{"countAll":0,"orderType":null,"readLevel":"0","lyTopicReq":{"id":"1870","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":null,"content":null,"barId":"1870","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1015","readLevel":0,"files":null,"clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},"lyBarModerators":{"list":[],"list4Map":null,"pageBegin":0,"pageSize":8,"pageNumber":0,"totalPage":0,"totalRow":0},"metaSearch":{"description":"","keywords":"肾内科","title":"肾内科","channels":null},"data":{"list":[{"id":"5554","isDel":0,"createAt":1503059887841,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症透析效果与高血压的相关性","content":"<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp; </span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">尿毒症透析</span></strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">效果与高血压的相关性方面非常密切，对肾脏病晚期尿毒症患者而言，高血压患病率具有高、顽固、不易控制三个特点。</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">首先我们谈谈正常的血压特点。正常血压在</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">120/80mmHg</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">左右，脉压</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">30</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">～</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">40mmHg</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">。血压波动有昼夜节律，夜间血压最低，晨起活动后迅速上升，在上午</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">6</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">～</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">10</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">点和下午</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">4</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">～</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">8</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">点各有一高峰。影响血压波动的因素较多，如活动、饱食、情绪激动、精神紧张、寒冷、失眠、吸烟、饮酒和饮咖啡等都会影响血压的变化。高血压患者应当学会自己在家中监测血压，可以随时取得数值，这种检测结果更接近日常生活状态，结果更可靠。测血压的要求：</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、安静休息</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">5</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">∽</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">10</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">分钟，坐</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">/</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">卧位；</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">2</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、袖带须松紧合适，下缘距肘上</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">1-2</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">厘米，与心脏水平；</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">3</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、放气速度缓慢均匀，声音刚出现时为收缩压（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">SBP</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）声音消失时为舒张压（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">DBP</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\"><img title=\"尿毒症透析效果与高血压的相关性\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1503060448502.jpeg\" alt=\"尿毒症透析效果与高血压的相关性\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" /></span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">尿毒症透析患者</span></strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">控制血压的意义是什么呢？高血压一般没有症状，但长期高血压可以造成心脏、脑血管、肾脏等内脏器官的损害，一旦出现难以逆转，所以医学界把高血压称为&ldquo;沉默杀手&rdquo;。高血压的危害非常多：增加脑出血风险，可造成中风</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">, </span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">痴呆；心脏损害突出，导致高血压性心脏病、心肌梗塞，心力衰竭等；与肾脏损害互为因果，高血压本身可导致肾功能不全；还可加速全身动脉粥样硬化的产生。研究结果表明：心血管的死亡率与血压水平成正比。合理降压可以减少严重并发症的发生；收缩压每降低</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">10</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">毫米汞柱，可减低</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">56</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">％的中风和</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">37</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">％的冠心病发生。