![\"透析病人的饮食注意事项\"](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1503061193133.jpg\" "\\"透析病人的饮食注意事项\\"")
慢性肾功能衰竭。上述问题的主要原因是摄入的热卡大于需要。所以目前许多学者现在都认为：大部分的高血压、糖尿病是可以预防的，其中关键是合理的饮食。那么透析病人的饮食注意事项都有哪些呢？
透析病人的饮食的“食”包括两个方面的问题，吃多少和吃什么？
摄入大于需求，会导致高脂血症、动脉硬化及心脑血管病变；摄入小于需求，会导致营养不良、炎症和动脉硬化。营养不良是血透病人和腹透病人死亡的重要不良预后指标。透析病人吃多少，这个问题已经有了答案。
腹膜透析病人每周经腹透液吸收 500-2100 g糖，同时丢失80-100 g 氨基酸、 蛋白质，发生腹膜炎时，氨基酸和蛋白质的丢失量增加1倍。因此腹膜透析病人的营养特点为蛋白质营养不足，热卡摄入过多，高脂血症多见。目前推荐腹膜透析病人蛋白质摄入量为1.3 g/kg /天，其中至少50% 为优质蛋白；热卡摄入量：25kcal/kg/天。
血透病人每周经透析液丢失36-75 g糖，丢失33-45 g氨基酸、蛋白质，因此容易出现蛋白质-能量摄入均不足。目前推荐血透病人蛋白质摄入量：1.2 g/kg /天，其中至少50% 为优质蛋白；热卡摄入量：35 kcal/kg/天 （年龄<60岁）或30 kcal/kg /天（年龄>60岁）。
、在物质生活极度发达的今天，什么能吃，什么不能吃或少吃，都是非常讲究的。在全球，日本血透病人的存活率最高；在美国，亚裔血透病人的死亡率最低。日本人的饮食习惯与欧美不同，如鱼、大豆蛋白摄入较多，食物成分低脂、多膳食纤维，具有抗炎症和抗氧化作用。这些都值得借鉴。
鱼
鱼油中含有较多的ω-3脂肪酸，具有抗炎症作用和心血管保护作用。有研究发现，鱼油可以降低非肾脏病人的CRP 和IL-6 。研究还发现，长期食用鱼类的透析病人死亡率降低50 ％。
![\"透析病人的饮食注意事项\"](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1503061063177.jpg\" "\\"透析病人的饮食注意事项\\"")
豆腐
大豆中含有丰富的植物雌激素，包括染料木黄酮和异黄酮苷。植物雌激素除了对激素依赖性肿瘤具有保护作用以外，还可以调节细胞的生长、增生，并通过阻断炎症基因的表达抑制炎症反应和氧化应激反应。
![\"透析病人的饮食注意事项\"](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1503061465402.jpg\" "\\"透析病人的饮食注意事项\\"")
富含膳食纤维的食物
摄入膳食纤维多的病人血中的CRP水平较低，具有较强的抗炎和抗氧化作用。许多食物富含膳食纤维，如土豆、红薯、麦片等。此外，适量摄入水果、蔬菜、木耳、坚果类和瓜子，适量饮酒（每天一杯干红或啤酒），也具有抗氧化和抗炎作用，对心血管具有保护作用。
透析病人的饮食禁忌
透析病人最好不要食用煎、炒、烹、炸的食物、高胆固醇的食物（如蛋黄、鱼籽、虾头）。盐的摄入量一定要控制在6克以内，不能食用咸菜、炸酱、豆腐乳等，炒菜时少放盐或不放盐。
透析病人的饮食推荐案例： 60公斤的透析病人食谱（蛋白质摄入量为72-78克，热卡1800kcal/d）:牛奶500 ml，鸡蛋2个（去黄），肉3-4两（鱼、瘦肉猪肉），豆腐1-2两，谷类3-5两（适当补充富含膳食纤维的杂粮），蔬菜、水果500克。
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肾衰竭有急性与慢性之分，急性肾衰竭发病突然，可在数天、数周或数月间，肾功能迅速衰竭，并引发其他并发症；慢性肾衰竭是指肾功能慢性衰竭的症状。
