{"countAll":0,"orderType":null,"readLevel":"0","lyTopicReq":{"id":"1876","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":null,"content":null,"barId":"1876","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":null,"clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},"lyBarModerators":{"list":[],"list4Map":null,"pageBegin":0,"pageSize":8,"pageNumber":0,"totalPage":0,"totalRow":0},"metaSearch":{"description":"","keywords":"妇产科","title":"妇产科","channels":null},"data":{"list":[{"id":"5400","isDel":0,"createAt":1499349041868,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"听专家为您解读：妇科肿瘤有哪些，青春期妇科肿瘤的早期症状","content":"

  总有一些妙龄少女会遭遇恶性肿瘤，因为没有预防的方法，学会提高警惕，早诊断、早治疗是唯一有效之法。听专家聊聊：妇科肿瘤有哪些，青春期妇科肿瘤的早期症状

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\"听专家为您解读：妇科肿瘤有哪些，青春期妇科肿瘤的早期症状\"

\n

青春期妇科肿瘤的发现往往有三个特点：

\n

偶然性：晨起、沐浴或体检中，自己或被别人发现下腹有包块；

\n

突然性：肿瘤发生扭转或破裂等并发症，引起剧烈腹痛而就医；

\n

严重性：良性肿瘤出现并发症后使情况变得复杂，恶性肿瘤则进展迅速，情况急转直下。

\n

\"听专家为您解读：妇科肿瘤有哪些，青春期妇科肿瘤的早期症状\"

\n

  青春期妇科肿瘤以卵巢肿瘤为多见，其中10-30%是恶性的。最常见的是卵巢皮样囊肿，约占40%。属于良性肿瘤，但由于内容油脂、重心不均，容易发生蒂扭转。值得警醒的是，能在扭转48小时内及时手术者仅占30%，1周后才手术的占35%之多。延误手术可能导致卵巢缺血时间过长而坏死，难以保留。卵巢肿瘤，尤其是恶性肿瘤除了腹胀、尿频、恶心、呕吐等外，通常没有什么特别的症状，因此常常被人忽视。少女所患的恶性卵巢肿瘤以生殖细胞肿瘤为主，常见者包括内胚窦瘤、无性细胞瘤、未成熟畸胎瘤和胚胎癌等，通常有各自的标记物，化验血可追踪其变化。有的肿瘤能分泌性激素，雌激素多了则表现为性早熟或月经异常，雄激素多了则出现多毛、痤疮、长胡须、嗓音粗等男性特征。

\n

\"听专家为您解读：妇科肿瘤有哪些，青春期妇科肿瘤的早期症状\"

\n

  治疗效果中，良性肿瘤一般可保留卵巢，恶性者为挽救生命，需扩大切除范围。值得庆幸的是，生殖细胞肿瘤通常对放、化疗敏感，手术通常可以保留生育功能。

\n

  子宫肌瘤在青春期并不少见。除了造成月经多和贫血，还会影响婚后受孕、易于流产等。子宫肌瘤极少恶变。

\n

  少女很少患阴道和宫颈的肿瘤。偶尔可遇到因宫颈息肉而出现点滴出血或血性白带，和因粘膜下肌瘤脱出而引起异常出血等情况。

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妇科肿瘤有哪些，青春期妇科肿瘤的早期症状知识的关键点：

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1、警惕卵巢肿瘤的征象：

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1.1、腹痛

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1.2、恶心、呕吐、腹胀、尿频、尿潴留等非特异征象

\n

1.3、内分泌紊乱

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2、一旦诊断为卵巢肿瘤，应及早手术防止出现并发症，急诊情况下更不要顾虑迟疑。

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3、如果少女月经多，不要单纯考虑青春期功能性出血或服药打针了事，一定要做一次妇科检查。

\n

 

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   少女急腹痛，除了是在月经期，即使是本人和妈妈也很少首先想到妇科情况。那么少女腹痛是怎么回事？引起急性腹痛的原因有哪些？

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\"腹痛是怎么回事？引起急性腹痛的原因有哪些\"

\n

 

\n

常见的少女急腹痛病症如下：

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1、卵巢囊肿或肿瘤蒂扭转：中等大小、光滑活动的卵巢肿物，最常见的是成熟性囊性畸胎瘤，或是一些囊性和实性混合的肿瘤，由于重心偏离，而且将其连于子宫的韧带—即所谓的“蒂”坠得细长，随着体位或腹压以及肠蠕动的激烈变化，容易发生蒂扭转，连同输卵管一起转上半圈或数圈。由于卵巢静脉回流受阻，瘤内充血，瘤体增大，患者可出现剧烈的腹痛，伴有恶心、呕吐。尽管少数扭转轻微的囊肿可随体位改变而恢复原位，但通常情况下需要急诊手术予以纠正。手术及时，卵巢尚未坏死，可从容不迫地将其回转复位，然后将肿瘤从正常卵巢组织中剥离出来。如果延误了时机则有可能痛失一侧卵巢。

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2、黄体破裂：一般发生在月经后半期。排卵后的卵泡残余组织形成黄体，如内部出血或受外力挤压冲撞可破裂导致腹痛和腹腔内积血。如果出血较多可伴有肛门坠胀，甚至造成休克。急诊手术的目的是清除破裂的黄体和腹腔内积血，以免造成进一步失血或盆腔粘连。

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3、巧囊破裂：通常发生在月经期前后。巧克力样的囊液对腹膜刺激明显，患者疼痛剧烈、腹部据按，但无内出血不会危及生命。多主张先止痛抗炎治疗，带月经干净后择期手术。

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4、卵巢肿瘤破裂：除外力因素外，粘液性或浆液性囊腺瘤等可因上皮细胞生长活跃而自发破裂。

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5、对于青春女生有时也需要考虑有无宫外孕的可能。

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6、极少部分少女急性盆腔炎甚至形成脓肿的情况，手术可以帮助引流脓液，取材做病原体诊断以及彻底清理盆腔并局部用药等。

\n

少女腹痛是怎么回事？引起急性腹痛的原因知识的关键点：

\n

1、提前插尿管并膀胱注水做B超检查。

\n

2、容易想到的内、外科急腹症往往各有特点：

\n

2.1、急性胃肠炎：常与进食某些食物有关，呕吐或腹泻症状明显。

\n

2.2、急性阑尾炎：“转移性右下腹痛”是较特异的表现。

\n

2.3、肠梗阻：停止排气、排便在前，腹痛、腹胀在后。

\n

2.4、泌尿系结石：绞痛发作，尿中有红细胞。

\n

 

\n

 

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    部分未婚少女突然发现自己的乳罩上有湿渍，挤压乳头时候还有类似乳汁的液体流出，难免令她们紧张无措，多半是闭经泌乳综合症若的祸，那么闭经泌乳综合症怎么办？

\n

\"闭经泌乳综合症怎么办，排除垂体瘤是首要任务\"

