{"countAll":0,"orderType":null,"readLevel":"0","lyTopicReq":{"id":"1876","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":null,"content":null,"barId":"1876","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":null,"clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},"lyBarModerators":{"list":[],"list4Map":null,"pageBegin":0,"pageSize":8,"pageNumber":0,"totalPage":0,"totalRow":0},"metaSearch":{"description":"","keywords":"妇产科","title":"妇产科","channels":null},"data":{"list":[{"id":"5413","isDel":0,"createAt":1499492421911,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"女孩发育的年龄介绍：少女胸部发育与女生阴毛发育关系","content":"

  女孩发育的年龄一到，特别是少女胸部发育期之时，总觉得胸前的隆起很是刺眼，有的因此养成颔胸驼背的坏习惯。那么少女胸部发育与女生阴毛发育在时间上有没有相关性呢？

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\"女孩发育的年龄介绍：少女胸部发育与女生阴毛发育关系\"

\n

  少女乳房的发育，主要由卵巢分泌的雌激素来控制，这也是是月经来潮的前奏之一。10岁左右得时候，乳房和乳头均隆起，出现乳晕。在长达5年的时间里，逐渐增大增高，乳晕增宽色变深，乳头突起形成个性化的凸起外观。如果两侧乳房出现不对称，一侧乳房尤其是左侧乳房先发育属于正常现象，不必过分担心。即便是到成年后，两侧乳房不完全对称也属正常现象。乳房本身没有肌肉，靠皮肤和结缔组织支撑，悬吊附着的软组织容易松弛，时间一长，就会造成乳房逐渐下垂且不能恢复原状。

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  女生阴毛的发育要比胸部发育晚1～2年，但它的生长的速度比乳房要快，在不到3年的时间左右，分布满阴阜的倒三角区域。

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在此期间，女孩子的身高会出现飞速增长，常常超过同龄的男孩子。这种增长的速度通常在月经初潮前达到顶峰。

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  女孩发育其他的部位变化还包括：腿部的绒毛长成长的汗毛；出现痤疮；变声；体味变化；髋部、大腿处有脂肪堆积等。

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女孩发育的年龄介绍：少女胸部发育与女生阴毛发育关系知识的关键点：

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1、着宽松的服饰，既利于乳房的发育，也利于掩饰女孩对体型变化的敏感心理，预防驼背等不良体态的发生。

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2、乳房发育到一定程度，不论大小，都应该佩带合适的胸罩，尤其是在运动的时候。理想的胸罩是既能支撑双乳，又可活动自如。

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3、第二性征发育的阶段，应适当节制女孩的饮食，否则有可能过度肥胖。

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4、女孩8岁以前胸部发育为“早熟”，晚于16岁仍无动静为“迟发”，这两种情况都需要检查究其缘由。

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4、若乳房已发育成熟而阴毛还没长是极为少见的。应警惕一种叫“睾丸女性化”的两性畸形病变。有成熟的阴毛发育但乳房没有发育，应注意是否为雄激素过多或雌激素缺乏。

\n

 

","barId":"2590","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":10054,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":1,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499492421912,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1567266795778,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5428","isDel":0,"createAt":1500543133358,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"孕妇饮食禁忌必读—看十大垃圾食品对孕妇及胎儿的影响","content":"

   妈妈吃什么，肚里的宝宝就吃什么，因此孕妇的饮食直接关乎到胎儿的健康成长。为了宝宝健康成长，请准妈妈务必仔细阅读孕妇饮食禁忌—熟知十大垃圾食品并了解这些食品孕妇及胎儿的影响。

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   WHO提出十大垃圾食品：1.油炸食品；2.果脯、话梅、蜜饯；3.腌制及罐头类食品；4.加工的肉类食品（火腿肠等）；5.肥肉和动物内脏类食物；6.甜点及奶油制品；7.方便面；8.烧烤类；9.饼干类食品(不含低温烘烤和全麦饼干)；10.汽水、可乐类。

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\"孕妇饮食禁忌必读—看十大垃圾食品对孕妇及胎儿的影响孕妇饮食禁忌必读—看十大垃圾食品对孕妇及胎儿的影响\"

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  这十大类垃圾食品具有以下共有特征：食品蛋白质变性，营养素被破坏，营养成分缩水。过量的糖类使胰腺负荷加重，增加患2型糖尿病的风险。大量饱和脂肪、人造脂肪（反式脂肪酸）和胆固醇，是导致心脏病的重要膳食因素。高能饮食可致肥胖，钠盐超标可导致高血压的发生，同时加重肾脏负担。这些食品中的防腐剂、增色剂和保色剂使肝脏负担加重。此外，腌制食品、果脯等食品因含有亚硝胺可使鼻咽癌的发病率升高。有些报道还认为长期食用动物内脏与恶性肿瘤（结肠癌、乳腺癌）的发生相关。

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十大垃圾食品对孕妇及胎儿的影响

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  孕妇的健康饮食需要维生素、矿物质、omega-3脂肪酸及蛋白的充足摄取。垃圾食品中恰恰缺少这些对健康有益的成分，同时因其低纤维、高能、高糖及高盐，还会对孕妇及胎儿造成有害的影响。体内高胆固醇和高甘油三酸酯会增加孕妇患心脏病的风险。体内高葡萄糖和高胰岛素含量也处于较高水平使孕妇患2型糖尿病的风险增加，高盐可能导致高血压及肾损害的发生，而这些疾病还可能传给胎儿，使其在出生及成年后较其他未食用过多垃圾食品的孕妇的小孩糖尿病、高血压、肥胖及心血管疾病的发病率明显增加。 具体影响如下：

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\"孕妇饮食禁忌必读—看十大垃圾食品对孕妇及胎儿的影响\"

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  1、儿随母食。母亲在怀孕期和哺乳期的饮食对孩子的长期健康十分重要。有研究表明，孕妇孕期在饮食的选择可以影响孩子出生后的饮食爱好。美国科罗拉多大学通过动物实验证实：孕鼠的饮食习惯会因其羊水气味的改变，从而影响胎儿嗅球的发育，进而影响胎儿大脑发育，改变胎儿对食物气味及口味的敏感性。因此孕妇在怀孕期间食用过多的垃圾食品会导致孩子在饮食选择上也更偏好于垃圾食品，进而导致孩子将来发生肥胖、高血糖、高血脂、高血压风险的增加。因此健康饮食及戒酒对孕妇显得尤为重要。

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   2、反式脂肪酸与心血管病的发生。反式脂肪酸，即人造奶油或人造黄油，因其可延长食品的保存时间，改善观感和口感，目前被许多食品生产商采用。超市的糕点饼干、油炸食品、方便食品及加工过的带油冷冻食品很多都含有反式脂肪酸。反式脂肪酸提取自植物油，进入血管后不易被清除。很多研究表明进食过多的反式脂肪酸会导致动脉硬化等心血管疾病发病率的增加。而孕妇进食后，不仅对自身血脂有极坏影响和引发全身血管过早发生动脉粥样硬化，而且通过母亲和胎儿之间的血液循环，对胎儿的幼嫩的心脏和血管产生危害。这些孩子在出生后至少年儿童期间或青年时期发生动脉粥样硬化的危险明显高于孕期没有食用这些垃圾食品的孕妇的孩子。

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  目前，我国食品外包装上尚未标注反式脂肪酸含量。当您看到饼干、蛋糕等食物的外包装上标有“棕榈油”、“植物氢化油”、“人造黄油(奶油)”、“人造脂肪”、“氢化油”、“起酥油”、“精炼”等名称，都提示食品中含有反式脂肪酸，应减少或避免食用。

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   3、肥胖。研究证实，母亲孕期增肥会加大后代患肥胖症的可能性。进食垃圾食品显而易见的结果是导致母体过度肥胖。这不仅使孕妇患妊娠期高血压、妊高症及妊娠期糖尿病的风险大大增加，甚至可能造成流产、早产、死产及胎儿的出生缺陷。美国Institute of Medicine’s guidelines建议，对体重超重的孕妇，应将孕期体重增长控制在15-25磅，而对肥胖的孕妇，建议其将体重增长控制在11-20磅。

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  4、胎儿发育。动物实验证明，孕期子宫内环境中缺乏蛋白质及其他营养物质会影响胎儿的肾脏发育。使胎儿在成年后高血压及肾脏疾病的发病率增加。

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  5、行为异常。动物实验证明：动物在孕期食入高脂饮食后，后代精神及行为异常表现增加，主要为焦虑，还可能出现肌力减弱。此外，小孩可因儿童期肥胖导致抑郁，比较其他儿童可能出现学习能力下降、注意力不足。