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">尿毒症透析</span></strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">患者血压控制在多少呢？目标血压应个体化，为其可耐受的最低血压，多要求控制在</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">130-140/80-90mmHg</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">左右。对于<strong>尿毒症透析</strong>的患者，高血压的治疗是一种综合治疗，需要终生治疗，其内容包括生活方式的改变与危险因素的控制、血液净化治疗、药物治疗、手术治疗等。<strong>尿毒症透析</strong>患者的生活方式改变也非常重要，是成功控制血压的基础和前提，重要程度已经远远超过药物治疗。因此应当重视生活保健。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">尿毒症透析</span></strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">患者平时要保持乐观向上的生活态度和稳定的情绪；保持生活起居规律，睡眠充足；肥胖患者要注意控制体重；戒除烟酒等不良嗜好；坚持适量运动，按照循序渐进、持之以恒，量力而行的原则，可以参加慢跑、打太极拳等活动；另外，排便宜选坐位，要多吃粗粮及蔬菜，以防便秘。饮食以清淡为主，避免进食肥腻、刺激性、高胆固醇及腌制的食物，烹调方法应以蒸、滚、氽为主，避免煎炸，少肉多菜，肉类以瘦肉为主，去膏去皮，少盐、少糖、少油，多吃含维生素和纤维素丰富的蔬菜和水果。提高睡眠质量对血压控制也很有意义。可以中午小睡，使全身放松；晚餐宜少，清淡为主；睡前娱乐活动要有节制，不可计较输赢或过于认真激动，不宜长时间看电视；起床宜缓特别对于长期服用降压药的患者，应当缓缓起身，防止过急而晕倒。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">对于少尿或无尿的透析患者，调整透析处方，合理控制体重对控制血压非常有帮助。这类患者的高血压多为容量依赖性，通过降低体重，可以控制</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">50-80%</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">的高血压。排除体内过多的水负荷，也是药物治疗的前提。但主要困难是：</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、透析间期体重上升过多，进水过多达不到干体重，透析时患者难以耐受大剂量的超滤</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">；</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\"> 2</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、部分患者为保持残余尿量不愿多透。患者充分认识到高血压的危害，饮食上限制盐的摄入（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">2-3</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">克</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">/</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">天），限制水摄入，尽量使每日体重上升不超过</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">公斤。过多的水分应当透析时尽量清除，因为残余尿量的保持是以增加心血管系统的负荷为代价的，应当主动配合医生评价并逐渐达到干体重。必要时可以请医生协助调整透析液钠浓度或改变透析剂量、模式。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">当然药物治疗也非常重要，但是应当记住降压不能只靠吃药，药物治疗不是降压治疗的全部，健康生活方式应当贯彻一生。<strong>尿毒症透析</strong>的患者朋友应当注意几个用药的细节问题：</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、应当规律用药，坚持终身治疗；</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">2</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、尽量选用长效药物；</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">3</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、按照血压波动规律服药，降压药应该在高峰到来之前服用，即早起后和下午</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">4-5</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">点服药最好；</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">4</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、吃药别忘了测血压；</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">5</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、没有症状也要吃药，高血压治疗应依据病人的血压水平，而不是症状的有无或轻重。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">几种常用药物的使用注意事项：洛汀新、蒙诺：有良好的心脏保护作用、降压平稳，部分患者可能造成血钾；洛活喜：长效药物，效果肯定，降压平稳，副作用小；缓释异博定：作用强大，长效，但有可能导致心动过缓、心衰，使用中应当监测脉搏；倍他乐克：虽然降压作用较弱，但有心脏保护作用，长期服用效果好，有可能降低心率，注意监测脉搏，不宜突然停药，否则心率加快；心痛定：短效药物、血压波动大，可以短期服用，不宜作为长期用药依赖；哌唑嗪：效果短暂，可能造成体位性低血压，在生活中体位变动应当注意，避免晕倒。</span></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1696","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1015","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1793,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1503059887843,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1503059887843,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5553","isDel":0,"createAt":1503046598628,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"慢性肾病中的慢性移植肾肾病的治疗原则","content":"<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">慢性移植肾肾病是肾移植一年后导致移植肾失功的常见病因，目前发生机理尚未完全明确。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">一、慢性移植肾肾病</span><strong style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">的</strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">诊断</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">临床表现大部分表现为移植肾功能缓慢下降，伴有进展性蛋白尿和高血压。并影响肾实质的所有成分，包括肾血管、肾小球、肾间质和肾小管。