\n

    在医学上把非哺乳期的乳汁分泌称为“溢乳”。正常情况下，血液中存在一种泌乳素抑制因子，它是由下丘脑分泌的，可抑制垂体分泌泌乳素。当下丘脑及邻近部位出现肿瘤或损伤时，泌乳素抑制因子减少便会导致垂体泌乳素的分泌失控而过盛，这就造成未婚未育的少女也会生出乳汁来。另一方面，当垂体出现泌乳素肿瘤时，也会刺激乳汁提前分泌。泌乳素瘤是一种良性肿瘤，除了过度分泌的泌乳素导致溢乳，还能抑制排卵，引起女性闭经和不孕。如果肿瘤体积增大，还会威胁到视力，并出现神经系统症状等。

\n

    当乳头溢液呈浆状、粉红色，甚至血性，原因通常归结于乳房本身。大多数情况下，是由输乳管膨胀、发炎或小肿瘤引起的乳管壁发炎等良性病变引起的。需要注意的是，少部分情况情况下还可能是癌症的初发迹象，及早明确诊断和治疗可大大提高手术的成功率。

\n

闭经泌乳综合症怎么办知识的关键点：

\n

1、一旦有泌乳现象出现，必须马上就医。

\n

2、闭经、泌乳的情况首先要考虑排除垂体瘤，激素水平和蝶鞍像或必要时可以做头颅CT、MRI检查。

\n

3、小于1cm的垂体微腺瘤可用药物治疗，较大的肿瘤一般采用经鼻入路的神经外科手术。

\n

4、内分泌科的医生和神经外科医生一般不推荐γ刀（实质为一种放射治疗）。

\n

5、乳头溢液为血性，应从乳腺外科角度系统寻找病因，除外早期癌瘤。

\n

6、定期服用镇定剂、降压药或雌、孕激素复方避孕药的妇女可出现溢乳现象，一般停药后即可恢复。

\n

 

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  细菌性阴道炎（细菌性阴道病）的常见症状表现是阴道内正常菌群失调所致的一种混合感染。正常情况下阴道内以乳酸杆菌占优势，当正常的阴道生理环境遭到破坏后，加德纳菌等厌氧菌就会成百上千倍的增加，使阴道分泌物增多，具有难闻的鱼腥味，尤其在同房后加重。最典型的白带呈灰白色、均一而稀薄。除此之外，外阴的瘙痒或烧灼感轻微，阴道粘膜也没有充血的炎症表现，10-40%的患者无临床症状。

\n

\"细菌性阴道炎是怎么回事，细菌性阴道病的常见症状表现\"

\n

细菌性阴道炎（细菌性阴道病）的常见症状知识的关键点：

\n

1、性传播感染的4大非性传播途径：桑拿、泳池、接触和共用餐具。

\n

2、要重视内源性诱发和危险因素。

\n

3、阴道炎症以局部冲洗和上药为主要治疗手段，但外用药物过多会诱导耐药或二重感染。

\n

4、阴道栓剂品目繁多，不要迷信“广谱”、“全效”，明确病原体后使用特异性药物最简单有效。

\n

5、即便是清白之身，治疗时也需要夫妻同治，用药期间应停止性交。

\n

6、找妇科医生检查阴道分泌物的前一天内不要做阴道冲洗或上药。

\n

 

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    外阴阴道念珠菌病有很多机会通过性以外的间接接触感染。如果不了解这点，可能会给自己或别人加以莫须有的“罪名”，那么外阴阴道白色念珠菌病阴道炎是什么症状，治疗中的注意事项有哪些？

\n

\"外阴阴道白色念珠菌病阴道炎是什么症状，治疗中的注意事项有哪些\"

\n

    白色念珠菌是寄生于阴道的一种真菌，喜欢较酸的环境。在生理环境遭到破坏时，就会在泌尿－生殖道中引起感染。念珠菌病60%以上出于内因，如糖尿病，妊娠，使用抗生素、肾上腺皮质激素、免疫抑制剂和杀滴虫药等，长期禁欲后频繁性交或性交剧烈等；10%通过间接接触。炎症往往出现于月经前，表现为令人坐卧不安的奇痒。典型的白带呈稠厚的豆渣状或凝乳状。念珠菌病容易复发，与病原体滞留而局部抵抗力降低有关，强调标本兼治。

\n

外阴阴道白色念珠菌病阴道炎是什么症状知识的关键点：

\n

1、即便是清白之身，治疗时也需要夫妻同治，用药期间应停止性交。

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2、念珠菌病不存在生殖器官的并发症，但复发性病变可极大影响夫妻生活和心理健康，建议向妇科医生咨询。

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3、念珠菌性阴道炎上药初期瘙痒加重甚至出现水肿是药物起效的正常表现，千万不要自行停药而使前功尽弃。

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4、找妇科医生检查阴道分泌物的前一天内不要做阴道冲洗或上药。

\n

 

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    在了解滴虫性阴道炎的症状时候，需先了解下阴道毛滴虫：阴道毛滴虫是一种寄生于阴道的原虫，适宜在弱酸性的环境生长。正常阴道内的环境为酸性，月经前后发生改变而接近中性，则使滴虫有机可乘，生长繁殖并引发炎症。

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\"滴虫性阴道炎的症状\"

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    滴虫性阴道炎的症状潜伏期4-28天，主要表现为阴道分泌物增多和外阴瘙痒，间或有灼热、性交痛等。典型的白带为稀薄脓性、黄绿色、泡沫状、有异味。滴虫还可侵犯尿道、尿道旁腺，甚至膀胱和肾盂，但不会上升超过宫颈口。除性接触外，滴虫可通过潮湿物，如浴巾、工具手套、泳衣或内衣、厕所坐垫和厕所用水等传播。

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滴虫性阴道炎的症状知识的关键点：

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1、4大非性传播途径：桑拿、泳池、接触和共用餐具。

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2、要重视内源性诱发和危险因素。

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3、阴道炎症以局部冲洗和上药为主要治疗手段，但外用药物过多会诱导耐药或二重感染。

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4、目前阴道栓剂品目繁多，不要迷信“广谱”、“全效”，明确病原体后使用特异性药物最简单有效。

\n

 

","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":2309,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499237779950,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499237779950,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5363","isDel":0,"createAt":1499225102320,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"宫颈炎的症状及常见的宫颈炎症状诊断","content":"

   医学上将宫颈表面呈细颗粒状的红色区称为糜烂，宫颈炎的症状依据面积的大小和外观可具体分为轻、中、重3个等级和单纯型、颗粒型和乳突型3种类型，宫颈炎是细菌等微生物潜伏于粘膜皱襞中引起的局部炎症，几乎所有有性生活的妇女都会有或轻或重的慢性宫颈炎，除表现为糜烂外，还可形成宫颈腺囊肿（类似脸上的粉刺）、肥大和息肉等。

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\"宫颈炎的症状及常见的宫颈炎症状诊断\"

