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目前的研究已经发现很多因素可以引起冠心病,这些病因又称作高危因素。那么冠心病是怎么引起的?高危因素有哪些呢?相信您看完本片文章,会有颇多收货:
\n冠心病的高危因素主要包括以下几方面:年龄、性别、家族史〔遗传因素〕、高血压、吸烟、高脂血症等。在上述因素中因素中高血压、吸烟、高脂血症及糖尿病与冠心病的关系已比较明确,而其他相关因素:如高甘油三脂血症,高半胱胺酸血症,肥胖尚在研究中。
\n高胆固醇血症
\n高胆固醇血症最早被证实的冠心病的危险因素,也是在所有危险因素中对冠心病危害最大的一种危险因素。在冠心病干预性治疗中胆固醇作为头号治疗的对象。
\n吸烟
\n吸烟是冠心病最重要的危险因素之一。如果吸烟和其他危险因素同时存在,还有明显的协同危害作用。下面我们来看一组数据:每日吸1包香烟的高血压患者戒烟后,发生心血管病的危险性降低35-40%。被动吸烟者心血管死亡的危险性亦明显增加。吸烟可使冠状动脉痉挛的危险性增加2.4倍。男性烟民患急性心肌梗塞或冠脉猝死的危险性是非吸烟者的2.7倍,女性为4.7倍。
\n\n
高血压
\n高血压作为危险因素,和吸烟相比毫不逊色。我国为高血压大国,据卫生部的统计资料,我国高血压患者约1亿1千万仅有30%高血压患者接受正规药物治疗。
\n\n
糖尿病
\n糖尿病也是冠心病的高危因素之一。糖尿病几乎影响从动脉粥样硬化形成到心脏性死亡的各个环节。近年来糖尿病在人群中的发病率迅猛异常,值得注意的是多数糖尿病患者不知道自己患有糖尿病,没有得到有效的治疗,只有在出现并发病之后才检查出有糖尿病,此时已延误了治疗。
\n\n
性别
\n最新统计结果表明性别是最为明显的冠心病的危险因素之一。冠心病的发病率男性是女性的数倍,这可能主要是由于性激素的原因。绝经期前的女性冠心病的发病率明显低于男性,绝经期后骤然升高,到了老年男女冠心病的发病率就相近了。
\n年龄
\n年龄因素也是较为明显的冠心病的危险因素。随着年龄的增长,各种危险因素的不断累积,对机体的损伤也不断累积,当累积到一定程度就表现出临床症状。另外年龄因素也是各种危险因素引起冠心病死亡的最重要的因素,高龄心机梗塞患者急性期死亡率显著升高。因此对老年人群更应积极控制其他危险因素。
\n家族史
\n家族遗传倾向是冠心病的第三个不可控危险因素。冠心病虽不像其他遗传病那样具有显而易见的遗传性,但它却有明显的遗传倾向。对于具有明显遗传倾向的人群在暴露同等时间,同等程度的其他危险因素时,这些人群更容易患冠心病。研究发现有冠心病家族史的人群较无冠心病家族史的人群发生冠心病的危险性增加2.0—3.9倍,发生心肌梗塞的危险性增加2.2倍,而且冠心病的发生较无冠心病家族史的人群提前数年,冠脉病变的程度也更重。冠心病在有家族史的人群发生率高可能是基因作用其他危险因素的结果。
\n精神因素
\n精神因素对冠心病的发病具有高度相关性。激动、压抑和焦虑的情绪,A型性格即好斗、好胜心强的人,冠心病的发病率均比较高。相反,竞争性心理较弱的B型性格的人,冠心病的发病率就相对的比较低。这主要是因为长期的精神紧张或情绪压抑会使人体内的交感和副交感神经活动之间的平衡遭到破坏,导致交感神经活动增强,其释放的儿茶酚胺类物质增多,血压升高,因而使冠心病的发病率增加或者使原有的病情加重。