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  6、肝损害。孕期高脂、高盐、高糖、低维生素、低微量元素可能导致后代出现长期肝损害，使其在成年后发生非酒精性脂肪肝、肝硬化、早发肝衰甚至肝癌风险明显增加。有研究认为男性胎儿比女性更容易发生肝损害。可能是因为不健康的饮食习惯使男性胎儿与代谢相关的基因表达改变，使肝脏更易受损。同时，男性一般将多余糖转化脂肪储存在肝脏中，而女性则将多余的糖储存在脂肪组织中。因此，男性发生肝损害的几率高于女性。

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  7、癌症。孕妇吃过多垃圾食品，不仅会给她们的新生儿带来健康风险，甚至会对孙辈产生不良影响。小鼠实验表明，第一代进食高脂食物的母鼠，即使其第二代和第三代老鼠都没有吃多脂食物，但是它们患乳腺癌的风险仍比其他老鼠高60%。研究人员认为，这种改变可能并不是因为垃圾食品增加了雌激素水平，导致乳腺肿瘤生长，而是因为这种饮食习惯改变了子宫内环境，从而导致基因的工作方式发生微妙变化。这些变化与突变不同，它们可以经由母亲遗传给女儿，或者经由父亲遗传给儿子，而且会一代代遗传下去。

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  无论有无思想准备，面临第一次月经――初潮，很少有女孩子能够波澜不惊而泰然自若，甚至惊慌失措。了解初潮是什么意思、月经初潮的前兆、月经初潮年龄，坦然迎接女性历程中的第一个里程碑。

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\"一分钟告诉你：初潮是什么意思,月经初潮的前兆有哪些?月经初潮年龄\"

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  月经是子宫内膜平均每月脱落一次引起的出血现象。它象潮水一样有规律地时涨时退，因此也称作“来潮”。初潮，是指女孩的第一次月经，初潮也预示着子宫发育的成熟，是卵巢－垂体－下丘脑系统从沉睡中醒来的信号。

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  初潮大约平均发生在11-12岁，个体差异较大，9-16岁期间都有可能，初潮受诸多因素影响，如社会进步、营养状况、健康水平、种族、气候和遗传等。据统计，女孩初潮的年龄平均每10年提前3-4个月。胖点的女孩在同龄者中可能初潮要早一些。从事体育训练的孩子，月经初潮的年龄可能会推迟数年。值得注意的是，女孩初潮的年龄常常与母亲相似。

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  初潮来临之前总会有些前奏，比如乳房、阴毛的发育以及身高的快速增长等。细心的家长，尤其是母亲，最好提前给孩子讲述一些必要的知识或推荐有益的图书，尽可能帮助她以良好的心态迎接生命中第一次殷红。

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  初潮不期而至也不必过分紧张，一般初潮第一天出血量很少，也不会伴有疼痛等不适，即使不能及时处理也不容易“露怯”。

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初潮是什么意思、月经初潮的前兆、月经初潮年龄知识的关键点：

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1、可以把月经初潮的日子定为“节日”，母亲的态度对于女儿接受女性特征以及日后身心的成长至关重要。

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2、16岁左右仍不来月经，建议到妇科进行相关检查。

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","barId":"2590","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":2180,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499420269870,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499420269870,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5393","isDel":0,"createAt":1499326141082,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"女生手淫怎么办，正常吗，如何正确对待女生手淫","content":"

   “手淫”反映了人们对这一行为的道德排斥，随着人们逐步接受，又称“自慰”。时至今日，东方人对此仍表现为回避、羞愧或无知，那么女生手淫怎么办，正常吗，如何正确对待女生手淫

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\"女生手淫怎么办，正常吗，如何正确对待女生手淫\"

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   “手淫”是用手或器物玩弄或触碰生殖器，产生性快感的行为。它是在性激素（主要为雄激素）刺激下产生的本能反应，绝不是肮脏的罪过。

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    随着青春期的到来，男、女青少年都会产生性冲动。调查表明，16岁的青少年中2/3有过自慰经历。在不妨害他人，不攻击异性的情况下，通过这种方式排解性冲动，对未婚的青年男女来说，不失为一种干净的发泄方式。另外，年轻人还可借此缓解精神压力等。

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\"女生手淫怎么办，正常吗，如何正确对待女生手淫\"

\n

    女孩接受的教育通常是极度排斥自慰，所以当她们情不自禁地体验了其中的快感后，往往比男孩子更悔恨、更惊慌，也更担忧。其实，女性自慰不仅可满足一时性冲动的需求，还有利于“性唤起”的学习，对未来的婚姻生活有利无害。另外，还可有催眠或减轻痛经的额外益处。其次，自慰对身体无害，既不会“伤肾”，也不会导致生殖器变形。再有，自慰的频率因人而异，一日数次或数日一次都是正常的频率，身体本身能做到很好的调节，不用刻意压制。通常情况下性冲动得到疏解后，会很长时间不再发生。

\n

\"女生手淫怎么办，正常吗，如何正确对待女生手淫\"

\n

    青少年容易产生性冲动的刺激非常多，对此应该有所认识。既然自慰无关道德和健康，是否自制地减少次数取决于个人意愿。多用心于课业和健康的业余活动，不观看色情影片和黄色书刊，参加需消耗体力的运动等有助于减轻自慰欲望。

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女生手淫怎么办关键知识点：

\n

1、女孩子“夹腿”也是自慰行为，通过会阴部的摩擦产生快感。

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2、自慰涉及身体隐私部位，时间和场合的选择需要慎重。

\n

3、当自慰的频率多到使人“魂不守舍”时，就该找医生咨询或心理辅导了。

\n

4、生殖器感染可造成局部刺激而引起性器官紧张和性冲动。

\n

 

","barId":"2588","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":2133,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499326141083,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499326141083,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5377","isDel":0,"createAt":1499250479615,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"一文让你明白排卵期怎么算、排卵试纸强阳的意义、用体温怎么测排卵、排卵期白带颜色","content":"

   女人到了生育年龄，我们可以根据自己的需要，利用排卵期或是避开它。本文将让你明白排卵期怎么算、排卵试纸强阳的意义、用体温怎么测排卵、排卵期白带颜色什么样

\n

1、日历法：

\n

    月经周期的长短可因人而异，但黄体的寿命是相对恒定的，通常为12-14天，按照自己周期的天数从上次月经第一天往后数，可估计下次月经来潮的时间，然后从预计下次月经的第一天往回数14天，大概就是本次周期的排卵日。以排卵日为中心，前后各3天内为容易怀孕的最危险期，再外推各3天为次危险期。

\n

\"一文让你明白排卵期怎么算、排卵试纸强阳的意义、用体温怎么测排卵、排卵期白带颜色\"

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2、基础体温法：

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    基础体温是指连续睡眠6小时以上后，晨起未说话、未活动情况下测得的体温。排卵前，基础体温通常维持在37℃以下。排卵后，黄体产生的孕激素兴奋下丘脑体温调节中枢，可使基础体温较排卵前升高0.3-0.5℃。体温升高前的最后一个低温日即为排卵日。

\n

\"一文让你明白排卵期怎么算、排卵试纸强阳的意义、用体温怎么测排卵、排卵期白带颜色\"

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3、宫颈粘液法：

\n

    接近排卵期的时候，宫颈分泌物变得清稀、量多，典型者可象蛋清状拉丝达10cm以上，排卵日甚至可感觉白带似水。一旦排卵结束，分泌物变得粘稠，黄浊、易拉断。

\n

4、试剂检测法：

\n

    各大药店均可买到测排卵的LH试纸或唾液镜等。当排卵前LH出现高峰时，试纸的测试线会呈现明显的阳性，预示着12-48小时内将发生排卵。唾液镜则是通过观察排卵前后唾液结晶的不同形态特征间接判断排卵是否发生。

\n

\"一文让你明白排卵期怎么算、排卵试纸强阳的意义、用体温怎么测排卵、排卵期白带颜色\"

\n

    排卵期怎么算、排卵试纸强阳的意义、用体温怎么测排卵、排卵期白带颜色知识的关键点：

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1、日历法只适用于月经周期规则的女性。另外，以此“安全期”避孕的成功率只有50%左右。

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2、基础体温法不适用于上夜班或经常起夜的女性。

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3、测量基础体温最好采用口表，腋温受体外环境影响较大。

\n

4、患有慢性宫颈炎的人，观察宫颈粘液可能受到干扰而难以辨别。

\n

 

","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1926,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499250479617,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499250479617,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5358","isDel":0,"createAt":1499176324595,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"胎儿发育过程详解","content":"

\"胎儿发育过程详解\"

\n

   怀孕的母亲看着肚子一天天长大，知道宝宝也在一刻不停的成长，只等“一朝分娩”，。想知道现在你的宝宝是什么样子吗？ 那么请看胎儿发育过程详解吧!