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宫颈炎症状诊断：

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1、急性宫颈炎：白带增多，呈脓性，伴腰痛，下腹不适。

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2、慢性宫颈炎：白带多，呈乳白色，粘液状或白带中夹有血丝，或性交出血，伴外阴瘙痒，腰骶部疼痛，经期加重。

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3、结核性宫颈炎：病程缓慢，很少出现急性炎症症状，或自觉症状很少，常因不孕症、月经不调、慢性盆腔炎就诊时，作系统检查才被发现。

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4、阿米巴性宫颈炎：主要表现为阴道分泌物增多、呈脓性、脓血性或浆液性、有腥臭味。伴有阴道炎者常有阴道痛、烧灼感、无外阴瘙痒。

\n

 

","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1753,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499225102321,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499225102321,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5348","isDel":0,"createAt":1499134337733,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"入院待产孕妇的四种形式，看看你属于哪一种","content":"

  在国外，越来越多的孕妇选择在家中分娩，但我国还不具备相应的医疗保障体系，所以还需要在正规医院里完成这一工作，入院待产孕妇的四种形式，看看你属于哪一种

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\"入院待产孕妇的四种形式，看看你属于哪一种\"

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 1、临产征象

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  除了常说的“见红”外，子宫收缩是最重要的临产征象。宫缩一开始往往不规律，逐渐变得间隔短而持续时间长，大约每5～6分钟发作一次，持续20～30秒左右，子宫变硬，感到疼痛或腰酸，出现这种情况，就意味着分娩已经或马上要开始了，应马上到医院就诊。

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2、破水

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  无论孕周是否足月，突然阴道流出液体，第一要考虑的就是是否胎膜破裂了。无论有无宫缩，都应该尽快赶往医院，孕妇应尽可能取平卧位，这样可以防止脐带从破口脱出。足月的这类产妇基本上很快自然临产，否则24小时后引产而分娩。

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3、无妊娠合并症的足月妊娠

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  复查羊水量和自测胎动如果都正常，无合并症的足月孕妇即使已超预产期，可以耐心等待到41周左右。到41周如果还没有动静，医生就会开始诱导工作，只要避免妊娠超过42周即可。过早住院待产由于饮食、睡眠的不习惯和与家人的分隔，都会对正常分娩造成不良影响。但是只要发现羊水量已明显减少或胎动、胎心出现异常，则根据羊水少的程度和胎心的反应情况，决定提前引产或剖宫产终止妊娠。

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4、有妊娠合并症的孕妇

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  妊娠合并心脏病、糖尿病、肾病、甲状腺疾病、免疫病等疾病的孕妇应该遵从医生的安排，应该提前入院待产。该类妊娠需主动地在满40周前完成分娩，不要消极等待，以防危险。

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  如果通过检查已经确认骨盆或软产道有明显异常、胎儿过大、胎位异常以及其他指征，需要剖宫产的孕妇，也需要在预产期前提前预约和安排手术时间。待宫缩发动或破水后再做手术，就非常被动了。尤其是有前次剖宫产史的人，避开宫缩更是必要的安全措施。另外，手术日期的选择还要结合医院的床位和医生的时间。

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院待产孕妇的四种形式知识的关键点：

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1、初次分娩，产程大约10小时左右，出现规律宫缩后不用太慌，一般都会有足够的时间赶到医院。

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2、定期完成产前检查，有利医生充分了解孕妇的情况，做到提前主动交待入院的时机与入院时间。

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3、产房的喧嚣不利于长时间待产，初产妇待宫缩发作后再入院，是合理的方式。

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3、重视自己的合并症，多听医生的建议适时终止妊娠，千万不要为所谓的“良辰吉日”拖延时间，那是在用生命开玩笑。

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4、生孩子更需要医患之间相互信任。

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","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1786,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499134337734,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499134337734,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5333","isDel":0,"createAt":1498968106597,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"宫外孕早期有哪些症状_宫外孕怎么办_宫外孕如何处理","content":"

    宫外孕是最具代表性的妇科急症之一，诊治不及时可能有生命危险。临床中宫外孕早期有哪些症状，孕妇宫外孕怎么办，宫外孕如何处理，且看专家怎么说！

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\"宫外孕早期有哪些症状_宫外孕怎么办_宫外孕如何处理\"

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    宫外孕术语称为“异位”妊娠，指受精卵着床于子宫体腔以外的部位，可以是输卵管、卵巢和腹腔。宫颈妊娠也是一种特殊的异位妊娠。异位妊娠的发生率近年来有上升趋势，与性传播感染的增多有关。其中，输卵管妊娠最常见，大约占异位妊娠的95％。

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\"宫外孕早期有哪些症状_宫外孕怎么办_宫外孕如何处理\"

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    宫外孕的危险因素第一位的是盆腔炎症，其中需要警惕的两方面是：一、性传播感染逐渐增多，尤其是衣原体感染可能已造成输卵管粘膜炎；二、缺乏避孕意识，反复流产会增加盆腔感染乃至输卵管周围炎的机会。输卵管的粘连、扭曲、管腔狭窄和管壁肌蠕动减弱，都将阻碍受精卵在预定时间内达到子宫腔，只得被迫留在输卵管内。其它危险因素包括盆腔手术史（尤其是输卵管手术）、宫外孕史、吸烟（尼古丁可改变输卵管内壁的纤毛运动）、年龄≥40岁、接受诱导排卵治疗、带宫内节育器妊娠或服用单纯孕激素避孕药妊娠等。还有一种情况叫受精卵游走，是一侧卵巢排的卵，穿越宫腔或绕道腹腔偏在对侧输卵管受精，结果耽误了进入子宫的时机。

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\"宫外孕早期有哪些症状_宫外孕怎么办_宫外孕如何处理\"

\n

    受精卵在输卵管内生长有三种结局，一是自然死亡（不占多数）；二是流产至腹腔，或转为腹腔妊娠或死亡，但残留的输卵管创面可能会持续出血；三是撑破输卵管造成腹腔内迅速的大出血，继而发生休克、死亡的危险性最大。

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    宫外孕早期症状无特异性，所谓‘停经、腹痛、不规则出血’的三联征经常并不典型。宫外孕的出血来自宫腔，而非妊娠部位，是子宫内膜在不充分的激素支持下的不规则脱落。常遇到刚在预定时期内来过所谓“月经”，结果仍然是宫外孕的情况。疼痛往往开始隐约不重，破裂前后才突然加剧，随即出现急转直下的休克表现。

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    上述情况必须当机立断进行手术抢救，腹腔镜微创手术为首选方式，视生育要求和输卵管破坏情况做输卵管切除或输卵管造口术（取出妊娠组织，保留该侧输卵管）。早期、尚无外显症状的宫外孕，如果妊娠团块不大，绒毛活性不强，也完全可以用药物治疗。目前常用的药物有氨甲蝶呤和米非司酮两种，适应证掌握得合理的话，有效率可达90％以上。事实上，最多见的情况是介于上述两者之间的“亚危急”状况，腹腔内的病灶相对稳定，允许医生完善各项检查，患者和家属做好相应准备，尽早手术是最好的出路。