\n肥胖
\n肥胖是否为冠心病的易患因素虽然目前尚有争议而无定论,但肥胖绝对是冠心病的危险因素之一。肥胖能导致血压增高,血液中甘油三酯、胆固醇水平增加和有保护作用的高密度脂蛋白水平降低,还能引起高胰岛素血症。可以说肥胖除了与吸烟以外的所有冠心病的易患因素都有关系。我国有一句古言“千金难买老来瘦”,确实有一定的科学道理。
\n总之,一个人以上危险因素占得越多,越容易罹患冠心病,所以要想远离冠心病这一“杀手”就要远离以上这些危险因素,当然其中年龄、性别和家族史是没有办法改变的
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动脉导管闭合术中大出血所致的手术死亡率,视导管壁质地、采用闭合导管的手术方式以及手术者技术的高低等而导,一般应在1%以内。导管单纯结扎术或钳闭术有术后导管再通可能,其再通率一般在1%以上,加垫结扎术后复通率低于前二者。动脉导管闭合术的远期效果,视术前有否肺血管继发性病变及其程度。在尚未发生肺血管病变之前接受手术的病人,可完全康复,寿命如常人;肺血管病变严重呈不可逆转者,术后肺血管阻力仍高,右心负荷仍重,效果较差。
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\n遗传到底如何影响冠心病的发生?
\n肥胖和高脂血症,除一部分有家族性外,大多数为饮食过量,饮食结构不合理及缺乏体力活动所致。糖尿病本身有家族因素,但如注意节食,避免过胖,也能使发病可能性减低;已有糖尿病者,只要进行合理治疗,它对心血管的危害性也可明显减轻。高血压也有些家族因素,但又与性格急躁、容易紧张、激动以及膳食中摄入盐偏高等有关。至于吸烟、酗酒等,更明摆着是一种不良的生活习惯问题。
\n由此可见,冠心病和通常所称的遗传性疾病有很明显的区别。某一个家庭内病人较多,往往是由于一家人长期共同生活,有相同或近似的生活习惯,甚至在为人处世的性格上也差不多。比如,吃的咸,喜油腻,不爱活动,工作顶真,性格执著,不善于在情绪上自我放松,等等。这些都主要是“后天”的。虽说“秉性难移”,但如果深刻认识到它们对健康的不利影响,却完全可以逐渐改变,从而使冠心病发生的可能性降低。事实上,这就是临床医学和流行病学所公认为最省事、最有效的“一级预防”措施。
\n许多人都知道,美国是冠心病高发国家之一。如果按一般遗传或家族的概念去衡量,他们中的“冠心病家族”一定比我国多得多,他们的年轻人中发病率也似乎应有越来越多的趋势。但事实上,近些年美国冠心病却有所减少。主要原因就在于,他们不是消极地看待冠心病多这个现实,而是用追本求源的态度,针对人群中肥胖和高脂血症者多等情况,提出减少食量、改善饮食结构、增加体育锻炼,限制吸烟等。通过一系列措施,取得了可观的成效。
\n和西方人相比,中国人具有更多的好条件,比如,传统的日常饮食用植物油,蔬菜粮食为主,少量肉、蛋及奶类,这是一种符合健康要求的平衡膳食。在体力活动、生活习惯和心理状况方面,也有许多可取之处,这些都是中国冠心病较少的原因。不过,中国人膳食中盐摄量较高,约比世界卫生组织的建议量高一倍多,吸烟的人也最多,这些是不好的。随着生活的改善,肥胖、高血脂、高血压、糖尿病等疾病有所上升,也值得注意。在商品经济条件下,人们在心理行为方面还得善于进行调节。