\n

  胎儿的发育特征组织胚胎学描述时候是以周（7天）计算，从末次月经的第一天算起到妊娠8周，胚胎已经初具人形，大大的脑袋几乎占整个胎体的一半，已经可以分辨眼、耳、鼻、口和四肢，通过超声波可以看到胎儿的小心脏已经规律的跳动了。妊娠12周，胎儿长约9厘米，体重约20克。小手小脚已经可以清晰的辨认了，准妈妈可以通过医生的多普勒听诊仪第一次聆听宝宝奔马一般快速而有力的心跳（120-160次/分）。

\n

  妊娠16周的时候，大多数孕妇已经可以感受到宝宝从肚子里发给妈妈的第一个信号－胎动。妊娠20周，胎儿身长约25厘米，体重约300克，皮肤暗红，全身长满小绒毛，开始喝下羊水并排出小便，听诊器通过腹壁可以听到胎心。妊娠28周，胎儿身长约35厘米，体重可达约1000克。

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  如果有急性子的小家伙过早面世，在现代医学的特殊护理下已经可以很好的生存下来了。从28周到36周末出生的均为早产儿。妊娠36周，胎儿身长约45厘米，体重约2500克。此时出生，基本可以生存。妊娠40周（280天），大功告成了，胎儿已发育成熟。身长约50厘米，体重约3000克。外形丰满，皮下脂肪多，指（趾）甲已达指（趾）尖端，手掌和脚掌已经形成成人一般的纹路了。大多数男宝宝的双侧睾丸都已下降到阴囊中，女宝宝的大小阴唇发育良好。出生后哭声响亮，皮肤红润，吸吮力强，是一个活力小超人了。

\n

胎儿发育过程详解知识的关键点：

\n

1、了解胎儿的生长发育情况，有助于准妈妈应付突发问题不慌手慌脚

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2、每一个胎儿由于遗传背景、营养状态各有不同，只要经医生确定在正常范围内就可以了。

\n

3、不要忽略定期产科检查呦！

\n

 

\n

 

","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1579,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499176324596,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499176324596,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5356","isDel":0,"createAt":1499171603569,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"怀孕初期身体会有什么变化_怀孕身体有什么变化,身体各部位变化都列全啦","content":"

  常听人说“怀孕改变一个女人太多”，从医学角度看绝不过分，怀孕几乎使女人全身都发生了翻天覆地的变化，那么怀孕初期身体会有什么变化？怀孕身体有什么变化？

\n

\"怀孕初期身体会有什么变化_怀孕身体有什么变化,身体各部位变化都列全啦\"

\n

生殖系统：子宫逐渐增大变软，到妊娠末期容量达5000ml，重量能达到l000g。

\n

循环系统：心脏负担逐渐加重，下肢、外阴及直肠静脉压增高，容易发生下肢、外阴静脉曲张和痔疮。

\n

\"怀孕初期身体会有什么变化_怀孕身体有什么变化,身体各部位变化都列全啦\"

\n

血液系统：循环血容量于妊娠6－8周开始增加，至妊娠32－34周达高峰，约增加1500ml，其中血浆约增加l000ml，红细胞约增加500ml，出现血液稀释，造成生理性贫血，应在妊娠中、晚期补充铁剂。

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泌尿系统：孕妇及胎儿代谢产物增多，肾脏负担加重。肾小管对葡萄糖再吸收能力不能相应增加，约15％孕妇饭后出现糖尿。妊娠中期肾盂及输尿管轻度扩张，输尿管蠕动减弱，尿流缓慢，且右侧输尿管受右旋子宫的压迫，孕妇易患急性肾盂肾炎。

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呼吸系统：妊娠中期耗氧量增加约10％－20％，上呼吸道粘膜增厚，轻度充血水肿，局部抵抗力减低，容易发生呼吸道感染，因此孕妇非常不宜去空气不流通和人员密集场所。

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消化系统：受大量雌激素影响，易患齿龈炎导致牙龈出血，牙齿松动和龋齿。胃肠平滑肌张力降低，贲门括约肌松弛，胃内容物可反流至食管下部产生“烧心”感。肠蠕动减弱易便秘，常使原有痔疮加重。胆囊排空时间延长，易诱发胆石病。

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皮肤：孕妇乳头、乳晕、腹白线、外阴等处出现色素沉着。颧面部出现蝶状褐色斑，习称妊娠斑，多于产后逐渐消退。

\n

\"怀孕初期身体会有什么变化_怀孕身体有什么变化,身体各部位变化都列全啦\"

\n

新陈代谢：基础代谢率于妊娠中期逐渐增高，至妊娠晚期可增高15％－20％。妊娠13周起体重平均每周增加350g，至妊娠足月体重平均约增加12.5kg。机体水分约增加7L，组织间液可增加1－2L，易发生水肿。

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骨骼、关节及韧带的变化：骨盆韧带及椎骨间的关节、韧带松弛，部分孕妇自觉腰骶部及肢体疼痛不适。

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怀孕初期身体会有什么变化？怀孕身体有什么变化知识的关键点：

\n

1、准妈妈身体几乎所有的脏器负担都存在不同程度加重

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2、只要健康的女性承受上述变化都不存在任何问题，因此不需要过度担心

\n

3、患器质性疾病的妇女在怀孕前，需要在医生指导下计划妊娠

\n

 

","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1709,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499171603570,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499171603570,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5352","isDel":0,"createAt":1499148013289,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"胎动是什么感觉_怀孕几个月有胎动_胎动怎么数,快来看看吧，做个有心的妈妈","content":"

    胎动是腹中宝宝利用肢体向妈妈发出的最初信号。对准妈妈而言，这是一种妙不可言的体验，胎动是什么感觉_怀孕几个月有胎动_胎动怎么数,快来看看吧，做个有心的妈妈

\n

 

\n

 \"胎动是什么感觉_怀孕几个月有胎动_胎动怎么数,快来看看吧，做个有心的妈妈\"

\n

 

\n

    胎儿从第8周起脊柱就开始有小动作了，只是太轻微，妈妈们还无法觉察。从16周起，已经完全发育的四肢开始活跃运动，子宫也增大到足以与腹壁接触，胎动透过子宫壁传导到腹壁的神经末梢，这时大多数孕妇才得以感觉到胎动。

\n

    胎动最初的感觉多数人描述成鱼在游泳或蝴蝶轻舞翅膀，有时候又像肚子在咕咕叫。随着肢体的发育，胎动的感觉会越来越清晰，20周每日胎动约200次，30到32周之间胎动最显著，可介于100至700次之间，值得注意的是，妈妈只能感觉到大约八九成的胎动。32周后，不断长大的胎儿逐渐占据了宫腔内大部分空间，运动明显受限，胎动又会较前减少。胎儿不仅会拳打脚踢、转身、甚至还会伸懒腰，这些大动作不仅能感觉得到，一些妈妈还经常能看到宝宝的小拳头或者小脚丫顶着肚皮一鼓一鼓的样子，或者是迅速的从一侧运动到另一侧又消失了。

\n

\"胎动是什么感觉_怀孕几个月有胎动_胎动怎么数,快来看看吧，做个有心的妈妈\"

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    胎儿运动是小家伙体内发育良好的表现，也是促进肌肉骨骼发育必不可少的。胎动是妈妈和宝宝最初的交流。在临床中，胎动是医生判断胎儿情况的一个重要指标。胎儿和成人一样，有时活跃，有时会比较安静，但28周后，每日胎动的形态大致维持一定。

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    学会计数胎动，妈妈们就可以在家中了解胎儿的大致情况。接近妊娠足月时，胎动计数>4次/小时，>20次/24小时。孕妇根据自己的情况在早中晚各选择一个小时监测胎动情况，3次胎动次数相加乘以4，即为12小时的胎动次数，不应该少于10次。

