![\"家有这种扫帚拖把的当心](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1497254785197.jpg\" "\\"家有这种扫帚拖把的当心")
大学生小闫在宿舍里拖完地洗拖把时，因旋转拖把上端的塑料手柄断裂，使里面的钢管裸露，小闫在给拖把快速旋转脱水时，右手手掌被裸露的钢管割伤，里面的肌腱和血管全部被割断。被送进医院后，医生在显微镜下用了两个小时，才将断开的肌腱和血管重新缝在一起。
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![\"家有这种扫帚拖把的当心](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1497253901121.jpg\" "\\"家有这种扫帚拖把的当心")
![\"家有这种扫帚拖把的当心](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1497254604213.jpg\" "\\"家有这种扫帚拖把的当心")
![\"家有这种扫帚拖把的当心](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1497254331043.jpg\" "\\"家有这种扫帚拖把的当心")
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关于此事，且看网友如何评论：
\n程宇默默：我是做这个产品的，我知道、越厚不现实，主要还是拖把公司没有设计好，头上塑料扣用打孔卡死就不会出现这个情况，主要是拖把公司嫌费神费力吧
\n耐力不存在gyy：我老公前几年帮我拖地的时候也是把套脱落，往回拉拖把的时候一下杵到膝盖上了，血哗哗的流，骨膜都被磕掉一块，缝了好几针，现在阴天的时候膝盖就算疼，我的腿也被划破过，现在还有疤，这真的挺坑人的，还是要合理设计一下，避免更多人受伤。
\n鹊鸦：这个应该属出厂质量把关 总不能什么都便宜没好货 用个家用工具都提心吊胆
\n墨沫的摩尔之恋：我同事之前扫地的时候也被划过～流了好多血呢～
\n\n
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身体被划破的家庭应急处理方法。
\n1、如伤口不大不深，出血不多，伤口干净，可用酒精消毒伤口周围，不要将消毒液弄进伤口内，待干后用消毒纱布覆盖包扎，或用创可贴粘贴。
\n2、如果伤口切缘整齐并且干净，长度在2厘米之内，深度不超过1厘米，或虽不干净，但经过消毒处理后，在受伤后8小时内，可用创可贴或止血消炎贴粘合，使伤口合拢，促使其愈合。
\n3、如无创可贴，也可用胶布覆盖伤口。但伤口切忌直接接触胶布。可在伤口上涂以消炎药等敷料，或衬以小块消毒纱布。
\n4、为了防止感染，可以服些消炎药，如麦迪霉素每次0.2g，每日4次;或复方新诺明2片，每日2次。
\n5、若伤口较深，接触泥土或脏物，还须速去医院注射破伤风抗毒素。
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6日下午，小杨骑电动车去认考场，满脸血的回到家，疑似被车撞。经诊断，小杨严重的脑震荡，问什么都不知道，我出去干嘛了？我被人撞了？我没事儿啊…第二天，小杨看手机才得知要高考，坚持前去考试。
\n ![\"考生高考前被撞失忆](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1496984360480.jpg\" "\\"考生高考前被撞失忆")
失忆症小知识：
\n原因有器官性原因或功能性原因。器官性原因包括大脑因创伤或疾病遭到损害，或使用某些（通常是镇静类）的药物而造成。功能性的原因是心理因素，如心理防卫机制。失忆症是由于脑部受创而产生的病症，主要分为心因性失忆症和解离性失忆症。
\n按失忆内容长短分为暂时失忆和永久失忆：
\n（1）暂时性失忆
\n①暂时性失忆是由于大脑受到外界的剧烈碰撞，造成脑积血，血块压住部分记忆神经导致失忆。等到手术后放出血后，就会恢复记忆。
\n②暂时性失忆通常人在遭受到重度社会心理压力之时，经由个人意识、认同或行为协调突然地暂时性地改变,容易造成身心崩溃,如果是意识发生改变,则记不起来重要的个人事件,便发生了心因性失忆症。如果紧张过度也会暂时失忆。例如上台表演忽然忘记歌词或是台词，这也是暂时失忆。
\n![\"考生高考前被撞失忆](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1496983829322.jpg\" "\\"考生高考前被撞失忆")
（2）永久失忆即是人类的记忆遗失、损失，有如电脑记忆体资料消失，找不到回来。
\n![\"考生高考前被撞失忆](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1496983716306.jpg\" "\\"考生高考前被撞失忆")
关于此事，且看网友如何评论：
\n锦鲤祈福：有些心酸
\n宇哥曾经的王：我是谁 我在哪 不重要 我要高考
\n橘子带你告别吃土o3o：高考可以唤醒记忆
\n我爱你：希望你警察叔叔尽快把肇事者找到，好给杨雪伟和家人赔偿好让爸孩子的病治好了。否则孩子这辈子就毁了。这孩子是家里唯一的希望。好不容易盼到孩子考大学了，结果…………希望平安无事。
\n吻替：原来真的有失忆这件事！我以为电视里都是骗人的呢
\n一只帅气阳：真的会有选择性失忆症，我女朋友去年骑车摔倒，打电话给我上来就哭说不知道在哪，最近发生的事全忘了，只记得以前的。好在没把我忘了
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浙青网-青年时报消息，正在教室安静写作业，谁知一个“火影忍者”飞镖忽然飞来插入头顶。昨天下午，杭州某学校11岁女生雯雯被紧急送到浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院神经外科。
飞来横祸插入头顶飞来横祸插入头顶
昨天下午5点多，浙大儿院神经外科副主任医师沈志鹏接到急诊求助。赶来一看，一个女孩左侧头顶被插入一个飞镖。雯雯家长反映，雯雯下午课间时在教室里写作业，同班的同学在玩飞镖时不慎将她砸中。