\n不能说冠心病和遗传因素丝毫没有关系,但从前述可知,在预防冠心病这个问题上,人们自己是可以有所作为的。消极认命纯属有害无益,“战略上藐视,战术上重视”才是正确的态度。
\n冠心病的预防办法:
\n一、控制饮食:膳食结构要平衡,高血脂是导致动脉硬化、引发冠心病的重要因素,因此徐先生忍痛放弃了自己最喜爱的牛羊肉之类的“红肉”,他的妻子也把大部分购物时间都用在超市的蔬果区里,芹菜、菠菜、茄子成为餐桌上永恒不变的“主题”,偶尔会搭配一些“健康蛋白质”,如豆类、鱼类、禽类和蛋类等,主食都是大米、燕麦、玉米等有益心脏健康的全谷类食物,烹饪用油也尽量使用菜籽油、大豆油等液体植物油。
\n二、加强运动:每天散步1小时,运动锻炼具有控制体重、推迟心血管系统的老化进程、预防动脉硬化等许多好处。因此徐先生一改过去不外出的习惯,坚持每周至少运动5-7天,每天至少散步1小时,除了散步,保健体操、气功、太极拳等锻炼活动都已经成了他生活的一部分,每个天气良好的早晨和傍晚,邻居们都能看到徐先生在小区周围走走跑跑的身影。
\n三、戒除烟瘾:还要远离二手烟,徐先生原先的烟瘾很大,几乎达到一天一盒的程度,为了戒除烟瘾,徐先生把自己家里打造成了一个无烟环境,不光自己不吸烟,来了客人不敬烟,还尽量不与吸烟的人共处一室,因为二手烟对身体同样危害巨大。每当又有抽烟的念头时,徐先生就用读书、运动等活动转移注意力,没用多长时间,徐先生就彻底戒除了吸烟的嗜好。
\n四、作息规律:保证充足的睡眠,为了保护心脏健康,徐先生一改过去经常熬夜看电视、电脑到凌晨1、2点钟的习惯,也推掉了不必要的应酬,基本保证每晚十点入睡,睡眠达到7~8个小时。刚开始,徐先生真还有点不太适应这么“早”入睡,但慢慢发现,自己白天的精力变得更加充沛,过去的犯困、头晕等小毛病也消失了。
\n冠心病的病因:
\n1。年龄与性别:40岁后冠心病发病率升高,女性绝经期前发病率低于男性,绝经期后与男性相等,这是引发冠心病的原因之一。
\n2。高脂血症:除年龄外,脂质代谢紊乱是冠心病最重要预测因素。总胆固醇(tc)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(ldlc)水平和冠心病事件的危险性之间存在着密切的关系。ldlc水平每升高1%,则患冠心病的危险性增加2-3%。甘油三脂(tg)是冠心病的独立预测因子,往往伴有低hdlc和糖耐量异常,后两者也是冠心病的危险因素。
\n3。高血压:高血压与冠状动脉粥样硬化的形成和发展关系密切。收缩期血压比舒张期血压更能预测冠心病事件。140-149mmhg的收缩期血压比90-94mmhg的舒张期血压更能增加冠心病死亡的危险。
\n4。吸烟:吸烟也是重要的冠心病的原因,是唯一最可避免的死亡原因。冠心病与吸烟之间存在着明显的用量反应关系。
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年龄大了以后人体的各种机能都会下降,抵抗力也会变得越来越差,这就会导致老年人特别的容易就被感染上各种的疾病,其中比较常见的一种就是心力衰竭这种疾病,那么对于患者来说,日常的生活中应该如何的进行护理呢?