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    胎动减少是胎儿宫内窘迫的一个重要指标，所以每日监测胎动可以预知胎儿的安危。一般情况下胎动消失后胎心也会在24小时内停跳。因此，必须特别注意这一点，以免贻误抢救时机。胎动过频往往是胎动消失的前驱症状，也应该予以重视。如果胎动发生任何问题，应立即向医生报告，医生会检查胎儿是否健康，是否需要引产或立即剖宫产。必有人比孕妇自己更了解宝宝胎动的情况，所以只要感觉胎动有问题，马上寻求医生的帮助，不要有任何的犹豫。

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胎动是什么感觉_怀孕几个月有胎动_胎动怎么数知识的关键点：

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1、胎动是宝宝向妈妈发出的联络信号，静静聆听和感受这神奇一刻吧

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2、28周后胎动计数>4次/小时，>20次/24小时，必须牢记该指标，胎动减少要及时就诊

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3、胎动过频也应予以重视，一般是胎动消失的前兆，

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4、学会计数胎动，做心中有数的妈妈

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","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1490,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499148013290,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499148013290,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5351","isDel":0,"createAt":1499138393401,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"孕妇情绪不稳定、怀孕了心情不好很正常，但是要注意调节","content":"

    从美少女到大腹便便的准妈妈，孕妇不仅要承担身体的剧烈变化，还要承受情感和情绪方面的挑战。孕妇情绪不稳定、怀孕了心情不好很正常，但是要注意调节。

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 \"孕妇情绪不稳定、怀孕了心情不好很正常，但是要注意调节\"

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    怀胎十月对妈妈来说时光漫长，孕妇在不同阶段都会有特有的情感重心。在怀孕初期，会反复考虑并接受自己怀孕这个事实；在怀孕中期，开始接受要生孩子了的事实；而在后期才会有即为人母的责任和快乐。但这一过程伴随着重大的情感调整。

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    怀孕还改变着你在家庭中的人际关系。如果是头胎，就彻底告别二人世界的潇洒和浪漫，如果你即将迎接第二个孩子，你的家庭组成也要变化，如何把一个新生命完美和谐地带到家庭中，一般也会给母亲带来很大的压力。虽然生孩子是生活中一件正常、但有时还是会让人感到无法承受。另外，体内荷尔蒙的变化，会放大你的情感和情绪。

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    大部分孕妇可能出现以下情绪反应。愉快，开心及兴奋；忧郁，怀疑或害怕；容易发怒；平静；更依赖你的伴侣或家人；觉得自己注意力不能集中；悲伤，认为自己失去了一切原来拥有的东西；担心经济状况、生活安排、育儿、失去独立性、同伴侣关系的变化、生产和分娩、你是否会是一个好母亲等等问题；不耐烦，觉得自己似乎将这样永远处于怀孕的状态；对于别人的评论和建议过分敏感；甚至会经常哭泣。

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    上述情绪虽然很正常，但也应该采取一些措施，尽量减少剧烈的情绪波动：吃好，运动，有充足的休息，保持身体健康；掌握充分的知识，如参加产前教育及生育课程和阅读有关怀孕的书籍，知道自己应该期待些什么，听取专家的意见，同其他的准妈妈们进行交流，这些都可以帮助减轻压力；将你的想法和感觉同你的伴侣、朋友或家人分享；不要让自己承担过多的家庭或工作任务；服用任何治疗忧郁或情绪波动的药物，用药前多听听专业医生的意见。

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孕妇情绪不稳定、怀孕了心情不好很正常知识的关键点：

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1、怀孕中的情感的经历，不能轻视。

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2、伴随着孩子的出生，个人在社会和家庭中的角色和位置，需要以积极的心态坦然面对

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3、找到适合自己的方法，切实减轻消极情绪。

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    知道自己怀孕了的母亲问医生的第一个问题通常是什么？“医生，宝宝一切正常吗？什么时候生啊？”。那么预产期怎么算？且看医生教你很实用的预产期计算知识。

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\"预产期怎么算_医生教你预产期计算知识\"

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    老百姓所谓的怀胎十月是指阴历十月，从最后一次月经第一天算起一共280天，但是换算成阳历只有9个月零7天，假如以由排卵受孕之日算起，只有266日了。

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    对月经规律的妇女而言，预产期的计算非常简单，在末次月经的月份减3或加9，末次月经第一天的日期加7即可。例如：末次月经的第一天是8月12日，月份减3为5月，日子再加7，为19日。5月19日就是预产期。上述的算法只适用于月经规律的孕妇，而且月经周期是28天。

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    对于月经周期不太规则，或者不得末次月经的日期了的准妈妈，就只能在医生的帮助下重新估算预产期。

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   一般情况下。无论月经周期是多少天，女性排卵的日期基本都固定在下次月经之前的第14天。如果孕妇的月经周期是35天，那么预产期会因排卵日期延后而推迟一周。而月经周期少于28天的孕妇，预产期就要相应提前。受孕当月如果有基础体温测量表，可以通过基础体温的升高准确判断出排卵日期，该日期起266天后就是预产期。

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尿妊娠反应试验是对胚胎分泌的人绒毛膜促性腺激素的定性检测，通常在停经40天左右出现明确的阳性反应。早孕反应通常出现在停经6周，12周后消失。

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    早孕期间的盆腔检查可以通过子宫增大的程度判断受孕的时间，如果医生通过腹部触能够摸到超出盆腔的子宫底部时，说明妊娠至少已有12周。

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    医生用多普勒胎心听诊仪在腹部探及胎心音时，妊娠应有11－12周。初产妇通常在18－20周感受到明确的胎动，最早的可以是16周。

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    超声波检查：能够看到胎囊，至少停经5周；听到胎心，至少停经7周。另外，还可以通过超声波测量胎儿的头臀长，或者双顶径和股骨长等指标都可以用于估计胎儿的实际孕龄。

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    宫高和腹围的测量也有助于实际孕龄的判断，这一点因为个人差异相对较大，所以可靠性要低很多。

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预产期怎么算？且看医生教你很实用的预产期计算知识的关键点：

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1、自己学会计算预产期，数日子等待宝宝降临人世幸福感更强

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2、如果月经不规律或记不得末次月经，及时求助医生帮助计算预产期

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3、预产期只能作为一个相对参考，提前3周或者延后2周都属于正常情况

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    没有过分娩经历的准妈妈们与日剧增的多是恐惧。电视里生孩子总是满脸大汗、声嘶力竭,生孩子真那么可怕吗？从自然分娩的分娩过程看女人怎么生孩子.

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\"从自然分娩的分娩过程看女人怎么生孩子\"

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    从宫缩发动到从母体全部娩出的过程称为分娩。不满37周分娩称早产，37-42周分娩为足月产，满42周后分娩为过期产。

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分娩的过程主要分为4个阶段：

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1、先兆流产：不规律的、持续时间短的子宫收缩，“见红”，可自觉宫底下降；

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2、第一产程：子宫收缩规律，间隔5-6分钟，一般大约持续30秒左右，宫口开始扩张；

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3、第二产程：从宫口开全到胎儿娩出，一般不超过2小时；

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4、第三产程：胎儿娩出后到胎盘娩出，一般大约30分钟左右。

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    分娩过程需要专科助产士及医生对产妇进行全程监护，这样能够做到及时发现和处理异常情况，监护仪可连续监测胎心的变化，为母儿安全提供一道安全保障。

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    随着“导乐”助产的出现，使产程更显人性化和文明，由有分娩经历的专职导乐工作人员伴随产妇的整个产程，给予精神安慰、心理疏导、照料饮食及排尿排便，指导产程各阶段产妇的配合。现在许多医院都推出家化产房，准爸爸可以陪同分娩，不仅有益于分娩的顺利而且又能增进夫妻感情。

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    在第1-2产程中可以通过硬膜外给药的方法进行分娩镇痛，是现阶段最有效的方法，但它对母儿均有不同程度的不良反应，如低血压、仰卧位综合征、第二产程延长、胎盘血流减少等，需专业麻醉师施行并需要良好的监护系统，一旦出现问题及时处理，只要开展相应业务的医院，技术和设备都是没有任何问题得。

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从自然分娩的分娩过程看女人怎么生孩子知识的关键点：

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1、分娩本是一种本能性的生理过程，并不可怕。

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2、经历经历产时的苦痛是最好的儿女对母亲的感情投资。

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3、一位有责任的助产士或接产医生，是母儿安全的寄托。

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4、产程中尽量避免精神过度紧张，否则顺产也会变成难产。

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","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":3056,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499132496349,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499132496349,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5346","isDel":0,"createAt":1499097306618,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"无痛分娩真的不痛吗，什么是无痛分娩","content":"