“可以看得出，这个飞镖仿真度特别高，是金属制品，飞镖的一角像针刺一样牢牢插入头顶左侧。飞镖插入多深？是否伤及脑实质？这些都需要进一步探查。”沈志鹏告诉记者，当时，神经外科立马为雯雯做了CT，检查发现，飞镖一角穿透头皮2cm，但具体伤到什么程度，只能通过手术才能发现。
术前，雯雯的家长十分紧张。“当时有两个方案，一个是直接清创拔出，另一个则需要打开头皮颅骨进一步探查，但对雯雯的创伤无疑是非常大的。在经过反复研究讨论后，家长决定清创拔出。” 沈志鹏说，“昨天晚上10点，手术开始了，手术过程中，我们发现已经穿透整个颅骨，所幸的是被颅骨下一层黏膜挡住，没有损伤到脑实质。”
整个手术进行了一个小时。术后，雯雯的状态比较好。今天上午查房时，雯雯表示除了伤口处还有点疼，其他也都好。沈志鹏谈到，接下来还要观察伤口是否会继续感染，需要核磁共振再检查，如果没有其他问题，过3-5天就可以出院了。
![\"女孩被飞镖穿颅骨](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1496936289208.jpg\" "\\"女孩被飞镖穿颅骨")
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网上仿真玩具太多风险大
近几年，沈志鹏遇到形形色色的患儿，可被飞镖砸中插入颅骨的还没有遇到过。这样的玩具也让不少家长感到担忧。
对此相关网友如下表示：
\n秋风素意：强烈建议家长一定要看管好自己的小孩，不要孩子要什么就给，万一那天小孩说要把刀，难道家长真的去买吗？出了这样的事，家长先反省反省
你是绿色酿的酒：子不教 父之过 这家长也是有病 小孩子玩这样杀伤性玩具也不知道管管或者叮嘱不要在人多的地方玩
狙肉脯哈你切：所幸没有生命危险这让女孩子们对顽劣男同学的印象更加坏了
微梁平：学校的管理跟上了吗？这些东西根本应当严禁带入学校。
小小鸟小小人666：这样还怎么让我们放心的把孩子交给学校！还有这些没脑子的家长！什么都给！哪天说给毒药小孩自己吃，也给么！！！
宸睿小王子：幸好孩子没有生命危险！可是这也必然对她生活完成严重影响。严查管制刀具和利器。
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","barId":"1690","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1013","readLevel":1,"files":"[]","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1898,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1496935946607,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1496935946607,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"3603","isDel":0,"createAt":1486783942987,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"请教脑血肿治疗和用药","content":"
男,53岁。脑梗失语 ，行走不利索右偏，有时咬异物，大小便不知。目前影像检查脑血肿
请教脑血肿老人不手术保守治疗方法和用药
","barId":"1690","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1893,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486783942988,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486783942987,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1486168781822,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"茉莉花","password":"888888","level":0,"nickName":"茉莉花","realName":null,"signName":"随遇而安","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1486169681471.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":null,"address":null,"identityType":1,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":2,"provinceId":"140000","cityId":"140500","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"3322","isDel":0,"createAt":1486783909578,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"脑出血 肺部感染 意识清醒 开颅手术","content":"男,69岁。具体情况见上面文字描述，开颅手术，肺部感染，还在ICU，下午探视，与病人沟通，有时会有一些表现，听到亲人名字会头部轻微转动，左手会自己动，摸摸脸、鼻子，胡须等，会用力回握亲人的手，有时还会流眼泪，想请问一下医生，病人的意识是在恢复吗？肺部感染需要多长时间，现在还没有发烧，是不是需要发烧还更好？意识清醒需要多长时间，什么样的表现是意识清醒！