\n心力衰竭由很多种情况病发,大多是其他严重的疾病导致心力衰竭。心力衰竭前期表现为急性心力衰竭,病发迅速,症状严重。得不到及时有效的治疗会引发慢性心力衰竭,治疗比较棘手,康复也比较慢。下面先来看看心功能的分级,再来了解一下怎么预防心力衰竭。
\n心功能分成4个等级:
\n第1级:体力活动不受限,一般活动没有不适感;
\n第2级:休息时没有乏力、心悸、气短、心绞痛等情况,轻微体力活动即出现上述症状;
\n第3级:体力活动明显受限,日常活动就有症状;
\n第4级:一切活动都受限,即使休息时也有表现。
\n有了心力衰竭的病人,要重视自己的饮食起居,可能哪一天放松了,心衰症状就会加重。
\n心力衰竭的预防:
\n1、控制盐的摄入量
\n摄入过多的盐会增加身体水分潴留,加重心脏负担,轻度心衰病人每天只能吃2~3克的盐,中到重度病人每天吃盐小于2克,有些医生甚至建议心衰病人不要吃盐,因为烹饪使用的酱油、味精里面或多或少也含有盐(世卫组织建议健康人群一天盐的摄入量也最高不要超过6克)。
\n2、不能喝很多水
\n心衰病人身体里水分多了,同样增加心脏负担。建议心衰病人每天喝1.5~2升的水,不渴就不喝。
\n3、每天早上称体重
\n3天内增长2公斤以上,或每天增长1公斤以上,可能是心衰症状加重,要马上去医院。
\n4、合理活动
\n心衰病人不要剧烈运动,也不要静卧不动。
\n5、其他细节
\n心衰病人要对自己的生活格外留心。小心感冒,情绪激动、营养不良、生活方式的突然改变可能使病情加重。在生活中只要坚持做到上面的几点,加上适量运动,定时检查,相信疾病一定会远离您的身旁。祝愿您越活越年轻。
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心力衰竭是各种心血管疾病的终末阶段,是生命的“绊脚石”,危害巨大,因此心血管病患者要积极预防,干预心衰的各种危险因素。下面小编就为你介绍几种比较有效果的预防方法,快来学学吧。
\n心力衰竭的预防方法
\n一、预防感染
\n预防感染可降低心衰的发生几率,感染尤其是肺部感染,是心血管病患者发生心衰的最常见和最重要诱发因素。肺部感染后,发热、咳嗽、心跳加快等症状都会加重心脏的负担,而且感染后产生的毒素也会直接损伤心肌,因此极易导致患者在原发心血管疾病的基础上出现心衰的症状。
\n夏季高温多雨,也是流感高发季节,心血管病患者应尽量减少外出,避免到人群密集、环境密闭的公共场所,外出时应注意戴口罩,减少与流感和感冒病毒的接触,要讲求卫生,勤洗手,避免感冒或流感的发生,以防引发肺部感染。
\n二、保持健康生活方式
\n保持健康的生活方式,能有效保护心脏功能,让心血管病患者远离心衰。研究发现,不良的生活方式不仅会导致高血压、高血脂以及冠心病等心血管疾病的发生,而且会加速这些患者心脏功能的恶化,而健康合理的生活方式则有助于保护心脏的功能。
\n日常生活中要注意加强运动锻炼,适度的运动可加强和改善心脏功能;饮食上需注重营养搭配均衡,适宜吃低脂肪、高蛋白、富含维生素、矿物质的清淡食物,且应做到三餐有节,不喝浓茶、咖啡、戒烟戒酒;保证充足的睡眠,避免劳累,对保护心脏功能也大有好处;情绪激动是诱发心衰的一大因素,因此平时应保持愉悦的心情,遇事保持平和的心态,尽量避免情绪波动。
\n三、积极治疗原发病
\n积极治疗原发疾病是防止心功能恶化的关键。有心血管疾患的人群,应该积极治疗原发疾病,严格按照医生为自己制定的治疗方案和干预措施进行治疗和康复,不能随意换用药物或擅自增减药物用量,否则不仅收不到治疗效果,甚至还会让患者病情加重,导致心功能恶化,引发心衰。
\n四、调节水盐