    小说和电影中经常描写：“伴随着一阵阵撕心裂肺的喊叫声，孩子终于呱呱坠地了”，随着医学发展，出现无痛分娩技术，什么是无痛分娩？无痛分娩真的不痛吗？

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\"无痛分娩真的不痛吗，什么是无痛分娩\"

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    现在有很多方法可以实现无痛分娩，在产前练习渐进式的身体放松技巧和特殊的呼吸调节模式，分娩时再借助身体按摩，热敷和音乐尽量放松自己的身体，将注意力从疼痛进行转移。专业医生还会使用麻醉术和药物止痛。那么生孩子可以不痛了？

\n

    弛缓药物：注射非那根及安太乐等药物都可以让你尽量放松下来，在分娩的各个时段都能给药，副作用是让你昏昏欲睡。

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    镇静止痛药物：临床应用最广泛的是度冷丁，可以大大减轻宫缩痛，但同样会让你有困倦的感觉，敏感的产妇还会有恶心和呕吐。药物使用不当可能影响宫缩的强度和腹中的胎儿，所以必须由医生掌握小心使用。进入产程活跃期（宫口开大3cm以上）尤其要慎用，否则不仅影响胎儿的娩出，还可能抑制新生儿的呼吸。

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    硬膜外注射麻醉：即“无痛分娩”，医学上称分娩镇痛，目前国际医学界应用最广泛的方法，由麻醉医师从脊椎外层的硬膜注射麻醉药，在产痛减少八九成的情况下，产妇仍能保持清醒，活动正常，轻松地完成分娩过程。

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   无痛分娩的效果与产妇对麻醉药物的敏感程度、既往手术史、麻醉医生的熟练程度、实施麻醉的时间、麻醉的方法等因素有关，对麻醉医师的技术要求很高，要求24小时随叫随到。因此国内只有少数医院能开展这项技术。无痛分娩有如下风险：给药过早，会让整个分娩过程变慢甚至停滞。一小部分产妇会出现血压下降，影响胎儿的供氧，直接增加器械助产甚至剖宫产的机会。极少数产妇会出现体温升高，头痛，以及局部皮肤感觉功能障碍。

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什么是无痛分娩？无痛分娩真的不痛吗知识的关键点：

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1、分娩前初产妇是很难预知自己对上述止痛措施的敏感程度

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2、了解各种镇痛方法的利弊，咨询医生后做出最有利于自己和孩子的选择

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","barId":"2589","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1649,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1499097306619,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1499097306619,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5344","isDel":0,"createAt":1499077496829,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"从剖腹产的优势、弊端分析看顺产好还是剖腹产好","content":"

    近年来，剖腹产率快速攀升，有的医院甚至达到了70-80％以上。如果就此认为认为剖腹产比自然分娩更好，那肯定是偏颇了，究竟顺产好还是剖腹产好，不妨从分析剖腹产的优势与弊端开始谈起：

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\"从剖腹产的优势、弊端分析看顺产好还是剖腹产好\"

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    随着手术、麻醉、输血、抗感染技术日益进步，剖腹产已成为解决难产和某些高危妊娠，挽救孕妇和围产儿生命的有效手段，对降低母儿死亡率有明显效果。

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剖腹产具有以下的优势：

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1、迅速取出胎儿、挽救胎儿；

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2、迅速终止妊娠、挽救高危孕妇；

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3、免除产妇阴道分娩的阵痛之痛苦；

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4、可同时处理某些盆腹腔内其他疾病，如卵巢肿瘤、子宫肌瘤等，亦可同时行输卵管结扎术。

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剖腹产的弊端如下：

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1、存在麻醉意外的风险；

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2、有术中、术后早、晚期出血的可能；

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3、感染的发生及脏器的损伤可能发生；

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4、可能发生静脉炎、下肢静脉血栓和肺栓塞，甚至死亡；

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5、可发生肠粘连；

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6、再孕时有发生子宫破裂的风险；

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7、有发生腹壁子宫内膜异位症的可能；

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8、术后子宫复旧及产妇恢复较缓慢；

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9、剖腹产儿易发生呼吸窘迫综合征；

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10、剖腹产术后短期内（1~2年内）不宜再怀孕。

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顺产好还是剖腹产好知识的关键点：

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1、顺产比剖腹产对母儿更有利。

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2、慎重的剖腹产比困难的阴道分娩对母儿更有利。

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3、不能把剖腹产当生孩子的捷径。

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4、古往今来有多少大科学家是剖腹产儿？

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5、选“吉日良辰”剖腹产是迷信、愚昧。

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    原本一个苗条的少妇，生完了孩子，竟变成难以辨认的胖嫂了。于是又多了一份心事——减肥！产后锻炼什么时候开始，产后运动操就是为了避免坐月子致肥、致虚，因此加强产后锻炼才是上策。

\n

 \"1.jpg\"

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    产后尽早适当活动及做健身操，有利于体力恢复，促进排尿排便，避免或减少静脉血栓的发生，有利于恶露排出、加速子宫复原，并能使骨盆底及腹肌张力恢复，防止子宫脱垂，避免腹壁皮肤过度松弛和脂肪堆积。

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\"产后锻炼什么时候开始_产后运动操\"

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1、下床：产后6小时可起床轻微活动，产后次日可在室内随意走动。

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2、卧姿：不要总是仰卧，要经常侧卧或俯卧，产后2周后可加做胸膝卧位，以防止和纠正子宫后倾。

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3、出屋：产后一周后，在天气好时可到户外活动，晒太阳、呼吸新鲜空气，每天1-2次，每次半小时左右。

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4、工作：产后6周，难产及剖宫产后10周可恢复正常工作，重体力劳动适当延缓。

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5、产后健身操：

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\"产后锻炼什么时候开始_产后运动操\"

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5.1、腹式深呼吸：产后第2日可开始做。深吸气、腹部隆起、缓慢呼气、腹部下陷，每天5-10次，以后可逐渐增加次数。

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5.2、举腿运动：产后第3天可开始做。仰卧、两腿稍弯曲、两脚伸直，先慢慢抬起左腿，伸直、与腹部成90度，然后放下，再同样抬起右腿。每天早晚做两次，每次5回合。

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5。3、抬臀运动：产后第4天可开始做。仰卧、两腿稍弯曲，两脚底踏床面，尽力抬起臀部，使背部离开床面，稍微放下臀部。每天早晚做两次，每次5回合。

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5.4、两膝分合运动：产后第5天可开始做。仰卧、两膝弯曲，两腿左右分开，再用力合并。同时收缩肛门，然后将两腿分开、放松肛门。每天早晚做两次，每次5回合。

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5.5、腰部运动：产后两周左右进行。两腿稍分开站立，一边呼气、一边向前弯腰，双手逐渐触地，然后一边吸气、一边起身后仰。每天早晚各做一节，每节10次。

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5.6、扭腰运动：仰卧、两腿并拢伸直，双手扶床沿，向右扭腰。上身平放不动，同时左腿伸向右侧，收回左腿；向右扭腰，同时右腿左伸。每日早晚两次，每次5回合。

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5.7、仰卧起坐：每日早晚做两次。

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5.8、缩肛及缩阴道动作，可随时做。

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产后锻炼什么时候开始，产后运动操知识的关键点：

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1、锻炼很重要，过度也无益。

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2、锻炼很重要，“胖从口入”关也要把得住

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   李女士产后5个多月，给孩子喂奶，月经一直没来，用妊娠试纸一测，果然阳性，怎么没来月经也能怀孕？且看哺乳期怎么避孕，哺乳期怎样避孕最好？

\n

 \"哺乳期怎么避孕_

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    一般情况下，不哺乳的妇女产后6-10周月经复潮，平均产后10周恢复排卵。哺乳期妇女平均产后4-6个月恢复排卵，月经回潮可能延迟，有时停止哺乳后才恢复。排卵可发生在月经复潮前两周左右。因此，月经复潮前就有怀孕的可能。

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\"哺乳期怎么避孕_

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    哺乳期再次怀孕，因母乳分泌减少所以对孩子不利。另外哺乳期子宫异常脆弱，尤其是剖宫产术后的瘢痕子宫，使人工流产手术增加了很大的风险，容易子宫穿孔、出血和感染等并发症。如果接受“药物流产”，必须暂停哺乳。

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\"哺乳期怎么避孕_

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    在产后42天，剖宫产术后56天后即可恢复性生活，但建议采取可靠的避孕措施：

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1、男用或女用安全套是首选的避孕方法；

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2、阴道产后3个月、剖宫产后6个月可“上环”。月经未复潮者经医生确定，排除妊娠后也可“上环”。