肾血管病变可见血管内膜增厚，内膜下结缔组织聚集，并可见单核细胞、肌纤维母细胞浸润、内膜弹力层分层和断裂。血管内皮的炎症损伤是慢性移植肾肾病的初始病变，由此导致内膜进展性增厚及管腔狭窄。免疫荧光可见</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">IgG</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">C3</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">和纤维蛋白原沉积，管周毛细血管染色</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">C4d</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">可阳性。肾小球病变包括肾小球基底膜增厚，偶见双轨形成类似于膜增殖性肾小球肾炎。其它肾小球病理改变还包括肾小球体积增大，可呈分叶状并可见节段性硬化，严重者可见球性硬化。电镜下可见系膜细胞插入及内皮下电子透亮物沉积，部分病例还可见类似膜性肾病的上皮下沉积。免疫复合物沉积不是移植肾肾小球病的主要表现。肾小管间质病变包括不同程度的间质纤维化、灶状淋巴细胞及浆细胞浸润，可见肾小管萎缩和小管上皮细胞脱落。这些病变为非特异性，除慢性移植肾肾病外还可见于其它疾病如</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">CsA</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">或</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">FK506</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">肾毒性，慢性移植肾肾病其它病理改变还有肾小管周边毛细血管基底膜断裂和分层。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\"><img title=\"慢性肾病中的慢性移植肾肾病的治疗原则\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1503047474510.jpg\" alt=\"慢性肾病中的慢性移植肾肾病的治疗原则\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" /></span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">二、慢性移植肾肾病的鉴别诊断</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp; 1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">．膜增殖性肾小球肾炎：膜增殖性肾小球肾炎型的移植肾肾小球病需与其他病理类型的肾小球疾病，特别是与丙型肝炎病毒感染有关的膜增殖性肾小球肾炎及复发性膜增殖性肾小球肾炎相鉴别。这些疾病光镜下表现相似，在电镜下移植肾肾小球病可见基底膜增厚和双轨征，但常无免疫复合物沉积；丙肝病毒有关的膜增殖性肾小球肾炎可见显著的内皮下免疫复合物沉积。由于移植肾肾小球病的患者也可能有丙肝病毒抗体阳性，因此只根据丙肝病毒抗体阳性不能区分移植肾肾小球病和丙肝相关性</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">MPGN</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp; 2</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">．肾间质纤维化：某些免疫抑制剂中毒，如</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">CsA</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">或</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">FK506</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">肾毒性均可致肾间质纤维化，两者常需鉴别诊断。如组织学上有较特征的肾小球病变或肾小管周围毛细血管基底膜断裂及分层则有助于慢性移植肾肾病的诊断；而新形成的肾小动脉管壁玻璃样变则是</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">CsA</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">肾毒性的特征性改变。但慢性移植肾肾病的特征性病变并不常见，而移植肾肾小动脉病变也可能不是新形成的，因此光镜下两者很难鉴别，此外这两种病变也可同时存在。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">三、慢性移植肾肾病的治疗</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">由于慢性移植肾肾病发生机制复杂，治疗存在一定难度。相应的的大规模、前瞻性、随机、对照研究还不多。只能针对影响慢性移植肾肾病的各个环节，包括免疫性和非免疫性方面予以治疗。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp; 1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">．免疫抑制治疗：目前临床应用的免疫抑制剂对慢性移植肾肾病治疗作用并不明确，但如果慢性移植肾肾病的原因是由于患者使用免疫抑制剂顺应性较差或减量过快，则可加强免疫抑制治疗。部分患者肾活检发现在慢性移植肾肾病的基础上仍有活动性急性排异反应的证据，对该部分患者应用皮质激素冲击治疗可能有效。另一方面，由于</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">CsA</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">或</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">FK506</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">具有肾毒性，也可能参与慢性移植肾肾病过程，因此对于</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">CsA</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">或</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">FK506</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">肾毒性患者，减少这些药物，可能受到有益效果。初步的临床研究发现对无急性排异表现的患者，减少</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">CsA</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">或</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">FK506</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">剂量，同时加用霉酚酸酯（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">2</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">－</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">3g/d</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">），可减慢这些患者肾功能下降的速度。但目前还缺乏相应的临床研究。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">2</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">．非免疫抑制治疗：非免疫抑制治疗包括积极控制血压及降血脂治疗。