\n慢性肾衰竭的致病元凶是谁？
\n1、肾脏疾病：是导致尿毒症发生的最直接和最主要的原因。各类肾病，如没有有效控制病情，最终结局都将是发生尿毒症，如肾小球肾炎、肾病综合征、肾结石、尿路梗阻、肾血管疾病、遗传性肾病、肾肿瘤等。
\n2、其他伴随疾病：如糖尿病、高血压、红斑狼疮、过敏性紫癜等，随着病程迁延均可发生肾损害，进一步就可恶化为尿毒症。其中，糖尿病肾病和高血压肾病是最常见和最严重的继发性肾病类型，是此类因素导致慢性肾衰竭发生的主要原因。
\n3、药物损伤肾脏而导致尿毒症发生：抗生素、部分抗炎药、医用造影剂、抗肿瘤药物以及部分中药等均属于肾毒性药物，容易对肾脏造成损伤，由此引发尿毒症形成。
\n慢性肾功能衰竭的症状
\n（1）低钠血症：慢性肾衰患者对钠的调节功能差。由于肾小管吸收钠的功能减退，加之一些其他因素，如常服利尿剂、腹泻、长期进食无盐饮食等，易产生低钠血症。由于钠和水的丢失，引起血容量减少。失钠导致肾功能迅速变坏，故低钠常可使一个原来病情比较稳定的患者出现尿毒症状。
\n（2）低钙和高磷：由于患者尿碗排出减少，血磷升高。肾衰退时1，25（OH）2D3生成减少加之厌食等原因，肠道吸收钙减少，血钙降低。高血磷、低血钙刺激甲状旁腺素，可致继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。肾衰时，高血磷要抑制肾不管细胞合成有活性的维生素D-1，25（OH）2D3而导致钙盐沉着障碍，引起肾性骨病。
\n（3）低钾血症和高钾血症：由于厌食、呕吐、腹泻及利尿剂的使用，可致低钾血症。慢性肾功能衰竭的症状有哪些？其临床表现是：四肢无力、腹胀、心律失常和腱反射迟钝等。当尿毒症患者并发感染、酸中毒或长期服保钾利尿剂、输含钾多的库存血、或严重少尿时均可致高钾血症。
\n（4）代谢性酸中毒：酸中毒是慢性肾衰患者的常风症状。由于肾小管生成氨、排泌氢离子及重吸收重碳酸盐的能力降低，加之腹泻失碱等因素，几乎所有的尿毒症患者都有轻重不同的代谢性酸中毒。轻度代谢性酸中毒一般无明显症状。当CO2-CP<13mmol/L时，才会出现明显症状，如呼吸深大而长、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐、疲乏、头痛、躁动不安，严重者可发生昏迷。
\n慢性肾衰竭的护理有哪些
\n①保持良好的心情
\n不要有过大的心理压力，压力过重会导致酸性物质的沉积，影响代谢的正常进行。适当的调节心情和自身压力可以保持弱碱性体质，从而预防慢性肾衰竭的发生。
\n②生活要规律
\n慢性肾衰竭的护理有哪些？生活习惯不规律的人，如彻夜唱卡拉OK、打麻将、夜不归宿等生活无规律，都会加重体质酸化。容易患糖尿病。应当养成良好的生活习惯，从而保持弱碱性体质，使肾病远离自己。
\n③控制饮食结构
\n避免酸性物质摄入过量，加剧酸性体质。慢性肾衰竭饮食禁忌？饮食的酸碱平衡对于糖尿病的治疗及并发症的防治是非常重要的一个环节。饮食方面要多吃富含植物有机活性碱的食品，少吃肉类，多吃蔬菜。恰玛古富含植物有机活性碱，能迅速排除体内酸毒，澄清尿液酸毒，从而真正的保护肾脏。不要食用被污染的食物，如被污染的水，农作物，家禽鱼蛋等，要吃一些绿色有机食品，要防止病从口入。远离烟、酒。烟、酒都是典型的酸性食品，毫无节制的抽烟喝酒，极易导致人体的酸化，使得肾病有机可乘。