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3、哺乳期不建议使用避孕药，实在需要的情况下，应服单纯孕激素成份的避孕药。

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哺乳期怎么避孕，哺乳期怎样避孕最好知识的关键点：

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1、高度警惕哺乳期怀孕。

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2、用体外射精、性交后排尿及冲洗阴道、用避孕套的方法不正规等手段避孕，无异于没避孕。

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3、哺乳期人工流产风险大！

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 “为何我的宝宝要急着出来？”其实是母亲体内的隐患逼其出宫，还要面临生命的考验，那么早产的原因、早产的征兆是什么，为什么会早产呢

\n

 

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    早产是指满28周至37周前的分娩。提前降生的婴儿体重往往小于2500克（5斤），有的甚至不足1000克（2斤），身体各器官均未成熟，新生儿极其孱弱，容易发生窒息、肺透明膜病、间质性肺炎、颅内出血等并发症而导致死亡。出生后一周内死亡的婴儿中75％以上与早产有关。

\n

    早产的危险因素包括早破水，孕妇为青少年或高龄（35岁以上），社会经济状况差，吸烟、吸毒、酗酒，生殖泌尿系感染或全身感染（如肺炎、疟疾、伤寒等），双胎或多胎妊娠，羊水过多，子宫畸形或合并肌瘤，宫颈内口机能不全，合并妊娠高血压综合征等。

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\"早产的原因_早产的征兆_为什么会早产呢\"

\n

    早产的先兆征象包括子宫收缩，背痛，阴道出血，阴道分泌物增加等，多数可通过给予宫缩抑制剂而转危为安。一旦胎膜破裂或已出现规律性的间隔5-6分钟，持续20-30秒以上的痛性宫缩，则保胎的成功率明显降低。

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早产的原因、早产的征兆是什么，为什么会早产知识的关键点

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1、孕期应避免吸烟、饮酒和滥用药物。

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2、产前检查要重视

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3、初检可筛查急、慢性肝肾疾病和性传播感染；

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4、定期尿检和量血压可及早发现妊高征征象和无症状菌尿；

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5、量宫高、腹围有利于发现羊水异常；

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6、宫颈涂片和阴拭子可发现阴道内异常菌群等。

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7、不要忽视内科合并症（心脏病、高血压、糖尿病、肝炎、肾病、贫血和甲亢等）

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8、妊娠晚期的生理性宫缩一般无规律性，且无痛感，如无把握及时看产科急诊

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9、早产儿的康复需要有力的经济支持。

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   许多准妈妈会问胎儿宫内生长受限、胎儿生长受限怎么补救、胎儿生长受限的孩子能要吗？实际上在宫内生长的胎儿也会营养不良，为让它多长个，妈妈也要喝上好几桶营养素就好。

\n

\"

\n

    胎儿生长受限是围产期重要的并发症，分三种情况：一是孕37周后胎儿体重小于2500克；二是胎儿体重低于同孕龄平均体重的两个标准差；三是低于同孕龄正常体重的第10百分位数。国内的发病率为3~7%，此类胎儿不仅是体态娇小，器官发育也会受到一定影响，甚至还会影响到儿童期和青春期的体能和智能发展。围产期的死亡率是正常胎儿的4~6倍。

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    造成胎儿生长受限的因素众多而繁杂，但仍有约40%找不到原因。就可知因素而言，主要分为两大类：首先是母体因素，孕妇本人身材矮小、瘦弱，年龄过大或过小，发生胎儿生长受限的机会增加。如果吸烟、酗酒或滥用药物，更会增加胎儿发病的机会。另外，所有影响子宫和胎盘血流灌注的妊娠合并症，如肾脏疾病、心脏病、严重贫血、慢性高血压以及妊娠期高血压疾病等，均可造成FGR。其次是胎儿因素，10%的FGR患儿存在染色体异常，而宫内感染亦是重要病因之一。除此之外，胎盘、脐带的异常病变若影响胎盘供血或胎儿的营养供给，势必也会累及胎儿。

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    医生借以评估胎儿发育是否符合孕周，有两大法宝：一是皮尺，二是超声。每次产前检查不厌其烦地测量宫高、腹围是最基本的筛查方法，必要时行超声检查，根据双顶径、腹围等参数可估算出大致的胎儿体重，再与相应孕周的均值对比，同时还可以了解胎盘和羊水的情况。

\n

   一旦诊断为胎儿生长受限，营养支持和胎儿监护是并驾齐驱的两大处理策略和原则。首先，孕妇自身要纠正不良的生活和饮食习惯；加强并均衡营养，可购买专用的营养素；其次，适量增加有氧呼吸的室外活动，休息时尽量取左侧卧位。明显的或较严重的胎儿生长受限需入院治疗，每日输入一定量的高糖和氨基酸溶液，5~7天为一疗程。

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\n

胎儿宫内生长受限、胎儿生长受限怎么补救、胎儿生长受限的孩子能要吗关键知识点：

\n

1、定期产检可以早期发现并早期治疗

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2、治疗最佳时机是在32周前。

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3、30%的胎儿生长受限胎儿合并羊水过少，此类胎儿发生胎死宫内的危险较大。

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4、胎儿生长受限胎儿对缺氧的耐受性差，阴道分娩有一定危险。

\n

 

","barId":"2588","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1578,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498819287995,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498819287995,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5319","isDel":0,"createAt":1498816309824,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"胎儿脐带绕颈一周怎么办,脐带绕颈能顺产吗","content":"

    胎儿脐带绕颈，其实那就象胎儿就地取材给自己做的一副项链，多数情况下无碍大局，胎儿脐带绕颈一周怎么办,脐带绕颈能顺产吗

\n

\"胎儿脐带绕颈一周怎么办,脐带绕颈能顺产吗\"

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   脐带围绕胎儿颈部、四肢或躯干者称为脐带缠绕，其中90%为脐带绕颈，以绕颈一周为最多见，占分娩总数的20%左右，这是一种非常常见的分娩期并发症。

\n

   发生脐带缠绕与脐带过长、胎儿过小、羊水过多及胎动过频等因素有关。而是否对胎儿造成影响与脐带缠绕的松紧度、圈数和脐带的长短有关。

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\"胎儿脐带绕颈一周怎么办,脐带绕颈能顺产吗\"

\n

   宫缩前，脐带绕颈除可以超声检查发现外，并无任何显性表现。临产后，脐带缠绕有可能影响胎头入盆，而出现产程延长或停滞或脐带自身受到牵拉，影响胎儿血循环而造成胎儿宫内缺氧。罕见的情况下，脐带受到的牵拉还会累及胎盘而造成胎盘早剥。

\n

 \"胎儿脐带绕颈一周怎么办,脐带绕颈能顺产吗\"

\n

胎儿脐带绕颈一周怎么办,脐带绕颈能顺产吗关键知识点：

\n

1、脐带绕颈是常见分娩期并发症，多数情况胎儿可顺利经阴道分娩。

\n

2、脐带绕颈是加强胎心监护指征，而非剖宫产的指征。

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3、阴道试产过程中，密切产程观察和胎心监护是发现异常的有效手段，少数产妇可因脐带绕颈的继发危象转为剖宫产终止妊娠。

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4、多圈的脐带缠绕建议选择剖宫产。

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","barId":"2588","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1743,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498816309825,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498816309825,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5318","isDel":0,"createAt":1498815255897,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"孕妇七个月胎位不正怎么办_怀孕胎位不正的原因及纠正方法","content":"

  多数胎儿习惯头朝下，但少数胎儿坐于其中，更令人挠头的个性宝贝横卧宫中，自得其乐，孕妇七个月胎位不正怎么办，怀孕胎位不正的原因及纠正方法有哪些？

\n

\"孕妇七个月胎位不正怎么办_怀孕胎位不正的原因及纠正方法\"

\n

  胎位异常最常见的是臀位，占足月分娩总数的3-4%，经产妇比初产更多见。因为胎头比胎臀大，而后出头使其未经产道挤压发生相应变形，造成娩出困难，加上脐带脱垂很常见，臀位分娩的围产儿死亡率是头位分娩的3-8倍。如果孕30周前发现臀位，多数都能自行转为头位。孕30周后仍为臀位就必须依赖外部力量予以矫正。常见的方法是产妇学习胸膝卧位，自己在家调整。通常要排过小便，松解裤带，持续15分钟，每日两次，连做一周后复查。另外，中医中国的穴位艾灸也能起到纠正胎位的作用，适当的情况下也可一试。