\n炎炎夏日,对心力衰竭患者而言是一次艰难的考验,稍有疏忽,急性发作就会不请自来。心衰患者在这个时期要注意液体的进出量和盐的摄入量,根据浮肿情况随时调整利尿药的用量,尽量不要让脚肿出来,不要出现疲乏无力感,一旦有这些症状或体征出现,就要及时化验电解质,以便更好地调整用药量和水盐的补充量。
\n另外,特别提醒心血管疾病患者,对突然发生的胸痛、气急、喘促要提高警惕,持续15分钟不能缓解者要立即到医院就诊,持续30分钟以上者,即使缓解了也要马上去医院检查。活动能力明显下降者,比如原来散步较长距离没有问题的,突然走100米就走不动了,原来爬三四层楼没问题的,突然爬两层楼就心慌气急了,也应及时到医院去诊治,以免延误治疗而危及生命。
\n五、戒烟限酒
\n一到夏天,饮食习惯就会发生一定的变化,一方面夜排档、夜宵的增加,导致暴饮暴食、饮酒无度,另一方面夏季病原菌繁殖旺盛,食物容易腐败,不洁饮食容易引起急性胃肠道感染,都可能直接或间接地诱发心血管意外事件。所以,夏季不但饮食要清淡,而且不可暴饮暴食,不可过度饮酒,注意饮食卫生。此外,吸烟是心脑血管疾病最危险的因素,且是可预防的因素,所以吸烟者一定要积极戒烟。
\n六、饮食清淡,低脂膳食,保证水分充足摄入
\n要注意饮食多样化,保持体内酸碱平衡。正常人的血液呈弱碱性,其pH值在7.35~7.45之间,可保持血管柔软。如果饮食中酸性食物过多,碱性食物太少,会破坏体内酸碱平衡。食物的酸碱性与其口感味道截然不同。食物在体内消化分解后,含钠、钾、钙元素多的食物称为碱性食物,如豆类、奶类、蛋清、水果、蔬菜、海带、茶叶等等;酸性食物如面粉、大米、肉类、糖、禽、鱼虾等等。
\n心血管病患者应多吃新鲜蔬菜、水果、豆制品,可适当吃一些瘦肉、鱼类,尽量少吃过于油腻或高脂肪食物;在睡前半小时、半夜醒来及清晨起床后最好喝一些白开水。夏季营养要注意全面均衡,要控制总热量的摄入,少吃动物脂肪和甜食,多吃鱼类等富含不饱和脂肪酸的食物,减少钠盐的摄入量。
\n0
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在当今社会,人们的工作压力不断的增大,各种疾病也随着压力的增大而增多,高血压是一种比较常见的疾病。我们在生活中要注意哪些饮食?高血压患者日常饮食有哪些?下面就让我们具体的了解一下吧。
\n高血压患者日常饮食有哪些?
\n高钾。高血压的饮食一定要对患者病情有利。对于高血压患者来说,含钾的食物进入人体,会对抗钠所引起的升压和血管损伤的作用,因此,对于含钾的食物,高血压患者可以多吃,这类食物包括豆类、冬菇、核桃、花生、土豆、黑枣、杏仁、竹笋、瘦肉、鱼、禽肉类等等,高血压患者多吃这些食物,对于身体健康有帮助。
\n果蔬。高血压发生以后,对于水果和蔬菜的安排,一定要合理。高血压患者每天人体需要B族维生素、维生素C,可以通过多吃新鲜蔬菜和水果来满足。
\n高血压患者日常饮食有哪些此外,水果还可补充钙,铁、钾、镁等,对于高血压患者病情有利,因此,高血压发生以后,患者可以适当吃一些苹果等水果。
\n饮水。高血压患者一定注意饮水,这对于高血压患者健康来说,非常的关键。一般说来,高血压患者可以和天然矿泉水,天然矿泉水中含锂、锌、锶、硒、碘等人体必需的微量元素,煮沸后的水因产生沉淀,对人体有益的钙、镁、铁、锌等会明显减少,因此,对符合标准的饮用水,高血压患者宜生喝。
\n专家提醒,高血压患者还应该注意钙元素、铁元素等对人体有利元素的补充。高血压在治疗起来虽然十分麻烦,但患者只有积极做好饮食工作,是一定可以减轻高血压病情的。
\n高血压患者日常饮食有哪些?以上就是我们对高血压的简单介绍,相信大家对此有了更加深入的了解,患者在治疗前需要做好护理和饮食工作,以免耽误病情的治疗。专家提醒患者要去正规的医院进行治疗,以保证治疗的效果。
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