\n","barId":"1696","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1022","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":2139,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486646742475,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486646742473,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"1413","isDel":0,"createAt":1486646681882,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"儿童肾病综合征的护理要注意什么","content":"
肾病综合征是小儿常见肾脏疾病，以大量蛋白尿、低白蛋白血症、高脂血症和水肿为主要临床特点，家属在护理患儿时应注意以下问题。
\n一、为患儿制定合理健康的饮食计划
\n家属要为患者制定合理健康的饮食计划。在饮食的控制上，每天要保证0.8～1.0g/kg的蛋白质摄入量，蛋白质的摄入以食用大豆或动物蛋白为宜。每天摄入的热量应大于126kJ/kg。如果水肿严重，饮食要保持较低的盐分，待患儿消除水肿、尿量正常之后再恢复用盐量。同时，要保证各种维生素和微量元素的充足摄入。
\n二、预防患者发生感染
\n预防感染对于肾病患儿非常重要，因为患肾病的儿童免疫力低下，容易激发感染，威胁患儿的生命。要加强对口腔、皮肤的护理，每天进行2～3次的苏打水漱口，用甲紫和碘伏等对破损的皮肤进行消毒。在治疗和护理的每一个步骤中，都要坚持无菌操作。
\n三、与患儿多沟通
\n家属要按照出院医嘱，加强与孩子的沟通与交流。患儿由于长期患病治疗，容易产生焦虑压抑等心理问题，对于孩子出现的这些负面情绪，家长要及时进行指导，帮助孩子增加对抗病魔的决心和信心。家长要帮助患儿长期地、正确地坚持治疗。家长要帮助孩子进行适当的体育锻炼，保持孩子的体力，增强体质。
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很多患者就是因为不知道该如何去做，所以才会导致病情反反复复，给自身造成造成了更加严重的伤害。那么，IgA肾病患者怎么护理?接下来，就由专家来给大家介绍一些日常生活中IgA肾病患者怎么护理，希望患者们都能够认真的对待，并且能够有所行动起来。
\n一、从IgA肾病患者的饮食上说起。由于IgA肾病患者的肾脏功能受到了损害，在人体中工作能力受到影响，所以IgA肾病患者要多从饮食中的蛋白质含量、盐分含量、钾和磷含量等入手。少吃一些蛋白质偏高的食物，这是为了减少蛋白尿；少吃含盐量比较高的食物，这是为了减轻水肿；少吃钾和磷含量高的食物，是为了避免引起心衰发生等，但是少吃不代表不吃，患者可以根据医生嘱咐选取一些含优蛋白质的食物。盐的量、钾和磷的食物也要听从医生安排。
\n二、患者要有充足的休息。由于患者的体质比较弱，因此在生活中要保障有充足的休息时间，这样有利于病人的恢复。睡眠环境尽量要安静。可以适当的进行工作，但是不能从事重体力劳动。
\n三、保持一定的运动量和饮水量。如果患者病情比较稳定，可以进行适当的运动锻炼，但是不能太劳累。平时要有稳定的饮水量（由医生根据情况来定），不憋尿。
\n四、注意治疗一些基础疾病。例如：感冒、尿路感染、呼吸道疾病、泌尿系统疾病。
\n五、用药要合理，不要吃一些含有肾毒性的药物。要在医生的指导下服用相关药物。
\n六、定期检查，这样可以及时的了解IgA肾病的病况，首先时间进行相关治疗。
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日常生活当中会有较多的原因引发肾结石的出现，发病后就会危害患者的肾脏健康，同时带给他们相当多的痛苦，大家必须要将肾结石引起高度的重视，而且相关的护理工作必须要加强起来，带朋友们了解一下此病的护理方法有哪些呢。