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宫外孕早期有哪些症状，孕妇宫外孕怎么办，宫外孕如何处理知识的关键点：

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1、异常出血、腹痛的妊娠高度怀疑。

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2、预期时间内有过阴道出血并不意味着一定不会发生妊娠。

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3、生经阴道顶端或腹壁从你体内抽出不凝的血液，意味着需要急诊手术。

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4、危急时刻以生命为重，如接诊医院不具备腹腔镜条件，开腹手术也是值得的，千万不要冒然转诊。

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5、药物治疗的适应证较窄，转为手术的可能性更大。

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6、无论是手术还是药物治疗，仍存在持续宫外孕的风险。

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7、一次宫外孕后，距下次怀孕不要太长时间，其间不建议采用宫内节育器或单纯孕激素避孕药避孕。

\n

8、宫外孕后的新妊娠，要警惕重复宫外孕的可能，停经6~7周时最好做B超检查明确是否为宫内妊娠。

","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1638,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498968106598,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498968106598,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5329","isDel":0,"createAt":1498923445772,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"胎盘早剥的症状_胎盘早剥的原因_ 胎盘早剥孩子能保住吗","content":"

  胎盘是胎儿在子宫内营养发育的重要器官，一旦脱离，意味着断了胎儿唯一氧气和能量来源，那么胎盘早剥的症状，胎盘早剥的原因，胎盘早剥孩子能保住吗？

\n

\"胎盘早剥的症状_胎盘早剥的原因_

\n

  胎盘早剥是妊娠晚期灾难性的变故，一般情况下具有起病急、发展快，可迅速危及母儿的生命的特点。在临床中，胎盘早剥的发病率仅为0.5-2%，没有原因的剥离非常少见的。

\n

  下列几种情况是胎盘早剥的危险因素：1、孕妇有严重的妊娠高血压综合征，慢性高血压、慢性肾脏疾病或全身血管病变。2、腹部受到撞击和挤压时，也会造成胎盘早剥。3、孕妇长时间仰卧，增大的子宫会压迫腹腔后壁的大血管，使子宫静脉淤血而压力升高，达到一定程度便破裂出血，从而导致胎盘剥离。4、吸烟、可卡因滥用、（胎盘附着部位）子宫肌瘤等也是胎盘早剥的危险因素。

\n

    胎盘剥离的面积可大可小，阴道出血的量不见得与剥离面积以及真正的出血量呈正比，因而有显性和隐性之分。发生胎盘剥离后，会出现明显的腹痛、腰酸或腰背痛，子宫持续收缩无明显间歇。如处理不及时，相继会出现孕妇失血性休克、胎死宫内、子宫肌纤维变性、凝血功能障碍、羊水栓塞和肾功能衰竭等。

\n

胎盘早剥的症状，胎盘早剥的原因，胎盘早剥孩子能保住吗知识的关键点：

\n

1、自觉的警惕和积极配合医生防治各种妊娠期高血压病变可以使风险降至最低。

\n

2、妊娠晚期和分娩期，避免长时间仰卧。

\n

3、避免长途旅行，以减少受伤机会。

\n

 

","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1923,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498923445774,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498923445774,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5326","isDel":0,"createAt":1498922644111,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"血管前置_胎盘前置血管破裂怎么办","content":"

    脐血管分为两根动脉和一根静脉，裹在一堆特殊的胶质中整束地由胎盘中央穿出连于肚脐，但偶尔也会血管前置,如果胎盘前置血管破裂怎么办？

\n

  血管前置是指胎儿的血管穿过先露的胎膜处，与胎儿血管异常插入胎膜有关，而与胎盘无关。

\n

\"血管前置_胎盘前置血管破裂怎么办\"

\n

  一般情况下，血管前置是导致产科出血中非常罕见的原因，通常合并存在低置胎盘、帆状胎盘或副叶胎盘等变异。血管前置如果血管随胎膜破裂而发生断裂，与其他产科出血不同，是以胎儿失血为主，胎儿的死亡率高达50％。典型的临床表现为阴道出血与破水同时发生，随后胎心率出现异常，需要立即行剖宫产手术，必须做好新生儿复苏和抢救休克的准备。

\n

血管前置,如果胎盘前置血管破裂怎么办的关键知识点：

\n

  胎膜破裂无论流水的量多与少，极少同时合并出血，一旦出现血水，需要立刻就诊，并做好相应思想准备。

\n

 

","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":2751,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498922644113,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498922644113,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5325","isDel":0,"createAt":1498837249555,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"子宫破裂的原因_子宫内膜破裂怎么办","content":"

    子宫破裂是产科最严重的并发症之一，其发生率是判断一个地区产科质量的标准之一。子宫破裂的原因有哪些，子宫内膜破裂怎么办？

\n

\"子宫破裂的原因_子宫内膜破裂怎么办\"

\n

    子宫自发破裂的发生率为0.03％～0.08％，但有剖宫产史的患者为0.3％～1.7％。既往剖宫产的切口是发生子宫破裂最常见的部位和原因，其他常见病因包括既往刮宫或穿孔史，子宫手术史（如肌瘤剔除术），催产素应用不当，子宫先天畸形，滋养细胞肿瘤和子宫肌腺症等。

\n

     13％的子宫破裂发生于院外。子宫破裂分为完全性和不完全性。典型的完全破裂表现包括阴道出血、疼痛、宫缩消失，胎儿轮廓触手可及，母体出现休克征象和血尿等。而子宫肌层全部或部分断裂，但浆膜面和胎膜未破，宫腔与腹腔未相通，胎心尚好，为不完全性子宫破裂，在肌层断裂中可触及压痛，需尽早行剖宫产手术。

\n

子宫破裂的原因有哪些，子宫内膜破裂怎么办的知识关键点：

\n

1、子宫瘢痕的患者，应提前入院待产，建议剖宫产终止妊娠

\n

2、在院外出现宫缩或提前破水，应及时就诊并提醒接诊医生自己有过子宫手术史。

\n

3、有剖宫产史的孕妇可以尝试阴道分娩，但应距离上次手术分娩后2年再怀孕。

\n

 

","barId":"2588","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1602,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498837249556,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498837249556,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5322","isDel":0,"createAt":1498835156976,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"羊水破了是什么症状_破水是什么感觉_羊水破了是什么颜色","content":"

    破水象突变的风云，给尚未做好待产准备的准父母带来惊惧。那么羊水破了是什么症状，破水是什么感觉，羊水破了是什么颜色？平卧在床，破水者最常有的疑问是“羊水会不会流干了？”

\n

 \"羊水破了是什么症状_破水是什么感觉_羊水破了是什么颜色\"

\n

    临产前胎膜破裂称胎膜早破，俗称早破水。足月后早破水的发生率高达10％，而足月前早破水的发生率只有2.0-3.5％。导致胎膜早破的原因很多，最常见的因素要属生殖道感染，病原微生物上行引起胎膜炎可直接导致胎膜脆性增加。另外，双胎、臀位、头盆不称等胎位异常情况下，也容易因羊膜腔内压力大或胎膜受压不均而致胎膜破裂。还有研究提示，缺乏维生素、锌和铜等也可能与胎膜质脆易破裂有关。