\n

\"孕妇七个月胎位不正怎么办_怀孕胎位不正的原因及纠正方法\"

\n

  对母儿最不利的胎位是胎儿横卧于骨盆入口上面，称为横位，占妊娠足月分娩的0.25%。此胎位的活胎不可能经阴道分娩，处理不及时容易造成子宫破裂。一般胎儿采取这样的体位除了因为母体腹壁松弛、羊水过多或早产儿，胎儿活动空间相对宽松使然，往往也是逼于无奈，由于骨盆狭窄、子宫畸形或合并子宫肿瘤等影响胎头入盆。如果胎儿已经足月，最好在临产前行择期剖宫产终止妊娠。

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\"孕妇七个月胎位不正怎么办_怀孕胎位不正的原因及纠正方法\"

\n

  即使胎儿是以头位分娩，也会因为脑后勺偏横或向后，头颈处不屈不仰，或歪着脑袋入盆等造成难产，医学上的术语分别叫枕横位、枕后位、高直位和不均倾位。发生这些情况可能与骨盆的形状有关，一般无法预测。

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孕妇七个月胎位不正怎么办，怀孕胎位不正的原因及纠正方法的关键知识点：

\n

1、34周后仍为臀位的逆转可能性不大，做好接受剖宫产的准备。

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2、无论自然还是人工协助纠正胎位，除了孕周要合适外，重要的前提是羊水不少，否则既不容易成功，又容易发生脐带缠绕、胎盘早剥等严重并发症。

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3、胎位异常者容易早破水。

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4、枕后位和枕横位是阴道分娩过程中最常见的导致难产的因素，但在宫缩有力的情况下，90-95%都会转向前方而顺利分娩，余下的不幸者则只好转做剖宫产。

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    产科病房里一对对母子相互陪伴，但总有不测风云，宝宝要被转到儿科病房观察治疗，只能等到出院后再相聚，今天我们就聊一聊早产儿、新生儿转儿科的那些事

\n

 \"早产儿、新生儿转儿科的那些事\"

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    少数新生儿出生后连与母亲片刻相处的机会都没有，直接被转往儿科。这种孩子一般分为两类。一类是各种原因导致的早产儿，一类是产后发生窒息者。因为这两类新生儿不能正常的呼吸或呼吸功能不稳定，一定要在儿科特殊的新生儿加强监护病房接受密切监护，病情危急时甚至需要上呼吸机，这些都是产科病房无法实现的。另外，早产儿容易发生许多并发症，如脑出血、高胆红素血症、坏死性小肠炎、视网膜病变、感染、动脉导管不闭合等等，都需要专科的医生及时诊治。

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\"1.jpg\"

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    还有一些新生儿则是在产后数日逐渐出现病征，被迫与母亲分离的。比如，母儿血型不合而发生晚期溶血，严重者可能需要换血；高胆红素血症，超出生理性黄疸范畴，必要时需要照蓝光；巨大儿持续低血糖，需要加强监测或补液治疗；存在先天性心血管畸形，出现青紫、喘憋等心衰表现，需要及时处理甚至手术治疗；忽略性产伤，发现新生儿锁骨骨折，除了局部固定外，还需考虑是否有断裂的骨刺刺破胸膜，可能引起气胸和肺不张等；婴儿反复呕吐血性分泌物，可能是胃粘膜出血，需要定期洗胃；母亲有甲亢、甲低或免疫性疾病等，婴儿的相关检查发现有不良征象，也建议转科观察。

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\"早产儿、新生儿转儿科的那些事\"

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    除非产妇住单人房间，否则从母婴同室病房转出的婴儿即使在母亲出院前痊愈，也不允许再转回产科，看似无情的规定，是出于切断其他婴儿交叉感染途径的大局考虑。

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早产儿、新生儿转儿科的那些事的关键知识点：

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1、新生儿有区别于成人的特殊危险，绝不可麻痹大意。

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2、母子分离期间，产妇做好自身护理，充满爱意的乳汁可通过吸奶器吸出后交儿科保存备用。

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3、住院期间，请父母减少探视次数，避免交叉感染。

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","barId":"2588","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":3040,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498749673719,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498749673719,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5288","isDel":0,"createAt":1498550034064,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"不孕不育怎么治疗才能避免盲从和乱投医","content":"

  不避孕，正常夫妻生活一年未孕，诊断为不孕症，因此不达标的夫妻们请自动丢开这顶帽子，暂不要为自己添乱、找烦，轻松愉快地工作、生活，耐心等待宝宝的到来吧！已达标的夫妇则需要了解不孕不育怎么治疗相关知识，要以既来之则安之的心态，理智地面对这一困难，选择正确的求医问药途径，接受科学、规范的检查治疗，切忌陷入轻信、盲从和“乱投医”的误区……

\n

 

\n

一、查找不孕病因的必要检查方法

\n

1、男性检查

\n

① 精液检查：检查精液和精子的质量；

\n

② 性激素检查：检查睾丸的内分泌功能；

\n

③ 输精管造影：查找无精症原因；

\n

④ 睾丸活检：查找无精症原因等。

\n

2、女性检查

\n

① 阴道感染因素检查：清洁度、滴虫、霉菌、衣原体、淋菌等；

\n

② 双合诊检查：检查宫颈情况，宫体大小、位置，附件情况；

\n

③ B超：检查有无肿瘤、生殖器发育异常，了解卵泡生长和子宫内膜的情况；

\n

④ 子宫输卵管造影：检查宫腔形态和输卵管通常情况（不推荐通液、通气检查，其准确性、安全性均不理想）；

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⑤ 激素测定：检查与生殖相关的各项卵巢激素、垂体激素及甲状腺激素、肾上腺激素、胰岛素等水平；

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⑥ 腹腔镜：是检查不孕症病因最直观、准确、快速的方法，对子宫内膜异位症、盆腔粘连、输卵管伞端阻塞可同时治疗；

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⑦ 宫腔镜：检查子宫内膜的情况，确诊子宫性不孕，对输卵管近端阻塞可行插管通液治疗；

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⑧ 性交后试验及宫颈粘液、精液相合试验：根据精子穿透宫颈粘液的情况，推测宫颈粘液中抗精子抗体的存在；

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⑨ 基础体温测定：了解排卵情况和黄体功能；

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⑩ 免疫学检查：检测各种可能与不孕相关的自身抗体。

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二、有的放矢的规范性治疗

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1、治疗导致不孕的生殖器官器质性病变：如子宫粘膜下肌瘤、子宫内膜息肉、卵巢肿瘤、子宫内膜异位症、结核及严重炎症等。

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2、改善输卵管功能的治疗：

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① 输卵管不全阻塞可行输卵管内注药，中药口服或灌肠，理疗等综合治疗；

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② 输卵管伞端阻塞可行腹腔镜下造口；

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③ 输卵管近端阻塞可宫－腹腔镜联合，选择性输卵管插管并通液治疗。

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3、促排卵治疗：B超监测卵泡发育和子宫内膜情况，判断排卵期、指导性交，有排卵障碍者，根据激素测定情况选用促排卵药物及其前期治疗或与其他药物联合治疗。

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4、人工助孕（辅助生殖技术）

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① 人工授精：将精液直接注入阴道、宫颈或宫腔内。适用于男性少精、弱精、性功能障碍者；女性宫颈异常或宫颈粘液中有抗精子抗体者。如男性无无精症，则需用供精者的精液。

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② 体外受精－胚胎移植（“试管婴儿”）

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③ 配子移植技术：把采集好的成熟卵子和精子一起移植到输卵管、腹腔内或子宫内，使它们在体内相遇受精，目前开展较少。

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5、免疫性不孕的治疗：可采用男方淋巴细胞输入女性体内等免疫疗法（不是每个医院都开展），中西医结合的治疗效果也很可观。

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关键知识点

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1、不孕症的检查和治疗都是有规必循和循序渐进的，不是看一次医生，开点儿药就会见效的。这是一场持久战，有时需要半年、甚至一、两年的时间，要有耐心，别急躁。

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2、俗话说“心诚则灵”，要选择你们和亲友都信赖的医院和大夫，密切联系，坦诚交流，同时治疗心理方面的障碍，对治疗成功是非常重要的。

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3、中医中药是能治好很多病的，但只靠号脉治病有时是会耽误事的。好的中医懂得并能够正确应用现代医学的手段。

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3、急于给你开药，轻易向你承诺“能治好”的大夫，也许恰恰是不会治病，也不能治好你的病的“呼悠”大夫。