","barId":"1690","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1611,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486783909580,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486783909578,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1486168781822,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"茉莉花","password":"888888","level":0,"nickName":"茉莉花","realName":null,"signName":"随遇而安","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1486169681471.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":null,"address":null,"identityType":1,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":2,"provinceId":"140000","cityId":"140500","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"2093","isDel":0,"createAt":1486778614656,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"颅骨修补两边有点不对称","content":"男,26岁。因为脑外伤导致颅内压高去双侧额骨骨瓣减压，三个月左右实行ct三维塑型钛网修补术到现在已经九个月了，术后恢复正常，刀口已经愈合！现在就是从镜子中看出左侧钛网边缘跟右侧钛网边缘交汇的地方左侧钛网边缘微高于右侧，用手也能摸的到！因为这个自己心里压力很大，很担心左侧钛网边缘是不是螺钉破松动导致钛网边缘翘起来了！但是我又没有感觉有什么不适！又不痛，皮肤也不红！
钛网边缘凸出是钛网与骨窗没有贴合紧密还是钛钉松动引起钛网边缘翘起？
这是什么原因呢？是否正常？
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","barId":"1690","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1020","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1583,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486778576827,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486778576825,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1485245349701,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"期缘","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"qiyuan99","realName":null,"signName":"早日相逢","head":"/zly-web/resources/images/qq/4.png","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"jzh@zhao01.com","address":null,"identityType":1,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":2,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"1169","isDel":0,"createAt":1486747155057,"createBy":"6f08827db09911e6927f00163e04584d","createName":"海总剑客","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6f08827db09911e6927f00163e04584d","title":"帕金森病人有什么好的治疗方法","content":"我爱人09年得了帕金森，一直服美多芭，现在达到日服3片，出现剂末和剂峰现象，病人痛苦不堪。更不幸的是9月初得了肺癌，化疗五次，基本控制住。但是化疗中美多芭不起作用，结束后药效维持一个小时左右，病人生不如死。他这种情况有什么好的治疗办法和方案？能安装起搏器？
","barId":"1690","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":2040,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486747155059,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486747155057,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"6f08827db09911e6927f00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1479808372065,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"海总剑客","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"洞医客服微信2276635444","realName":null,"signName":"洞医网提醒您：请仔细阅读产品说明书或者在医务人员的指导下购买和使用，禁忌内容或者注意事项详见说明书","head":null,"phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"756954943@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"4671","isDel":0,"createAt":1486747124650,"createBy":"6f08827db09911e6927f00163e04584d","createName":"海总剑客","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6f08827db09911e6927f00163e04584d","title":"帕金森氏病脑深部电刺激治疗","content":"于2006年发现有手指抖动症状。渐进出现活动僵硬症状。目前不能自理，运动困难。搀扶可以走路。睡觉不能自主翻身。想问问神经外科是否能做脑内深部电极植入？整个治疗过程需要多长时间？电池需要多久更换？电池能否充电？整个费用怎样？或者是否还有更好的治疗方案？谢谢