\n

    孕妇在破水时会突然感到有温热的液体从阴道流出，可混有胎脂和胎膜，很少同时出血。脐带偶尔也会乘虚而入脱垂出宫腔外，一旦受压会造成胎儿宫内窘迫甚至死亡。为防止这种意外发生，一旦破水，均应取平卧位或胸膝卧位，可适当抬高臀部，同时和家人一起做好入院准备。

\n

\"羊水破了是什么症状_破水是什么感觉_羊水破了是什么颜色\"

\n

    破水后通常可诱发宫缩，从而发动分娩或引起早产。在胎儿娩出前，脐带脱垂和母儿感染的风险始终存在，后者甚至有逐日增加的趋势。破水时如果已经超过35周，不主张刻意保胎，因为即使临产宫缩发动，胎儿提前分娩也与37周的足月儿相差不大，反而随保胎时间延长，会额外增加感染的机会。30-35周间的胎儿破水，医生通常会努力地压制宫缩一段时间，除了单纯的延长孕周外，更重要的是争取促胎肺成熟治疗的时间。35周前的胎儿肺脏尚未成熟，早产后容易发生窒息等并发症。目前公认有效的预防措施是经母体或羊膜腔内注射一定剂量的地塞米松，疗程一般为2天，而要等到药物达到有效浓度还需再等待12-24小时。在此期间，孕妇得整日卧床，口服预防性抗生素的同时还得密切监测体温，并忍受静脉或指尖穿刺之苦，每日复查血象，一旦出现感染征象，则只能提前终止妊娠。值得注意的是30周前的破水对胎儿极为不利。

\n

 

\n

羊水破了是什么症状，破水是什么感觉，羊水破了是什么颜色的关键知识点：

\n

1、妊娠后期宜节制性生活，避免提重物等。

\n

2、怀疑或确认自己破水了，不要惊慌，记好时间，做好准备，以卧位到急诊就诊。

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3、羊水通常是不会流光的。破水后羊水量的数值已没有意义，加强监测保障胎儿安全是重中之重。

\n

4、足月者观望24小时，如无动静则催产素点滴引产。

\n

5、35-37周间的早破水顺其自然，不必苛求足月。

\n

6、体温或血象升高是破水保胎的红色警报，必须适时终止。

\n

 

","barId":"2588","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":3159,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498835156977,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498835156977,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5315","isDel":0,"createAt":1498752556328,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"产后出血名词解释_产后出血的原因_产后出血的护理","content":"

妊娠的子宫血运十分丰富，遇特殊情况，瞬间流量触目惊心，说是一次生命洗礼实不为过，本文将通过产后出血名词解释，产后出血的原因，产后出血的护理来带你了解相关知识。

\n

 \"产后出血名词解释_产后出血的原因_产后出血的护理\"

\n

胎儿娩出后24小时内阴道流血量超过500ml称为产后出血。在我国，产后出血仍处于产妇死亡原因的第一位。产妇遭遇产后出血，可发生休克、弥漫性血管内凝血，脏器功能衰竭等严重并发症，远期还可能出现垂体功能减退的后遗症。

\n

    产后出血的原因分为宫缩乏力、软产道裂伤、胎盘因素和凝血功能障碍4大类。

\n

    宫缩乏力最常见，主要发生在产后24小时内，但也相对最容易处理，因为目前除了催产素这一经典的宫缩加强剂外，还有塞肛和肌肉注射的前列腺素制剂可供使用，加之医生得法的子宫按摩，通常可以短时间内予以纠正。

\n

    软产道裂伤主要指宫颈和阴道的裂伤，在胎儿偏大，产程进展过快的情况下容易发生，其出血不同于宫缩乏力的出血，颜色鲜红，只要产后进行相应的检查便容易发现，缝合修补后便不会再出血。

\n

    胎盘因素包括胎盘剥离不全、胎盘剥离后滞留、胎盘粘连、胎盘植入和胎盘和/或胎膜残留等。只要有异物滞留宫腔，便会影响子宫收缩而致出血。胎盘粘连和/或植入的病例有时十分凶险，尤其当胎盘附着与子宫下段时，则更难止血，最终可能只有切除子宫才能彻底止血。

\n

    凝血障碍，有的是产前即已存在，如血小板减少症，宫缩好的情况下往往问题不大，不过如果血小板过少也需要适时输入外源性血小板。更多的凝血障碍是继发于重症肝炎，妊娠高血压，胎盘早剥，羊水栓塞和胎死宫内等妊娠合并症，在去除根本病因的基础上，输入血液制品和药物调节凝血机制多可逆转危象。

\n

 

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产后出血名词解释，产后出血的原因，产后出血的护理的知识关键点：产后出血高度危险的情况如下：

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1、多孕、多产，曾有多次宫腔手术史者；

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2、高龄初产妇或低龄产妇；

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3、合并子宫肌瘤及有肌瘤剔除史的产妇；

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4、合并妊高征、糖尿病、血液病等；

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5、分娩巨大儿或双胎或羊水过多者；

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6、宫缩乏力产程延长者；

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7、器械助产者等

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    80％的产后出血发生在产后2小时内，结束分娩后需耐心在产房再观察2小时左右。

\n

1、产后24小时内，医护查房的重点内容是触诊宫底以判断子宫收缩的情况，不要因为一时的疼痛而心生厌烦。

\n

2、早期哺乳可刺激子宫收缩，减少阴道出血。

\n

3、胎盘剥离不顺利，需要行产后刮宫，还要随诊血HCG水平。

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4、血管介入栓塞治疗为纠正产后出血并保留子宫提供了新的希望，但价格昂贵。

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5、垂体功能减退表现为闭经、无乳、脱发、性欲减退、畏寒、嗜睡、低血压等，久而久之可出现第二性征衰退和生殖器官萎缩。

\n

 

","barId":"2588","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1284,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498752556330,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498752556330,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5312","isDel":0,"createAt":1498747866030,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"产后抑郁症的表现与症状_产后忧郁症怎么治疗","content":"

    妊娠分娩后，家庭新成员的到来本该皆大欢喜，但许多新上岗母亲会一反常态，萎靡不振，这就需要了解产后抑郁症的表现与症状_产后忧郁症怎么治疗

\n

\"产后抑郁症的表现与症状_产后忧郁症怎么治疗\"

\n

    1968年，名叫Pitt的医生提出产后抑郁症的概念，国外报道发病率高达30%左右，中国人对此还不甚熟悉和重视。

\n

    产褥期是妇女一生出现精神疾病的高发时期，其中以抑郁症最常见。多在产后2周内发病，产后4~6周症状明显，一般表现为心情压抑、沮丧、感情淡漠、不愿与人交流，甚至与丈夫也产生隔阂。有的产妇还表现对生活和家庭缺乏信心，流露出厌倦情绪，对事物反应迟钝，注意力不易集中，食欲、性欲均明显减退。抑郁症还可伴有头晕、头痛、胃部不适、心率加快、呼吸加快和便秘等症状。极个别产妇还出现思维障碍、迫害妄想，甚至出现伤婴或自杀行为。

