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男,20岁。在跑步机上跑了一年步之后，出现了站一会儿或者走一会儿就感到髌骨周围乏力的症状，髌骨软骨，胫骨软骨，股骨软骨有没有损伤？

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膝关节损伤的临床表现分为六类：

　　一、只有部分急性损伤病例有外伤病史，慢性损伤病例无明确外伤病史。

　　二、多见于运动员与体力劳动者，男性多于女性。

　　三、受伤后膝关节剧痛伸不直，并迅速出现肿胀，关节内有积血。

　　四、急性期过后转入慢性阶段。此时肿胀已不明显，关节功能亦已恢复，但总感到关节疼痛，活动时有弹响，有时在活动时突然听到“咔嗒”一声，关节便不能伸直，忍痛挥动几下小腿再听到“咔嗒”声关节又可伸直，此种现象称为关节交锁，关节交锁可以偶尔发生也可以频繁发生，频繁地发作交锁影响日常生活与运动。

　　五、慢性阶段的体征有：关节间隙压痛、弹跳、膝关节屈曲挛缩与股内侧肌的微弱。沿着关节间隙扪摸，可以检查出压痛点，根据压痛点部位，可以大致判断出是前角、体部或后角撕裂，前角的水平状劈裂在屈伸膝关节时可以看到膝眼处在弹跳，膝关节屈曲挛缩侧的半月板嵌于股骨髁下长期难以解锁，股内此肌的萎缩为废用性，该体征提示膝关节内部结果紊乱。

　　六、几种特殊试验：

　　1、过伸试验：膝关节完全伸直并轻度过伸时，半月板破裂处受牵拉或挤压而产生剧痛。

　　2、过屈试验：将膝关节极度屈曲，破裂的后角被卡住而产生剧痛。

　　3、半月板旋转试验：病人仰卧，患侧髋膝完全屈曲，检查者一手放在关节外间隙处作触诊，另一手握住足跟后作小腿大幅度环转运动，内旋环转试验外侧半月板，外旋环试验内侧半月板，在维持旋转位置下将膝关节逐渐伸到度，注意发生响声时的关节角度。若在关节完全屈曲位下触得响声，表示半月板后角损伤，关节伸到90度左右时才发生响声，表示为体部损伤，再在维持旋转位置下逐渐伸直至微屈位（Mouche试验），此时有响声表示可能有半月板前角损伤。

　　4、研磨试验（Apley试验）：病人俯卧，膝关节屈成90度，检查者将小腿用力下压，并且做内旋和外旋运动，使股骨与胫骨关节面之间发生摩擦，若外旋产生疼痛，提示为外侧半月板损伤，此后将小腿上提，并做内旋和外旋运动，如外旋时引起疼痛，提示为内侧副韧带损伤，本试验在检查髋关节强直病人的半月板时有一定实用意义。

　　5、蹲走试验：主要用来检查半月板后角有无损伤，方法如下：嘱病人蹲下走鸭步，并不时变换方向，或左或右。如果病人能很好地完成这些动作，可以排除半月板后角损伤；如果因为疼痛不能充分屈曲膝关节，蹲走时出现响声及膝部疼痛不适，是为阳性结果。半月板后角破裂病例在蹲走时的响声是很明显的。本试验仅适用于检查青少年患者，特别适用于大规模体检时检查半月板有无损伤。

　　必须注意，没有一个试验是诊断膝关节半月板损伤的唯一依据，应综合临床症状、压痛点以及各种阳性结果试验才能作出最后诊断。

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