","barId":"1690","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1020","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1483,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486747124652,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486747124650,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"6f08827db09911e6927f00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1479808372065,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"海总剑客","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"洞医客服微信2276635444","realName":null,"signName":"洞医网提醒您：请仔细阅读产品说明书或者在医务人员的指导下购买和使用，禁忌内容或者注意事项详见说明书","head":null,"phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"756954943@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"1143","isDel":0,"createAt":1486742856290,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"吃德巴金起了皮疹怎么办?","content":"2015年六月第一次发作，没有意识到是这个病，未就医。2016年四月第二次发作，去甘肃中西医结合医院确疹为癫痫开始每天吃一片德巴金，每三十几天发作一次，都是大发作。八月四号去唐都作全面检查，八月八号开始加量，控制的挺好，就是身上痒，有皮疹。
德巴金加量后效果理想，就是出现皮疹，望指导！
我儿子三岁发过癫痫，（右手右脚抽），在昆明市儿童医院照ct诊断为左脑穿通畸形，吃德巴金5年，十来年未再发癫痫，在2015年和2016年又再发过二三次，并时有头痛头昏症状，是右边痛，在昆明市第一人民住院半月，拍核磁共振和Ct诊断为蛛网膜襄肿，医生认为和小时候拍的片子对比没什么变化，建议再观察一段时间再决定是否手术，现我孩子吃德巴金，病情有缓解，他已满19岁，现想咨询一下，我儿子是否需要手术治疗？
","barId":"1690","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1020","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1445,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486742819971,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486742819969,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"3681","isDel":0,"createAt":1486704066195,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"颅底陷入症病因","content":"病因以先天性发育畸形为常见，可与扁平颅底(颅前窝底与斜坡构成的颅底，角>145度)、环枢椎畸形、小脑扁桃体下疝等合并存在。
颅内压增高症状
早期病人一般无颅内压增高一旦出现说明病情危重，而且多为晚期。系发生梗阻性脑积水所致个别出现较早的病人可能为合并颅内肿瘤或蛛网膜囊肿的原因。病人表现为剧烈头痛、恶心呕吐视盘水肿甚至发生枕骨大孔疝，出现意识障碍呼吸循环障碍或突然呼吸停止而死亡颅底陷入病人出现颅内高压并不多见
治疗： \n颅底陷入的病人如没有明显的神经系统症状和体征无需特殊治疗。但要防止颈部外伤禁忌做颈部按摩及强制性的颈部旋转活动，以防止出现突然的延髓压迫、呼吸中枢衰竭。如病情逐渐进展的可以观察随访进展明显者需手术治疗。
手术的目的是解除小脑及延髓和脊髓的压迫，扩大后颅窝的体积达到小脑、延髓和脊髓的减压。
手术准备同其他一般的后颅窝及上颈髓探查手术麻醉可采用全麻或局麻。对需要行气管内插管时应特别小心因病人颈短又有小脑和延髓的压迫颈部过度后仰可因局部受压造成呼吸困难甚至呼吸停止因此可经鼻插管或做气管切开。
有一部分病人延髓压迫主要来自腹侧面的枕大孔前缘向后移位的枢椎齿状突主要表现为锥体束损害在mri检查的矢状位图像上可以明确地看到压迫是来自腹侧这样只做后枕部减压无明显效果，可以经颈部或口腔咽部前入路行减压术。去除枕大孔前缘，环椎前弓和齿状突手术中不要打开硬膜，以防止脑脊液漏对于腹侧受压迫行前减压术后可取得良好的效果对寰枕区稳定性差的病人，在前入路手术后还需要从后入路再行减压和枕骨颈椎植骨融合术。
颅内压增高 increased intracranial pressure \n
侧卧位测量成年人平均脑脊液压力超过1.96kpa（相当200mm水柱）时，称为颅内压增高。颅内压增高是临床常见的许多疾病共有的一组症候群。颅内压增高有两种类型，即弥漫性颅内压增高和先局部性颅内压增高，再通过扩散波及全脑。弥漫性颅内压增高通常预后良好，能耐受的压力限度较高，可以通过生理调节而得到缓冲，压力解除后神经功能恢复较快，而局部性颅内压增高调节功能较差，可耐受的压力限度较低，压力解除后神经功能恢复较慢。