\n

\"产后抑郁症的表现与症状_产后忧郁症怎么治疗\"

\n

   产后抑郁症通常需要治疗，除心理辅导外，还可服用不进入乳汁的抗抑郁药。本病预后良好，约70%的患者于1年内治愈，再次妊娠有20%的复发率，其下一代的认知能力可能受到一定影响。

\n

 \"产后抑郁症的表现与症状_产后忧郁症怎么治疗\"

\n

产后抑郁症的表现与症状_产后忧郁症怎么治疗关键知识点：

\n

1、了解妊娠、分娩常识，克服紧张、恐惧心理，有利于预防产后抑郁症。

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2、对有精神疾患家族史的孕妇，应定期密切观察，避免一切不良刺激，给予更多的关爱。

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3、家人的关心和照顾不可替代，尤其是丈夫，对患病的妻子要耐心谦让，多多予以体谅

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4必要的情况下请及时向精神心理科医生求助，一人稳定，全家安康。

\n

 

","barId":"2588","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1875,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498747866035,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498747866035,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5310","isDel":0,"createAt":1498705298428,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"妊娠高血压综合征怎么办_妊娠高血压综合征的诊断与治疗","content":"

  妊娠高血压综合征怀孕时悄然潜入，不予以遏制，对母儿后果严重。妊娠终止，却又悄然离去，那么妊娠高血压综合征怎么办，妊娠高血压综合征的诊断与治疗要点是什么？

\n

 

\n

  妊娠期高血压综合征（简称妊高征）是指孕20周后，出现高血压、浮肿、尿里有蛋白等症状，严重时可出现肝、肾功能损害，凝血功能紊乱和抽搐发作（医学术语称之为“子痫”）。这种综合征是常见的妊娠期并发症，发病率约为9.4%。

\n

  流行病学调查发现，初产妇，孕妇年龄小于18岁或大于35岁，体型较胖者，营养不良、贫血者，双胎者，孕前即有高血压、肾炎、糖尿病者，母亲或姐妹曾患妊高征者都是发病的危险因素。

\n

  妊高征以浮肿和高血压开始。下肢肿胀本是妊娠中、晚期的常见现象，但如果卧床休息后不能消退或水肿波及大腿和腹部，就属病理现象了。血压升高是最容易诊断和量化的症状，只要达到或超过140/90mmHg，或与自身孕前血压相比增高了30/15mmHg就属异常，加上尿内检出蛋白，便构成了完整的三联征。妊高征以全身小动脉痉挛为病理基础，肾小动脉痉挛可以解释尿少、浮肿和蛋白尿；外周小动脉痉挛可以解释高血压；胎盘小动脉痉挛会导致胎儿供血供氧不良，易发生宫内生长受限和缺氧，甚至胎盘早剥；严重者可以出现脑血管痉挛和高血压可直接导致抽搐发作和脑出血。

\n

  妊高征的预防重于治疗。轻度的水肿和高血压在产前检查中一般均可发现，若能及时纠正和处理，便有可能控制病情。一旦出现三联征，则要积极地解痉、降压，必要时加用利尿剂和镇静剂，主旨是缓解血管痉挛，消除水肿和蛋白尿，以防止抽搐发作。这样才有利于胎儿的安全，并减少母体发生严重并发症和遗留后遗症的危险。

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  经积极治疗仍控制疗效如不满意，则可以考虑终止妊娠，这也是较好的治疗方式。妊娠期高血压综合征需要产科和儿科医生密切配合，并结合孕周、胎盘功能和产妇及家属的知情同意谨慎决定。

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妊娠高血压综合征怎么办，妊娠高血压综合征的诊断与治疗知识关键点：

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1、孕期应进食富含蛋白质、维生素、铁、钙、镁、硒、锌等微量元素的食品和新鲜蔬果，减少动物脂肪及过量盐的摄入。

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2、保持足够的休息和愉快心情，坚持左侧卧位增加胎盘绒毛的血供。

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3、对于高危孕妇，补钙可预防发病和进展，每日补充量为1-2克。

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4、高危孕妇要小心，气候突变或寒冷季节更要加强产前检查。

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5、“产前检查不可掉以轻心，体重增加≥0.9kg/周或2.7kg/月提示存在隐性水肿，也是子痫前期的信号。

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6、血压升高伴尿蛋白阳性，需要住院治疗。

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7、妊高征的孕妇如果出现头痛、头晕、眼花、右上腹或上腹疼痛、恶心、呕吐等症状，及时向医生报告。

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8、难以纠正的重度妊高征，宫内已不适合胎儿生长，切忌过分追求延长孕周，一旦发生胎盘早剥、胎儿死亡则前功尽弃。

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    孕妇妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症是妊娠特有的疾病，典型的重症病例比较罕见， 但了解相关内容并无害处。

\n

    妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症（英文缩写ICP）以孕妇皮肤瘙痒和黄疸为特征，主要危害胎儿。其发病率有明显的区域和种族差异，介于0.8%~12%之间，相关数据表明白人发病率最高。   妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症的病因尚不清楚，但遗传因素决定其易感性，环境及胎盘合成的雌激素等因决定其严重程度。

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    对母体来讲，瘙痒症状难耐，病变还可以影响维生素K的吸收，也有可能会导致凝血功能异常，造成产后出血。部分患者在瘙痒后几天或几周内出现黄疸，产后可迅速消退。妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症的危害主要是胆汁淤积所产生的胆汁的毒性作用使胎儿的发病率和死亡率明显升高。胎膜早破、胎儿宫内缺氧、早产、羊水胎粪污染、胎儿生长受限、不能预测的胎儿突然死亡、新生儿颅内出血和神经系统后遗症等不良后果显著升高。

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    母血清中胆汁酸升高是妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症特异性的实验室证据，同时可伴有胆红素和转氨酶的轻度升高。治疗一方面是缓解母体瘙痒症状，降低胆汁酸并恢复肝功能，另一方面则是严密的监测胎儿宫内的状况，以便及早地发现胎儿缺氧的征象。

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孕妇妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症状知识关键点

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1、皮肤瘙痒不伴有抓痕外的皮肤损害，约80%在孕30周后出现，早上轻晚上重，一般先从手掌和脚掌开始，而后逐渐向肚皮发展，还可延及面部。

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2、合并孕妇妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症的胎儿以剖宫产为宜，经阴道分娩会加重胎儿缺氧。

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","barId":"2588","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1894,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498704238166,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498704238166,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5303","isDel":0,"createAt":1498652262878,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"孕妇贫血的症状_孕妇贫血对胎儿有什么影响_孕妇贫血吃什么补血最快","content":"