在各种原发性慢性肾小球肾炎中，血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">ACEI</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）或血管紧张素</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">II </span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">受体拮抗剂</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">(ARB)</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">都能有效地降低全身及肾小球毛细血管压，减少尿蛋白的排泄。有临床研究发现</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">ACEI </span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">或</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">ARB</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">能够降低高血压肾移植患者的尿蛋白排泄率，同时不会对肾脏血液动力学带来不良影响，这种疗法对移植肾失功的长期作用有待进一步研究。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp; HMG</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">－</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">CoA</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">还原酶抑制剂，如他汀类常用于降脂治疗，并可延缓移植物血管病变的进展。其它治疗手段包括抗血小板聚集药物、血栓素拮抗剂、鱼油及低蛋白饮食等，但是对慢性移植肾肾病的疗效还需要随机对照的临床试验来验证。</span></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1696","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1015","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1890,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1503046598630,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1503046598630,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"4179","isDel":0,"createAt":1486646138317,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"遗传是肾盂癌疾病的病因吗","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾盂癌疾病的发生严重影响到了人们的身体健康，其实当患上肾癌疾病的时候饱受疾病带来的，因此对于肾癌疾病的病发原因我们在积极的了解的情况下要积极的实施预防措施，那么原发性元疾病的主要病发原因都是有哪些呢!</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\"><strong style=\"color: #333333;\">　　(一)发病原因</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　染料、皮革、橡胶、油漆等工业原料中的芳香伯胺类物质如&beta;-萘胺、联苯胺等是肾盂癌致癌质，色胺酸代谢紊乱、吸烟及长期服用非那西丁类药物者，肾盂癌发病率明显增高。感染或长期结石刺激可引起鳞癌或腺癌。囊性肾盂炎、腺性肾盂炎可发展为肾盂癌。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　<strong style=\"color: #333333;\">　(二)发病机制</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　本病多数为移行细胞癌，少数为鳞癌和腺癌，后二者约占肾盂癌的15%左右，它们的恶性程度远较移行细胞癌为高。临床所见移行细胞癌可在任何被覆有移行上皮的尿路部位先后或同时出现，因此，在诊断及处理上应视为一个整体，不能孤立地对待某一局部的移行细胞癌。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾盂癌绝大多数为移行细胞癌，可分为4级。Ⅰ级：乳头状伴正常黏膜;Ⅱ级：乳头状伴少量多形性变和核分裂;Ⅲ级：扁平移行细胞伴显著多形性变和核分裂;Ⅳ级：极度多形性变。因肾盂壁薄，易发生淋巴或血行转移，预后不良。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　鳞状细胞癌约占肾盂癌的15%，病变扁平，质硬，迅速浸润达肾脏周围、肾门及区域淋巴结，确诊时多已转移，预后差。腺癌极为少见。肾盂肿瘤可发生于肾盂的任何部位，有多中心发生的特点，可同时或先后发生输尿管肿瘤或膀胱肿瘤，在乳头状瘤或乳头状癌患者中较为多见，而在平坦的浸润性乳头状癌患者中较为少见。关于肾盂肿瘤的多发现象，目前有4种解释：①淋巴途径扩散;②经黏膜直接扩散;③多中心病灶;④肿瘤细胞脱落种植在输尿管或膀胱黏膜上，继续生长而成。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1696","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1015","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1955,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486646138319,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486646138317,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"3918","isDel":0,"createAt":1486646109769,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"日常生活肾结石的主要原因","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　日常生活肾结石的主要原因是什么，不吃早餐会诱发肾结石吗？那么，接下来看看本文对肾结石病因的介绍，希望对大家有所帮助。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾结石是一种和人们的日常生活习惯息息相关的疾病，大多数肾结石的病因都是和饮食与生活习惯有关的。许多看似寻常的生活习惯恰恰就会成为肾结石的病因之一。所以我们必须在日常生活中养成良好的生活饮食习惯，尽可能的避免肾结石。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　不吃早餐的&ldquo;办公族&rdquo;不在少数，有的是因为早上赶着上班，来不及吃，有的是为了减肥，不愿意吃。这一看似寻常的生活习惯却是导致结石病的病因之一。有些&ldquo;办公族&rdquo;因为工作繁忙，应酬较多等原因，在外就餐的机会较多，吃大鱼大肉的频率较高，并容易暴饮暴食，吃得过于油腻，而这正是结石病的重要诱因。因为高脂肪、高蛋白食物会增高胆汁中的胆固醇含量，形成结石，动物内脏、肉类代谢也会产生尿酸，导致结石。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　吃得太油腻也是肾结石的病因之一，吃得太素同样容易长石头。专家提醒，虽然蔬菜富含维生素、矿物质和膳食纤维，但是，菠菜、芹菜、番茄、竹笋等蔬菜中同时还富含草酸，过量食用可能从尿中析出而形成结石，其与豆制品或者钙片中的钙结合后，也容易形成结石。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　不少&ldquo;办公族&rdquo;因为工作节奏快，喝水的时间相应较少，还有为数不少的人即使有时间喝水，量也不够大，而这正是诱发结石病的另一重要原因。专家表示，喝水少会减少人体尿液，并会使尿液过度浓缩，尿中盐类的浓度增高，沉淀增多，就容易形成肾结石或尿路结石。