病理生理
1．正常与异常颅内压的界定
颅腔是一相对密封固定的、由骨性结构围绕形成的空腔，其中含有脑组织、脑脊液和血液。成人后颅骨无法伸缩，因此，颅腔内容物之间稍有变化就会互相影响。正常成人颅腔的内容物约1450ml，其中脑组织约占1300ml，脑脊液占65ml（不包括枕大孔以下的脑脊液），血液占110ml。根据monrose-keffie学说，在颅腔内总体容积不变的情况下，各组成成分的任何一种容量的增加都是需要以换取其它两种成分的减少为代价，或者导致颅内压的增高为结果。
颅内压会随着年龄的增长而变化，婴儿的颅内压完全不同于成人。正常成人的颅内压维持在80～180mmh2o，超过200mmh2o为颅内高压症。多数的情况下，当颅内压超过250～300h2o时就需要积极的治疗；颅内压超过500mmhg时病情已非常严重，随时危及患者的生命。
2．脑灌注压
脑部具有自动调节脑压的功能，以保证正常的脑血流灌注。脑灌注压（cpp）＝平均动脉压（map）－ \n颅内压（icp），脑灌注压在50～150mmhg（1 \nmmhg约等于13.6mmh2o）的范围内，脑能够维持正常的脑血流量需求。平均动脉压的下降，或者颅内压的增高，都会引起有效脑灌注压的迅速下降。当脑灌注压低于50mmhg时，脑的自动调节能力即失去代偿，脑血流量随脑灌注压的降低而被动下降，脑功能就会遭受到损害。
很多疾病是怎么出现的，都有什么症状我们都还不是很了解，如果对疾病有一定了解会减少身体的伤害。相信很多人都听过神经损伤，但对于具体神经损伤形成原因以及症状等问题都不了解，因为对神经损伤形成原因不了解，也导致了很多人不注意，容易患上此病，这里就给大家具体介绍一下神经损伤形成原因，看看哪些原因会导致神经损伤的发生。
\n神经损伤形成原因：
\n1.牵拉伤 最常见，大部分是手臂被卷入机器所致。
\n2.挤压伤 以前臂部骨折或疤痕挛缩为主，常伴严重广泛软组织损伤。
\n3.切割伤 日常生活或工作中发生的玻璃割伤，或在前臂手术时误伤。
\n4.弹伤或药物误注入神经干内致伤 与上述损伤相比较，这两类损伤病例较少。
\n5.缺血性挛缩亦常合并正中神经伤。
\n神经损伤的种类：
\n1.桡神经损伤: 桡神经损伤为全身诸神经中最易受损伤者，常并发于肱骨中段骨折。主要表现为伸腕力消失，而“垂腕”为一典型病症;拇外展及指伸展力消失;手背第一，二掌骨间感觉完全消失。
\n2.腋神经损伤：运动障碍,肩关节外展幅度减小。三角肌区皮肤感觉障碍。角肌萎缩，肩部失去圆形隆起的外观，肩峰突出，形成“方形肩”。
\n3.肌皮神经损伤: 肌皮神经自外侧束发出后，斜穿喙肱肌，经肱二头肌和肱肌之间下行，并发出分支支配上述三肌。终支在肘关节稍上方的外侧，穿出臂部深筋膜，改名为前臂外侧皮神经，分布于前臂外侧皮肤。肌皮神经受伤后肱二头肌、肱肌及前臂外侧的皮肤感觉障碍。
\n4.正中神经损伤: 第一、二、三指屈曲机能丧失;拇对掌运动丧失;大鱼际肌萎缩，出现猿掌畸形;食指、中指末节感觉消失。
\n对于神经损伤，大家一定要知道，这种疾病的危害是巨大的，一定要给予重视。想要正确的治疗这种疾病，一定要积极的把握神经损伤形成原因，对因治疗才能取得好的效果，避免疾病给患者带来不良伤害。
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神经损伤大家应该并陌生，最近身边的朋友经常提起这种疾病，让我开始重点关注起来，毕竟一个人的神经系统对整个人的健康和生活是很重要的，于是我专门请教了这个方面的专家，下面是我整理的资料，希望对大家能有所帮助。
\n臂丛神经损伤： 主要表现为神经根型分布的运动、感觉障碍。臂丛上部损伤表现为整个上肢下垂，上臂内收，不能外展外旋，前臂内收伸直，不能旋前旋后或弯曲，肩胛、上臂和前臂外侧有一狭长的感觉障碍区。臂丛下部损伤表现为手部小肌肉全部萎缩而呈爪形，手部尺侧及前臂内侧有感觉缺失，有时出现霍纳氏综合征。
\n2.腋神经损伤：运动障碍,肩关节外展幅度减小。三角肌区皮肤感觉障碍。角肌萎缩，肩部失去圆形隆起的外观，肩峰突出，形成“方形肩”。
\n3.肌皮神经损伤: 肌皮神经自外侧束发出后，斜穿喙肱肌，经肱二头肌和肱肌之间下行，并发出分支支配上述三肌。终支在肘关节稍上方的外侧，穿出臂部深筋膜，改名为前臂外侧皮神经，分布于前臂外侧皮肤。肌皮神经受伤后肱二头肌、肱肌及前臂外侧的皮肤感觉障碍。
\n4. 正中神经损伤: 第一、二、三指屈曲机能丧失;拇对掌运动丧失;大鱼际肌萎缩，出现猿掌畸形;食指、中指末节感觉消失。
\n5 桡神经损伤: 桡神经损伤为全身诸神经中最易受损伤者，常并发于肱骨中段骨折。主要表现为伸腕力消失，而“垂腕”为一典型病症;拇外展及指伸展力消失;手背第一，二掌骨间感觉完全消失。
\n6.尺神经损伤:第四和第五指的末节不能屈曲;骨间肌瘫痪，手指内收外展功能丧失;小鱼际萎缩变平;小指感觉完全消失。
\n7.股神经损伤:运动障碍,股前肌群瘫痪，行走时抬腿困难，不能伸小腿。感觉障碍,股前面及小腿内侧面皮肤感觉障碍。股四头肌萎缩，髌骨突出。膝反射消失
\n这种疾病一旦发现要尽早治疗，神经系统对我们是很重要的。最后希望大家有一个良好的身体。
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每个人的神经都不同，不管是哪个部位我们都要好好的去保护，不然出现了神经损伤后果就很严重了。神经对我们人体是很重要的，一旦神经出了问题，人的肌体也要出现问题，因为神经遍布人身体的各个部分，有的神经又非常的细小，所以治疗起来也是很麻烦的，下面我们就给大家介绍手术和非手术的治疗神经损伤的方法。
\n神经损伤如何诊治呢
\n1、首先明确神经损伤的部位及程度：根据神经损伤后出现的症状判断神经损伤的部位及程度，需要医生具有很好的神经解剖知识及丰富的临床经验，为你选择正确的治疗方法。
\n2、治疗方法的选择：从我们治疗大量周围神经损伤患者的临床分析，大部分是部分神经损伤如牵拉伤、撕裂伤等，少部分为完全性横断伤如刀砍等。如为刀砍伤手术吻合神经是第一选择，如果为部分损伤，康复治疗是第一选择。
\n3、神经的恢复：神经恢复是非常缓慢的过程，神经损伤程度不同，恢复时间不同，神经损伤恢复最长时间1-2年，短的1-2个月，通常3-6个月。