\n肾结石的护理：
\n1、多喝水。预防肾结石，第一步是多喝水(也可能只需要这一步)。240毫升的杯子，每天至少喝六到八杯。尽管喝水一直是不错的选择，但其他无咖啡因、无酒精的饮料也不错(如果尿液中草酸盐浓度过高，医生会提醒您不要喝太多去咖啡因茶)。每天喝大量的水是预防肾结石症状最好的方法之一，每天至少六到八杯。
\n2、多吃奶制品。大多数肾结石(大约90%)的成分为钙和草酸盐。由于奶制品中富含钙质，医生过去曾建议所有肾结石患者少吃这类食品。但最近的研究显示，食用奶制品实际上可以降低患肾结石的风险，因为其中的钙质可以帮助机体清除其他容易形成结石的物质。但是，医生可能会建议您不要吃钙质补充药物。如果您患有肾结石，请咨询医生，肾结石的饮食中含有多少钙质是安全的。
\n3、多摄入维生素a。维生素a对维护尿路整体健康是必需的。富含维生素a的食物包括：红薯、南瓜、笋瓜、椰菜，以及胡萝卜。健康成年人维生素a的建议每日供给量(rda)为5000国际单位，平衡的多样化饮食可轻松满足这一要求。您不要急于服用维生素a补充药物，如果摄入过多维生素a，机体无法将其排出，会积累产生毒性。增加维生素b的摄入量。科学家发现，维生素b6可降低血液中草酸盐的含量，从而预防肾结石的形成。镁似乎也可以预防结石。医生可能会建议每日补充维生素b6或镁(或两者的混合制剂)。补充维生素b6时，每天不要超过25毫克。
\n当我们了解上述的介绍之后，大家清楚的认识到了肾结石的主要护理方法有哪些了，肾结石会影响较多的朋友，因此会严重的伤害患者肾脏的健康，各位朋友应当提防肾结石的出现，对于患者的护理工作也应当加强起来才可以。
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肾盂肾炎有急性期和慢性期两个阶段，好发于女性，主要表现为腰痛和膀胱刺激症状，急性期有发热，甚至高热。那么肾盂肾炎女性患者应该怎么样做好家庭护理呢?
\n1、注意阴部清洁。肾盂肾炎女性患者应保持外阴清洁，慎用盆浴，以减少尿道口菌群的感染，尤其在月经期、妊娠期要特别注意卫生，防止上行感染。在治疗后一年内应避孕，以免因怀孕而加重病情。
\n2、在发作期应多饮水，勤排尿，以冲洗膀胱和尿道，避免细菌在尿路繁殖。同时要注意加强营养和身体锻炼。
\n3、注意观察有无发烧和尿路刺激症状。慢性肾盂肾炎后期，注意有无肾脏损害症状，如高血压、贫血、尿毒症等。
\n4、服用药物时，要注意药物的副作用。
\n5、如果需要做尿培养，应做好以下准备：①用抗生素前或停用抗生素5天后留尿标本。②收集清晨尿。③留尿标本前要充分清洗会阴部，保持尿液不受污染。留尿时要留取中段尿置于无菌试管内。④留好的尿标本，要在2小时内作培养和计菌落数，以免有杂菌生长，影响判断结果。若有特殊情况需将尿液冷藏在4℃以下的冰箱内。
\n在饮食方面，也需要额外注意，常见的肾盂肾炎的饮食注意事项有：
\n1、远离强烈的调味品。生活中，比较常见的有：胡椒、芥末、咖胆、辣椒等，这些都对患者的肾功能不利，肾盂肾炎的饮食应忌食。
\n2、控制植物蛋白质的摄入。专家指出，蛋白质的摄入量应根据肾盂肾炎患者的肾功能情况着实而定，以减轻肾脏的负担，避免非蛋白氮在体内的积存。
\n3、避免高脂肪的食物。该病患者存在高血压和贫血的症状，因此对于高脂肪的食物对于患者的治疗和康复是不利的，故肾盂肾炎的饮食不宜过多食用。
\n4、注意食盐的摄入量。肾盂肾炎患者的水肿症状与血容量、钠盐有密切的关系。因此，肾盂肾炎的饮食必须限制食盐，给予低盐饮食。
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