  妊娠期间母子 血脉相连，可见血液系统正常对于妊娠来说多重要！那么孕妇贫血的症状有哪些，孕妇贫血对胎儿有什么影响，孕妇贫血吃什么补血最快？看完本文，相信你一定有所收获。

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  妊娠合并血液系统疾病属于高危范畴，可导致胎儿生长发育异常和孕产妇异常出血。其中，贫血是最常的合并症。WHO（世界卫生组织）近期的资料表明，50%以上的孕妇合并贫血，以缺铁性贫血最常见，巨幼红细胞性贫血相对较少，再生障碍性贫血则更少见。

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  妊娠期，胎儿生长发育和母体血容量的增加使机体对铁的需要量增加，尤其在妊娠后半期，如果摄取不足或吸收不良便可导致贫血。轻度贫血影响不大，重度（红细胞<1.5×1012/L，血红蛋白<60g/L）则会因心肌缺氧导致缺血性心脏病；胎盘缺氧易发生妊高征；分娩中对失血耐受力降低易发生休克；抵抗力下降易并发感染等。累及胎儿时，可造成胎儿生长受限、宫内缺氧、早产或死胎。

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  巨幼红细胞性贫血主要由叶酸缺乏引起的，多与双胎、感染、摄入不足或应用影响叶酸吸收的药物有关。妊娠中、晚期胎儿生长迅速，叶酸需求量成倍增加，有学者建议从妊娠20周开始，每日口服叶酸5mg，若为多胎妊娠剂量可加倍。

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  再生障碍性贫血是骨髓造血干细胞增殖和分化障碍引起的全血细胞均减少的一组综合征，与妊娠合并的几率在0.5‰左右。妊娠虽不是再障的原因，但可以使病情加剧，颅内出血、心力衰竭、严重的呼吸道、泌尿道感染或败血症，常是再障孕产妇死亡的重要原因。

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    另一种常见的妊娠期血液疾病是特发性血小板减少性紫癫。本病为自身抗体破坏血小板的免疫病，80~90%的患者血中可测到血小板相关的自身抗体。当血小板结合了这些抗体后，便容易在脾脏和肝脏被破坏，引起血小板减少，进而异常出血。妊娠期雌激素的增加加剧血小板的破坏，可使出血机会增多，如分娩过程中用力屏气可诱发颅内出血，同时各处伤口也易出血或形成血肿。但妊娠本身不影响病程和预后，因此不是终止妊娠的指征。自身抗体可通过胎盘进入胎儿血循环，引起胎儿和新生儿血小板减少，并出现出血性并发症。好在新生儿的血小板减少通常是一过性的，脱离母体后多于一个月内恢复正常。妊娠期间，血小板低于50×109/L，或有出血症状，首选肾上腺皮质激素治疗，必要时可应用大剂量丙种球蛋白抑制和封闭自身抗体或输注外源性血小板，但价格昂贵，通常在分娩或手术前后短期使用。

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孕妇贫血的症状有哪些，孕妇贫血对胎儿有什么影响，孕妇贫血吃什么补血最快关键知识点：

\n

1、富含铁剂的食物包括猪肝、鸡血、豆类、西红柿、菠菜等。

\n

2、妊娠4个月起应常规补充铁剂，提倡与维生素C同服。

\n

3、产前检查时需定期复查血常规，争取对贫血早期诊断并及时治疗。

\n

4、血小板减少不可怕，只要小心对待。

\n

5、特发性血小板减少性紫癫原则上宜选择阴道分娩，剖宫产创面多，易出血当属无奈之选。

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系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）好发于育龄期妇女全身免疫性疾病，有明显家族遗传倾向。有家族史的，应注意并了解系统性红斑性狼疮合并妊娠的症状与治疗。据了解生育年龄卵巢分泌的雌激素可能是系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）发病的重要诱因，据国外报道，系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）在孕妇中的发病率约为1/5000。

\n

系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）的基础病变是自身抗体在多气管和血管壁中与自身抗原形成免疫复合物而沉积，从而导致脏器的功能损伤，皮肤、关节、肾、心、肝、血液和神经系统都可受累。妊娠后，在高雌激素刺激下，约1/3患者会病情加重，妊娠本身的生理改变也会加重已有的心脏和肾脏等的负担。系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）引发的血管病变可影响子宫、胎盘血管的功能，孕早期易发生流产、胚胎停育，孕晚期除母体出现高血压、水肿、蛋白质等类似妊高征的表现外，胎儿也容易发生生长受限、早产、胎死宫内和围产儿缺血缺氧等一系列并发症。

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治疗系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）的首选药物是肾上腺皮质激素，妊娠期用药有利于孕妇病情稳定，减少流产或早产，一般对胎儿的生长发育无明显损害。小剂量阿司匹林有利于血管舒张、溶栓和改善胎盘循环，虽然对胎儿有好处，但需警惕和检测出血倾向。

\n

在密切监护下维持至足月，结合胎龄和母体情况，应适时终止妊娠，通常不超过预产期。若无产科指征或胎儿窘迫的征象，完全可以阴道分娩。

\n

系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）治疗关键知识点：

\n

1、活动期不宜妊娠，至少控制6个月以上再考虑妊娠。

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2、系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）是血管性病变，尤其在孕期，对阻断或减慢其病变进展往往力不从心，产科医生能做的，只是密切监测胎儿的宫内情况，适时做出终止妊娠的建议。

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   更年期女性从具备生殖能力到丧失生殖能力的过渡阶段，以月经停止为里程碑，大约需要数月到数年，今天小编将从女性更年期综合症的表现，来带你了解绝经前后的哪些“滋味儿”

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    更年期综合征现在改为围绝经期综合征，本病的主要原因，是由雌激素水平下降引起的，绝经前、绝经后一段时间均可发生，部分患者持续时间可长达十年左右。绝经前后的女人“百人百态”，症状各不相同。根据症状出现的早晚，一般分为三个时期：

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早期：潮热、出汗、怕冷、肩痛、头痛、头晕、眼花、耳鸣、忧郁、失眠、心悸、注意力不集中、记忆力减退、易激动、情绪不稳、性欲减退等。绝经前后最早出现，通常在绝经后2-5年后消失。

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中期：反复发作的尿路感染，尿频、尿急、尿痛，尿失禁，外阴瘙痒不适，阴道干涩，性交痛等。

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晚期：心血管疾病（动脉硬化，高血压，心肌梗塞）骨质疏松，关节痛，代谢障碍（肥胖，高脂血症，糖尿病）等。

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    部分严重者会令人苦不堪言，甚至有痛不欲生之感，也有部分患者未有明显的不适，轻轻松松地就渡过了这一阶段。即使相同的症状对不同人来讲，因耐受程度不同也会有不同的感受。围绝经期症状除了与卵巢功能退化有关外，社会和文化背景，妇女个人的性格和心理状况也发挥重要的作用。

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关键的只言片语：

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1、保持健康、经济独立、个人不断进取，是预防围绝经期症状的基础。