\n4、康复治疗：康复训练及NMR型神经肌肉电刺激治疗是非常有效的，需要根据患者神经损伤的位置，神经累及肌肉的部位进行康复治疗。以增加受损神经的血液循环，提供神经再生的营养。NMR-神经肌肉电刺激是我科与清华大学合作研制，主要是为我科的发展研制的，用于神经瘫痪的康复治疗，经过大量的患者使用，获得了满意的疗效，特别是臂丛神经损伤有独到的疗效。可以到我科购置。
\n5、克服模糊认识，在医学诊治中不是检查或治疗越贵越好，而是选择适合此种病情最有效或正确的治疗方法。很多患者不懂神经损伤及恢复的规律，盲目采用贵重药品及不适当的治疗，结果经济负担很重，甚至产生终身的残疾。
\n手术治疗
\n(1) 手术指征： ①骨折片压迫脑神经。②颅内压持续增高，脑神经受挤压。③非手术治疗无效。④引发后期严重神经刺激症状如眩晕、神经痛。
\n(2) 术前准备 通过影像学、电生理及临床表现判明神经损伤部位;选择供移植用神经肌肉。
\n(3) 手术方式①神经减压术，经颅内或颅外入路，以磨钻磨除压迫神经之骨片，清除神经周围血肿，显微镜下切开神经外膜，如视神经管及面神经管减压术;②神经重建术，包括：直接重建，如神经断端直接吻合、神经移植吻合术;间接重建，如面神经-副神经吻合术;成形手术，如面瘫病人行口角悬吊术或颞肌和咬肌转移术等; 脑神经毁损术，如三叉神经感觉根选择性切断治疗三叉神经痛。
\n(4)术后处理：结合药物、理疗、针灸行综合性恢复
\n通过上面的介绍，大家知道了该怎样治疗神经损伤了吧?神经损伤治疗起来是很麻烦的，一旦治疗失败，有可能就会引起永久性的伤害，所以大家更应该重视神经损伤的治疗，千万不能马虎大意了。
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一、术前准备
1、心理护理 向患者解释手术的目的及手术后功能恢复情况，取得患者配合，家属同意，并嘱患者增加营养，注意休息、保暖，避免感冒。
2、备齐各项常规检查报告，如血常规、出凝血时间、肝、肾功能、心电图、x线片。
3、手术前1d，作青霉素、普鲁卡因皮肤试验，并做好记录。
4、皮肤准备认真做好手术野皮肤的清洁，术前可沐浴1次，并修剪指甲，减少术后感染。清洁范围：患手、患肢，如臂丛神经损伤者，增加患侧颈、胸部、腋下。
5、使患者掌握术后用石膏固定的体位及注意事项。
6、手术前日晚10时后禁食，必要时给予镇静药物。
7、手术晨，按医嘱给予术前用药。
二、术后护理
1、按臂丛麻醉或全麻术后护理。
2、定时观察、记录体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压，按病情需要，认真做好分级护理。
3、患侧肢体保持功能位阿适当抬高，并设法使石膏绷带快干(同石膏护理)。
4、用纱布或毛巾擦去患肢末梢周围的石膏粉末，一是减少对皮肤的刺激，二是便于观察。
5、注意患胶有无被石膏压迫的症状，如观察指端皮肤颜色、温度、肿胀及感觉运动情况。如果发现异常，及时向医师汇报。
6、臂丛神经损伤者，术后如上臂于内收位，屈肘置于胸前的固定者，应观察石膏是否过紧，影响呼吸。如发现异常，应向医师汇报，以便及早处理。
三、健康指导
1、经常活动患肢手指，防止关节僵硬。
2、术后应遵照医嘱长期应用神经营养药物，促进神经再生。
3、石膏绷带一般固定3～6周，去除石膏托或石膏简后逐步伸直操练。
4、在神经再生过程中，可同时进行物理治疗。
我们生活上会用到锋利的器具，小刀，剪刀这些都是比较常见的，用的时候不小心很容易让我们受伤。我们在日常生活中难免会受到一些外伤，像是利器割伤，压迫伤等，这些外伤轻则会自动痊愈，重则会诱发神经损伤，对我们的日常生活极为不利。其实神经损伤的病因不止有外伤这一种，像是严重的营养不良或者是贫血都可能引起神经损伤。
\n其实大多数的神经损伤都是可以避免的，只是大多数人不知道应该如何预防这一疾病，才使得其发病率有上升的趋势，那么，神经损伤预防方法都有哪些呢?接下来我们一起来听听专家是怎么说的吧。
\n一：外伤引起的神经损伤
\n由于锐器切割等原因造成的外伤，可能会影响到内部神经，使人体丧失一部分的感知和活动功能，即引起了神经损伤，对于这类神经损伤的预防，需要我们在日常生活中更加的小心谨慎，尽量避免外伤，如果不慎引起了外伤，要正确的处理，不因处理不当留下后遗症。
\n二：贫血引起的神经损伤
\n人体如果严重的缺血，也会引起缺血性肌肉损伤，所以我们在日常生活中要均衡饮食营养，合理的补充膳食纤维，并定期到医院接受体检，及时的了解自身的身体状况，以免小病变成了大病时才引起重视。
\n三：脑炎后遗症引起的神经损伤
\n许多直接和脑补神经组织相关联的疾病，像是脑炎，脑血管硬化等，其后遗症都有诱发神经损伤的可能，且这种神经损伤比一般的神经损伤更加难以治愈，所以在疾病得到治疗后也要注意保养，以免留下更严重的后遗症。
\n神经损伤的预防方法是多种多样的，在这里就不一一列举了，神经损伤这种疾病在很大程度上是由于我们的疏忽大意所造成的，在日常生活中，要尽到应有的谨慎，了解某一疾病的预防方法，对于自己或者是他人总是会有一定的好处的，健康的身体是每个人都渴望拥有的，知道了这些，能够使身体少承担一些不必要的痛苦。
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颅底骨折大多为颅盖和颅底的联合骨折，绝大多数为线形骨折。
一、疾病介绍：
1、颅底骨折是颅骨骨折的一种类型。颅底由前至后分为颅前窝、颅中窝和颅后窝。
2、颅前窝骨折瘀斑的部位在上、下眼睑及眼结合膜下，可伴有鼻漏;颅中窝骨折瘀斑部位在乳突区，可伴有耳漏;颅后窝骨折瘀斑部位在乳突区和咽后壁，无脑脊液漏。
3、颅底骨折常因出现脑脊液漏而确诊，脑脊液漏处理不当可导致颅内感染。
4、如何明确有脑脊液外漏呢?可将漏出液滴于吸水纸上，如在血迹外有较宽的淡黄色浸渍圈，并且被gsf(脑脊液)浸湿的手帕，没有干后变硬的现象，即可确认有gsf外漏；或在医院查白细胞计数与周围血液比较是否被稀释以明确诊断；同时您应注意是否经常有腥味液体流至咽部。
5、颅底骨折一般不需手术。但维持特定的体位，藉重力作用使脑组织移向硬脑膜裂缝处，有助于使局部粘连而封闭漏口。前窝骨折且神志清楚者给予半坐位，昏迷者抬高床头30度，患侧卧位；中、后窝骨折者卧于患侧。维持特定体位至停止漏液后三日。
6、 gsf外漏属隐性开放骨折，防止颅内感染至关重要。严禁从鼻腔吸痰或留置胃管，禁止作耳、鼻滴药、冲洗和填塞。
在现实生活中老年人很容易患有颅骨骨折症状，当出现颅骨骨折的时候一定要及时的去医院接受治疗，首先让我们一起来看看颅骨骨折的鉴别诊断方法有哪些吧?以及颅骨骨折的形成原因是什么?希望通过下属文章的学习能给大家带来一定的指导作用，一起来了解一下吧!
