护理方法有哪些
\n1、如果是刚做完手术不到半年的，最好是好好养病，不要做剧烈运动，最重要的是不要做憋气的事，例如跑步也不能太喘了，最好小跑，散步。
\n2、饮食方面，多吃水果(苹果，梨什么的)，蔬菜(青菜、胡萝卜等)，最好每天能吃一个鸡蛋，喝点牛奶，少吃红肉类，多吃鱼肉类;
\n3、手术后半年内最好不要去旅游，静心修养，大家还是在各方面都多注意些好，完全康复后就没啥大事了;
\n4、每3个月或者半年去复查一次，如果身体遇到不适则需及时去复查，也不要太过勤奋的往医院跑，现在医院的医生也没几个好东西，能多挣你的钱就尽量多挣，只要对你的身体没有啥影响，例如给你多开些什么中药啊，吃不吃都无所谓的。
\n以上就是气胸出现后的一些护理方法，希望以上对您有帮助，气胸的危害非常大，所以大家要重视起来，提醒人们在发现了疾病更是要积极来做好正确的护理，多方面了解之后在及时治疗。
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