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2、树立正确的人生观，多了解生理医学常识，培养稳定的情绪，注意人际关系，都有助于应付神经内分泌系统症状。

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3、必要的时候，需在医生的指导和密切监测下适量补充雌激素。

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更年期综合症的表现有哪些，你的更年期症状是轻是重，按照下面的表格给自己打个分，12项的得分总和就是你的围绝经期指数……

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\n

\"更年期综合症的表现有哪些\"

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\"更年期综合症的表现有哪些\"

","barId":"2587","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1684,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498544920523,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498544920523,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5280","isDel":0,"createAt":1498544471833,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"哪些疾病与女性更年期症状相类似","content":"

    围绝经期的各种症状并非“更年”的专利，许多疾病与女性更年期症状相类似，一味以“更年期”自我安慰，有可能延误重大疾病的诊断……

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与更年期有相似表现的疾病包括：

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高血压病——可有头痛、眩晕、肩酸等症状；

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脑血管病——可有头痛、晕厥等症状；

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冠心病——可有胸闷、气短、心悸等症状；

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动脉硬化——可有心悸、眩晕、头痛、忧郁等症状；

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贫血——可有胸闷、心悸、晕厥、注意力不集中、失眠等症状；

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甲亢——可有出汗、心悸、消瘦等症；

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甲减——可有倦怠、乏力、健忘、嗜睡、水肿等症状；

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糖尿病——除口渴，多饮、多食、多尿外，可有倦怠、疲劳、肩颈酸痛、耳鸣、眩晕、手足麻痹、视力下降等症；

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椎间盘突出——有腰腿痛、感觉失常，甚至手足麻木等症；

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椎管狭窄——有步行时足跟痛、麻木，下肢沉重无力，腰痛等症，或感肩及上肢麻木疼痛；

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类风湿性关节炎——有手指关节僵硬、疼痛、屈伸不利、关节变形等症，而后可累及其它关节；

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美尼尔病——可有耳鸣、眩晕、恶心、呕吐、出汗等症；

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脑肿瘤——可有慢性头痛症状，听力、视力、运动功能改变，还可有抽搐发作；

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子宫肌瘤、宫颈息肉、宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌或肉瘤、卵巢癌——均可表现为阴道不规则出血，被误认为围绝经期月经失调。

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\"哪些疾病与女性更年期症状相类似\"

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知识关键点：

\n

1、当身体出现异常时，切忌自我诊断，是‘更’了还是‘病’，应该由医生帮你判断。

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2、身体的“年检”虽非强制，请切实把握。

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   卵巢是人体寿命最短的器官，平均只有30年左右，35岁以后卵巢就开始走下坡路，40-45岁以后，月经开始出现各种各样的变化，卵巢在以不同的姿态“下岗”，那么绝经前月经不调有哪些原因，都有什么常见症状？

\n

 

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绝经前，月经可表现为以下几种形式：

\n

1、月经周期缩短，半月－20天月经来潮一次，但量很少，血色暗淡或发黑；

\n

2、月经周期延长，40-50天，甚至2-3个月，经量少，或淋漓不断达十几日；

\n

3、月经长时间不来，如2-3个月或更长，而来了又不走，持续流血数日至数十日，甚至导致贫血；

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4、月经突然停止，前一个月经还正常，下一个月就突然闭经了。这种情况不太多见。

\n

    刚刚进入围绝经期，卵巢的功能虽有所衰退，但分泌激素和排卵的功能尚未完全停止，不规则的排卵仍会导致妊娠的发生，所以在真正绝经之前仍需采取避孕措施。

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  卵巢功能的衰退首先表现为不规律排卵和孕激素的缺乏，子宫内膜在单纯雌激素的作用下持续增生而不能如期脱落形成月经，一是容易出现子宫功能性出血，另一方面也容易发生内膜病变。

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  卵巢功能衰退的同时，脑垂体、甲状腺、肾上腺的功能也可发生异常，这些器官分泌的激素失衡也可导致月经失调。

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妇科肿瘤也是导致围绝经期月经失调的重要原因。

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关键知识点：

\n

月经失调不能全视为自然规律，内分泌紊乱、肿瘤和异常妊娠都是需要排出的情况。

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   绝经前后，雌激素的缺乏，使泌尿、生殖道失去以往的强健，致使“下部”动乱迭起，令人烦恼，那么更年期阴道干涩等问题怎么办，又是有什么原因引起的呢？

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围绝经期的下泌尿生殖道“动乱”可源自：

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1、外阴瘙痒：多为阵发性，突然出现，越挠越痒

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常见病因：雌激素缺乏，外阴皮肤退行性改变

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          阴道炎

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          尿失禁

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          糖尿病

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2、阴道口周围干涩、烧灼感、刺痛。阴道内干涩、性交困难。

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3、白带增多：雌激素缺乏使阴道自净功能遭到破坏，极易发炎而表现为白带增多。

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凝乳状或豆渣样白带——念珠菌性阴道炎

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黄色、脓状白带——滴虫性或老年性阴道炎

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灰白色、腥臭味白带——细菌性阴道病

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黄色或混血性白带——宫颈炎、宫颈癌、阴道癌

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4、阴道排液：警惕输卵管癌

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5、不规则出血：警惕宫颈、子宫体和卵巢恶性肿瘤

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6、尿急、尿频、尿痛：泌尿系感染

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7、血尿：多见于尿路感染、尿道肉阜

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8、阴道口有肿物脱出：子宫脱垂、阴道壁膨出

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9、便血：可见于肛裂、痔、直肠癌等

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相关症状治疗：

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1、“下部”动乱多因泌尿生殖道反复发炎引起，单靠消炎药难以治愈，补充雌激素必要且重要。

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2、遭遇“下部”动乱，不要自己买点儿药对付，应及早请医生帮助镇压。

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3、“讳疾忌医”绝不可取，有可能延误恶性病变的早期诊断和治疗。

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   乳腺癌的多发年龄为40-60岁。乳腺癌现属外科范畴，但它常常在妇女病的普查中被发现。它可表现为乳腺包块，皮肤桔皮样改变，乳头凹陷，挤压乳头可见血性分泌物，晚期可在腋窝触到肿大的淋巴结。乳腺癌可通过触诊、超声检查、X线钼钯检查等进行初步诊断，最终的诊断要取决于病理的结果。发现乳房包块应及早手术，早期手术可保留乳房，使乳房外观无损。

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\"乳腺瘤的早期晚期症状，如何做到早期发现呢\"

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    为了早期发现乳腺癌，每年到医院做一次检查是必要的，学会“自查”就更好了，应在月经后进行。

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1、照镜子：面对镜子直立，双臂下垂或上举看乳房大小，对称否，乳头有无凹陷或运动受限，皮肤有否桔皮样改变。

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2、 “画圆圈”：平卧位用指端象画圈那样在乳房上一圈圈地滑动触摸，检查有无包块。

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3、捏乳头：挤压乳房并捏乳头，看有无血性分泌物。

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4、乳房包块不要企图以药物消除，越早手术效果越好。

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