\n颅骨骨折是指头部骨骼中的一块或多块发生部分或完全断裂的疾病，多由于钝性冲击引起。颅骨结构改变大多不需要特殊处理，但如果伴有受力点附近的颅骨内的组织结构损伤，如血管破裂、脑或颅神经损伤，脑膜撕裂等，则需要及时处理，否则可引起颅内血肿、神经功能受损、颅内感染及脑脊液漏等严重并发症，影响预后。
\n鉴别诊断。
\n1.头皮血肿
\n皮下血肿一般体积小，有时因血肿周围组织肿胀隆起，中央反而凹陷，易误认为凹陷性颅骨骨折，需用颅骨x线摄片作鉴别。
\n2.眼眶损伤
\n眼眶损伤可以引起眶周瘀斑，也可表现为“熊猫眼”，应注意与颅骨骨折相鉴别。有眼部外伤史，眶内、结膜下出血及眼球内陷或眼球运动障碍等均提示眶周，如上颌骨、颧骨等骨折。可行CT予以鉴别。
\n3.中耳炎及鼻炎
\n中耳炎，尤其是慢性中耳炎可有耳流脓的表现，鼻炎常有流清水涕的表现，这些都应与颅骨骨折引起的脑脊液耳漏和鼻漏鉴别。鉴别的要点包括：外伤史、是否发热、流出液体的性状等。
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颅底骨折多为颅盖骨折的延伸部分，大多为线形骨折，单纯发生的颅底骨折并不多见；骨折线可发生于1个或2个颅窝。产生颅底骨折大多发生于邻近颅底平面的直接暴力，也可发生于间接暴力，如坠落伤时臀部着地而发生枕骨大孔部骨折。由于颅底硬脑膜与颅前、中窝粘连紧密，不易于形成硬膜外血肿而易致脑脊液漏、颅内积气并可因此发生颅内感染；同时由于脑的大血管及颅神经均经颅底出入，所以颅底骨折时易于损伤上述结构；颅前、中窝起伏不平，当脑在外力的作用下发生移位时，易与粗糙的颅窝表面进行摩擦和碰撞，不但造成严重的脑挫裂伤， \n而且额叶和颞叶底面的挫裂伤处易发生颅内血肿；另外脑干从枕骨大孔中穿过，所以颅后窝的骨折可并发有脑干的原发性损伤。
2.颅底骨折并发意识障碍的诊断主要靠病史、临床表现及辅助检查。本组患者均有明确的外伤史，包括车祸伤、坠落伤、打击伤等，伤后表现为不同程度的意识障碍，gcs评分<8分， \n口、鼻、外耳道流血性脑脊液，若骨折损伤颈内动脉或海绵窦可引起口、鼻大量出血，颅神经损伤，生命体征变化，锥体束征及病理反射阳性。ct检查提示可有环池、颅内纵裂池积血，脑干点状出血，颅内血肿，脑挫裂伤等病灶积气。
3.颅底骨折并发意识障碍者病情较严重，其特点一是致伤暴力大，致使颅底骨折同时伴随的脑损伤也严重，患者昏迷程度深。二是颅底血管丰富，致伤后常造成患者口腔、鼻孔、外耳道的大量出血，短时间内可休克。这些特点是导致患者死亡的主要原因。颅脑损伤后昏迷时间的长短为诊断颅脑损伤程度的重要依据，但并发休克的颅脑损伤单纯通过意识丧识的时间来判断显然是片面的，因为休克本身即可引起意识改变。当脑血流总量下降20%~30%时出现焦虑，下降35%~40%时出现忧郁，下降至50%时则出现昏迷。所以颅脑损伤后原发性昏迷未复苏而又继发于休克所产生的意识障碍，这一叠加作用成为病情恶化的重要原因之一，但休克纠正后，部分颅脑损伤轻者好转快。
一、原因分析
尿崩症的发生是由于下丘脑的视上核、室旁核、灰白结节、神经纤维束通路和脑垂体的损害，影响抗利尿激素 \n(adh)的分泌、释放和贮存减少，导致adh缺乏或肾小管对 \nadh失去反应，从而出现每天排出大量稀释性尿液。头部外伤后尿崩症系下丘脑或垂体柄损伤所致，垂体柄在颅底相对固定，颅底骨折由于外伤当时的旋转和剪力机制引起下丘脑或垂体柄的损伤而发生尿崩症。
二、 护理
1 病情观察