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1696","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1015","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":2038,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486646109771,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486646109769,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"3642","isDel":0,"createAt":1486646079608,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"iga肾炎的具体病因有哪些呢","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; text-align: left;\">　　iga肾炎的危害是相当严重的，此病在出现后将会给肾部的健康带来了极其严重的伤害，这种疾病的病因复杂，应当引起各位朋友的关注，我们要正确的去了解此病的发病因素才行，会有哪些原因引发iga肾炎的出现呢，一起往下看认识一下吧。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　由于本病病人皮肤和肝脏中都能检测到iga沉积，提示为系统性疾病。由于在肾小球系膜区和毛细血管均可有颗粒状iga和c3沉积，提示其免疫复合物性发病机理。现时的研究围绕着抗原通过粘膜的能力、粘膜屏障是否存在缺陷;iga结构是否有缺陷和免疫调节功能是否有缺陷等方面展开。早年的研究曾提示本病所沉积的iga可能是粘膜源性的。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　然而近年的研究使用了高度专一性的技术，证实本病所沉积的是iga1，主要是系统源性的，主要由骨髓和淋巴系统所产生;粘膜源性的iga2则主要见于肝源性肾小球硬化症中的iga沉积中。在本病病人循环中也可见到总iga1和含iga1的免疫复合物增高，骨髓中产生iga1的浆细胞增多并形成多聚体为主。在本病的肾组织中可发现存在j链，故提示沉积的iga是多聚体;而分泌块则十分罕见。尽管如此，现有资料尚不能最终确定本病的iga沉积物的来源。众多的抗原，包括多种病毒和多种食物的抗原可在本病病人的系膜区中被检出，并常常伴有iga1沉积。这些抗原的抗体也属iga1。由于这些抗体也可存在于正常人的循环中，上述抗原并无专一性或特征性。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　有证据提示本病存在免疫调节异常。本病的含iga1循环免疫复合物中，发现有多聚的iga1类风湿因子;抗&alpha;重链fab片断的igg抗体增多而igm抗体减少。有趣的是hiv感染者也存在类似的抗免疫球蛋白模式，却不发生肾脏iga沉积。这证明单单这些循环的自身抗体存在，并不是系膜iga沉积的原因。此外目前还发现了二种抗内皮细胞的自身抗体(属igg)。本病肾组织中常有c3沉积，提示激活了补体旁路途径。然而iga本身无激活补体的能力，iga免疫复合物虽可激活补体旁路途径，但它结合补体和c3b的能力很弱。通常认为在肾脏发生补体激活和形成膜攻击复合物，需有igg-iga复合物，但是本病肾组织中有iga和c3沉积而没有igg或igm沉积却很常见。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　因此，本病补体激活的机制尚不清楚。细胞免疫也参与了发病机制。已发现本病可有t辅助细胞(cd4)增加和t抑制细胞(cd8)减少;具有转换igm合成为iga合成的ta4细胞增加，与之有关的sa1等位基因的频度也增加;引起iga同型转换的tgf&beta;、促进产生iga的b淋巴细胞分化的il-5和介导iga产生的il-4形成均有增加。虽然t细胞和b细胞均参与了增加iga合成的过程，但iga合成增多并不是系膜区iga沉积的原因，因为在iga多发性骨髓瘤病人中罕见有组织iga沉积。因此，结构-免疫学/理化异常才可能是系膜iga沉积的原因。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　本病病人血清和系膜中可检出抗牛血清白蛋白多克隆基因型抗体，其滴度与血尿相关。最近，有人用从病人肾皮质和肾小球中获得的iga得到了5种单克隆抗基因抗体，它们与病人血清或浆细胞反应差，而与其肾脏组织有很高的反应率，提示肾脏的沉积是与这些多克隆iga抗体的异常性质有关。此外，在本病病人中发现有&beta;1，3-半乳糖转移酶缺陷，改变了iga1或含iga1的复合物清除率，导致iga1在系膜区沉积。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1696","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1015","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1752,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486646079610,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486646079608,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"3370","isDel":0,"createAt":1486646047291,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"肾衰竭患者有哪些危险症状","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　生活中很多人都知道，肾衰竭是一种比较严重的肾病，它会导致很多并发症的发生，而且在治疗上的难度也很大，那么到底肾衰竭会让患者出现哪些危险症状呢？下面我们就给大家介绍七种比较常见的症状，希望患者朋友能做好这些疾病的预防。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　一、肾衰竭会造成消化系统疾病</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　对于肾衰竭，一般会给患者造成口渴，厌食，恶心，呕吐，等症状，这就是严重的消化系统疾病的症状，重度肾衰竭患者出现鼻出血或消化道出血。所以对于患者来讲应该加强肾衰竭的护理工作。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　二、肾衰竭会造成心血管系统疾病</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　对于肾衰竭患者来讲，随着病情进展，血压都会不同程度的升高，最后发展成高血压。而长期高血压，会使患者体内的尿毒素的蓄积、水、电解质等发生紊乱，给患者带来严重的伤害。给患者造成了心血管系统的一些疾病，所以对于肾衰竭患者应该多加的注意。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　三、肾衰竭会造成造血系统疾病</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾衰竭患者多半都会贫血，这种主要是由于患者体内的肾脏造血功能的减弱，促红细胞生成素减少，从而出现了贫血。而这种贫血会造成患者体内尿毒症毒素的蓄积以及红细胞寿命的羧酸以及营养不良等因素有关。给患者带来严重的伤害。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　四、肾衰竭会造成神经系统疾病</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　对于早期的肾衰竭患者一般都会出现头痛、记忆力减退、注意力不集中、乏力等症状。晚期患者会出现嗜睡、神志模糊、肌肉颤动等症状。这些都是由于神经系统病变使所引发的，所以对于肾衰竭患者应该在神经方面多加的注意。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　五、肾衰竭会造成呼吸系统疾病</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾衰竭多伴有干咳，鼻腔异味的症状，这是影响到伴有肺水肿或心功能减退性衰竭时，呼吸更加困难，不能平卧，阵发性、痉挛性咳嗽，咳白色泡沫。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　六、肾衰竭会造成泌尿系统疾病</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; 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