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4、不是每对不孕夫妇都能心想事成，“送子观音”的神通也是有限的。要客观、理智地面对自己的年龄、病情、经济负担能力等多方因素，适应现实、改换观念，使自己生活得更加轻松自在。

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","barId":"2587","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1502,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1498550034066,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1498550034066,"metaSearch":null,"rn":0,"barTitle":null,"checkcode":null,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"lyTopicReply":null,"createAtStr":null,"lyBar":null,"lyTopic":null},{"id":"5269","isDel":0,"createAt":1498535578030,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"聊聊中年妇女性生活之性趣","content":"

    中年女性结婚生子后，已摆脱了许多羞涩，不少人会直言不讳地向医生描述自己的“性”生活，寻求指导和帮助。但大多数中国妇女，即使遭遇 “性”的问题，仍然难以启齿，那么我们就来聊聊中年妇女性生活之性趣这一话题。

\n

\"聊聊中年妇女性生活之性趣\"

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    性生活是人类基本生命活动之一，虽说“不能当飯吃”，但也直接影响着人类的生活质量。正常的性心理、性活动有益身心健康，和谐的性生活有益于夫妻感情的恩爱和家庭的稳定。谈提高更年期和老年期生活质量，“性”是一个应该感兴趣的话题。

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    卵巢功能的衰退，雌激素分泌的缺乏直接或间接影响更年期女性的性表现和性功能。此外，更年期妇女的心理素质、文化背景、社会地位、家庭和人际关系等因素也发挥重要的影响作用。更年期妇女可能面临的性问题包括：1)性欲缺乏甚至性厌恶感；2)对抚触感觉迟钝；3)难以达到性兴奋；4)阴道干涩，性交痛；5)男方出现性功能障碍；6)性生活减少或终止等。

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解决上述问题的方法是：

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1 端正性观念，享用性权力

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   受长期封建礼教的束缚，许多中老年妇女认为年龄大了，儿孙绕膝，再有那种事就成“老不要脸”了。其实，女人和男人一样，中老年女性和年轻女性一样，同样享有性权力，应该有性欲望，应该享受主动的性要求，应该享受性愉悦。不要压抑和束缚自己。

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2 学习性知识，提高性能力

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   人类的性活动不同于动物本能，也并非“无师自通”。以科学的态度对待性，知识会改变你的生活甚至人生。更年期只是排卵和月经的逐步终止，是生殖能力的丧失，而决不是性能力的终止。性欲和经历性快感的能力是一种终生拥有的属性和本能，但需要主动地唤起，性能力需要积极的调动和利用，放弃则无异于丧失。对于性生活中的不顺利，应不耻询问，问医生、问书本，科学会帮你走出误区，增加性技巧、提高性本领。

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3 感情是最好的催情药

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   中老年夫妻的“性”更需要爱来维系，因为他或她在性上可能都会有一些不如意了。彼此冷淡、嫌弃、埋怨对双方都有百害而无一益。需要互相体贴、互相尊重，以积极的态度解决具体问题，携手渡过这一转折时期，爱会使他们的性更美好。性交不是全部，没有性交的性爱也许更温馨、持久，伴你到很老。

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4 用点儿人工润滑剂

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   医院里往往没有人工润滑剂，但药方和性保健品店均有售。别不好意思！做买卖的总不会笑话买货的人，反倒是希望更多的人来买。

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5 雌激素可滋养阴道粘膜

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   可选用局部用雌激素软膏，既可有效改善阴道干涩症状，又可抑制阴道炎的反复发作。

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悄悄话：

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绝经后，不必担忧意外妊娠，不再有过重的工作压力，孩子另立家业，夫妻又回到了二人世界，可以尽情享受“第二次蜜月”。

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女性性能力曲线告诉你――还没到性功能下降的时候！不要过早下阵。

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保持规律的性生活能保持阴道的润滑和扩张，是维持性魅力，保持性能力的有效方法。

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性交绝不是性爱的全部，性满足也不单单由性交来实现。

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   完成生育任务的中年女性们，落实避孕措施是项重要的工作，否则时不时光顾人流手术室，实在不是什么光彩的事，由此看来“绝经后还用避孕吗”这个问题已经有了明确答案：

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 \"绝经后还用避孕吗—围绝经期避孕“着陆”\"

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    在更年期，随卵巢功能的逐步衰退，卵巢排卵由减少渐至停止，子宫内膜相对萎缩，受孕可能逐渐变小，但偶尔也会出现一次排卵而发生怀孕，况且随年龄增加，病理妊娠如葡萄胎、畸胎等的发病率也明显增加，因此绝经前仍不能完全放弃避孕。

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    40岁以上的妇女，特别是肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟者均不宜使用激素类避孕药，以减少血栓病发生的可能。对不再想要孩子的夫妇而言，建议使用宫内节育器或接受手术绝育。

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\"绝经后还用避孕吗—围绝经期避孕“着陆”\"

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    月经停止一年就判为绝经，绝经就标志着生育能力的完全停止，所以从此不用避孕了。一年左右不来月经，“环”就要考虑取出了。

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    绝经后子宫会萎缩变小，而宫内节育器不会变小，就象大脚穿小鞋似的不相称了。环嵌在子宫里会引起腹痛、出血、感染、积脓，有时环还能穿透子宫壁，甚至损伤腹腔内肠管和膀胱等脏器。常有人担心，“环”会不会长到肉里去，一般是不会的，取环前做B超如果环的位置正常，通常取出是不困难的。有人子宫口过小，大夫在术前会采取一些软化宫颈的措施，对于有经验的大夫来说通常也会很顺利的。

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 \"绝经后还用避孕吗—围绝经期避孕“着陆”\"

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节育器须知：

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新型的宫内节育器通常为‘T’型、带尾丝，使用寿命约7~10年，便于取出。

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绝经多年才想到取环，属于高危情况，需住院手术。

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有一种含孕激素的环可以在围绝经期放置，对激素替代过程中的子宫内膜有保护作用。

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【空姐准妈妈挺大肚拍毕业照  你认为这是人生赢家吗？】16潘红莉在上大三的时候，被航空公司录取成为空姐，随后顺利结婚、怀孕。毕业季，22岁的潘红莉再回母校拍摄毕业照，怀孕7个月的她站在姐妹中满脸幸福。闺蜜们还准备了母婴用品作为礼物，让毕业照多了几分可爱、温馨。

\n

 

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\"空姐准妈妈挺大肚拍毕业照

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\"空姐准妈妈挺大肚拍毕业照

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\"空姐准妈妈挺大肚拍毕业照

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\"空姐准妈妈挺大肚拍毕业照

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 关于此事，且看网友如何评论：

\n

KKK小巴：去年下半年被录取成空姐，现在怀孕七个月，我想知道哪个航空公司这么背

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子衿同学shiyy：二十二岁怀孕七个月，每个人都有人生选择，但我不羡慕这样的人生。

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HH正在变瘦变白变美丽：每次看到这种消息是会觉得祝福他们的但是并不羡慕。不知道媒体为什么会把这类新闻捧成人生赢家。每个人要走的路不同，与其将大学就业恋爱结婚生娃用加速键杂糅到一起，我更愿意慢慢享受每个阶段

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枫叶2013_93267：媒体和学校的意思是这样，在大学里你能生就生，不要去堕胎了

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看新闻学知识：最佳生育年龄

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    遗传学的研究表明母亲年龄过小，自身尚未完全发育成熟，对孩子的发育也会有不良影响；另外从培养的角度讲，父母社会经历的薄弱也会直接影响到儿童的智力教育。但也不可年龄过大，母亲年龄过大，胎儿智力发育障碍的发生率就会增加，有可能造成智力低下和其他神经系统发育异常。

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    一般来说，女性怀孕年龄在23～30岁之间为好。因为随着年龄的增加，卵细胞也会衰老，卵子染色体衰退，一些遗传疾病发生的机会随之增加。

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    同样，父亲的年龄也不能过大。男子年龄过大，精子的活力会减退，胎儿各种疾病的发生率亦会相对增大，如精子异常，受孕后容易发生流产、早产和婴儿先天畸形，还会发生软骨发育不全、先天性耳聋和先天性心脏病等。

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2016122日因为自己原因导致一直是吃二甲双胍格华止每日2次。直到今天才发现这个错误，2月2日当地做B超，医生说已经排了，还给我开了黄体酮，我吃了大概三天后不放心改吃达芙通，每日2次。这两天我体温都是37.3℃。

请问一下：1我是否需要二甲双胍改为1日3次。2、目前达芙通是否可以继续吃谢谢鲍医生！

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