生命体征、神志、瞳孔的观察： 30 \nmin/次，准确记录，颅脑外伤患者首先应该着眼于颅内病情尤其是颅内压的变化的观察，如有血压、心率的变化，同时应及时准确计算出入量是否平衡。如有尿量突然增多并且排除利尿等因素的影响，应注意补充液体，纠正低血容量和电解质的紊乱，使生命体征恢复正常；尿量、烦渴的观察：对于清醒患者有烦渴症状要引起足够的重视，监测尿量和尿比重，有尿崩症表现应该及时处理。昏迷患者注意记录每小时尿量，观察尿的颜色， \n发现尿液增多，颜色逐渐变淡提示多尿或尿崩症的出现，每小时尿量>200 m，l比重<1. \n006，应该及时处理，我们的经验是，清醒患者嘱其多饮水；昏迷患者从胃管内补充所失去的体液，或者从静脉补充，但应注意防止补液过多造成脑水肿或心脏负担过重；水电解质平衡的监测：遵医嘱及时准确的监测血中k+、na+、cl-、ca2+、血糖、尿比重及血浆渗透压， \n4 h/次~ 6 \nh/次。观察患者有无面色的改变、全身乏力、肢体抽搐及意识淡漠等变化。通过血生化的监测了解机体水电解质平衡状态，合理的补充，保持机体内环境的平衡。清醒患者可以口服的尽量口服补充，有胃管的尽量从胃管鼻饲，急性失液经静脉补充。
2 药物治疗的监测
危重患者在尿崩症初期均采用垂体后叶素4 u~8 u皮下注射， 6 h/次~8 h/次，尿量控制后改为弥凝片口服，根据病情调整用药剂量。患者均在10 \nd左右尿量得到很好的控制，改为口服弥凝片。在用药的过程中要注意药物反应，出现过敏现象的及时停药，还应该注意尿量的变化，少尿时及时的调整用药剂量或停药。
3 加强基础护理，预防并发症
呼吸道管理：颅脑损伤患者宜尽早做气管切开，并且使用带气囊的气管导管，以防止口腔的分泌物和痰误吸入气管造成窒息，呼吸道管理不好容易造成脑缺氧加重病情，同时也增加了肺部感染的机会。在临床护理过程中，应及时的清理呼吸道的分泌物，颅底骨折的血液，呕吐物等，注意翻身、叩背以防止痰液堵塞气管支气管造成窒息或感染；口腔、皮肤护理：尿崩症的患者往往口腔黏膜、舌头及皮肤干燥，弹性差，注意口腔护理，同时保持皮肤润滑， \n适当使用护肤品，勤换衣裤，保持床单清洁、平整；饮食护理： \n危重患者应从鼻饲中补充水分及必要的营养，避免高蛋白，鼻饲不足的要经静脉补充，便秘者酌情运用导泻药。
颅裂为先天性颅骨缺损，分隐性和显性两类。隐性颅裂为单纯颅骨缺损，极少见。显性颅裂则有颅内容物自颅骨缺损处呈囊性膨出，又称为囊性颅裂，较常见。颅裂多发于颅骨中线。在颅盖者多见于枕部，少数见于额部、顶部。在颅底者多发于鼻根部，少数见于鼻腔、鼻咽腔或眼眶等处。根据膨出物不同，显性颅裂又分五类：①脑膜膨出(内容为脑膜、脑脊液)；②脑膨出(内容为脑膜、脑实质)；③脑膜脑膨出(内容为脑膜、脑实质、脑脊液)；④脑囊状膨出(内容为脑膜、脑实质、部分脑室)；⑤脑膜脑囊状膨出(内容为脑膜、脑实质、部分脑室及位于脑膜与实质之间的脑脊液)。
【诊断要点】
1．头部中线囊性肿物。多于出生时即存在，可逐渐增大。哭闹时触之可有冲动感。
2．透光试验可阳性或阴性，注意内容物之阴影。
3．肿物表面皮肤有否变薄、糜烂或形成溃疡。
4．头颅大小，特别测量乳突问顶半周，一般小于正常。
5．鼻根部囊性颅裂可有颜面畸形，如鼻根扁阔，眼距增宽，闭眼不全等。
6．身体及智力是否低于正常，有无神经症状。
7．颅骨x线片显示颅骨缺损。
8．ct或mri检查可予确诊。
【处理原则】
1．囊壁已溃破或有即将溃破可能者需急症处理。
2．无囊壁溃破可能者宜于出生后6个月至l岁间手术。目的是切除膨出物及其内容物，封闭颅裂缺口。
3．鼻腔或鼻咽腔部囊性颅裂堵塞呼吸道严重者应提早手术。
4．鼻根部囊性颅裂应于l岁后手术。先经颅内修补，3个月后再经颅外囊肿切除，可同时矫正鼻眼部畸形。亦可3岁一4岁后行第三期手术整容。鼻根部单纯脑膜膨出者可经颅外一次手术切除。但颅骨缺损较大者仍以先行颅内修补为宜。
5．顶盖部隐性颅裂，一般可不手术。
6．合并脑积水者应先做脑脊液分漉术，再做修补术。
【住院标准】
有手术指征者需住院治疗。