{"countAll":0,"orderType":null,"readLevel":"0","lyTopicReq":{"id":"1937","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":null,"content":null,"barId":"1937","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1036","readLevel":0,"files":null,"clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},"lyBarModerators":{"list":[],"list4Map":null,"pageBegin":0,"pageSize":8,"pageNumber":0,"totalPage":0,"totalRow":0},"metaSearch":{"description":"为您提供:怎样预防尿毒症的发生_怎样预防尿毒症?_平时怎么预防尿毒症等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"怎样预防尿毒症的发生_怎样预防尿毒症?_平时怎么预防尿毒症","title":"怎样预防尿毒症的发生_怎样预防尿毒症?_平时怎么预防尿毒症","channels":null},"data":{"list":[{"id":"2705","isDel":0,"createAt":1486395144756,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"日常生活中如何预防尿毒症","content":"

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　　我们说，尿毒症是肾功能衰竭发展到最严重的阶段，也就是说尿毒症的发生和发展是随着肾脏被损害程度不断加重的，“早发现，早治疗”所以前期发现症状就显得尤为重要，那么尿毒症早期症状到底有哪些？

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　　1、胃口不佳，厌食，恶心

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　　长期的毒素在体内潴留会影响到消化系统功能，早期患者常见于胃口不佳，不思饮食或者吃点就饱。随着病情的发展这一症状会更严重，会出现呕吐，恶心，腹部闷胀等等情况。

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　　2、经常性的感觉疲劳，乏力、头疼

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　　由于细胞功能受到影响致使代谢失衡，长期有害物质在体内滞留会引起神经细胞病变、酸碱代谢失衡、电解质杂乱以及肾性高血压等。这些并发性的疾病常常会造成患者头昏、头疼、乏力、疲劳、记忆力减退等症状。而这些症状对于年轻人来说往往觉得是头一天没睡好，或者是工作劳累，生活压力大造成的。以为只要好好休息就可得到缓解，所以特别容易被忽视。

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　　3、高血压

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　　如果有经常头晕、眼花、耳鸣还伴有高血压的朋友就一定要引起重视了。因为我们都知道肾脏的主要功能是排钠、排尿。而当肾功能受到损伤的时候，体内就会出现水钠潴留，致使血容量增大导致高血压。另外，由于肾脏自身的缺血缺氧致使肾素的分泌增多，进而导致肾脏分泌的升高血压的物质增多，降低血压的物质减少。因此，尿毒症病人早期会有不同程度的高血压。

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　　4、面色泛黄

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　　这点的主要原因是由于贫血导致的。由于处于尿毒症期的患者体内的有毒代谢产物潴留，致使红细胞被破坏或寿命缩短，加之生成红细胞的数量减少和各种出血症状导致了患者贫血症状的发生。这一点较为不明显，很多患者在短期内并不会太注意这个症状。

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　　5、尿量减少，上厕所次数变少

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　　很多人觉得喝水多了自然上厕所次数就多，喝水少了，尿量就少。因此不会刻意的注意尿量的多少，其实不然。一般情况下，正常人尿量应该保持在1000mL—2000mL，而上厕所次数一般白天为4-6次，晚上为0-2次。尿毒症患者由于肾脏的滤过功能下降，一部分患者会出现随着病情加重尿量逐渐减少的情况。还有一部分患者尿量是正常的，但是由于肾脏的功能下降了，所以尿的质量也就下降了，尿液中排出的毒素减少，体内过多的废物由于排不出去潴留在体内进而导致了患者体质和病情的进一步恶化。

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　　6、身体出现浮肿

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　　这个症状虽然容易察觉，但是也可能被忽视。浮肿也是由于肾脏不能排除体内多余的水分，致使水分滞留在组织间隙内。早期患者经常表现为起床后的眼睑浮肿，脚踝处浮肿，但是经过休息后又消失了。严重的患者表现为小腿浮肿或全身性的浮肿。很多人觉得是第一天太过劳累或者睡觉姿势不对所致，不会特别在意。当然，浮肿的原因是很多的，这点还需要患者仔细辨别。

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　　尿毒症的检查方法

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　　尿毒症是一种比较难治疗的疾病，因此我们如何能够降低尿毒症的治疗难度呢？还需要我们及早的发现疾病才行。下面，让我们通过本篇文章来详细了解一下关于尿毒症的相关检查，帮助患者在日常及早的发现疾病。

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　　1、血液检查

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　　①尿素氮、肌酐增高。

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　　②血红蛋白一般在80g/L以下，终末期可降至20-30g/L，可伴有血小板降低或白细胞偏高。

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　　③动脉血液气体，酸碱测定；晚期常有PH值下降、AB、SB及BE均降低，PaCO2呈代偿性降低。

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　　④血浆蛋白可正常或降低。⑤电解质测定可出现异常。

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　　2、尿液检查

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　　①尿常规改变可因基础病因不同而有所差异，可有蛋白尿、红、白细胞或管型，也可以改变不明显。

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　　②尿比重多在1.018以下，尿毒症时固定在1.010~1.012之间，夜间尿量多于日间尿量。

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　　3、肾功能测定

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　　①肾小球滤过率、内生肌酐清除率降低。

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　　②核素肾图，肾扫描及闪烁照相亦有助于了解肾功能。

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　　③酚红排泄试验及尿浓缩稀释试验均减退。

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　　④纯水清除率测定异常。

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　　如何远离尿毒症？

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　　尿毒症是肾脏功能损伤的终末期，肾脏一旦受损，基本上是无法逆转的，如果受损的情况比较严重，就会引起肾衰竭，直至尿毒症。所以在平时的生活中我们需要时刻注意保护自己的肾。

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　　首先我们需要养成良好的生活习惯，良好的作息习惯是每天充沛精力的保证，作息时间不规律会增加肾脏的负担，容易引起肾脏的疾病。不要喝碳酸饮料，碳酸饮料除了会导致钙质的流失以外，还会增加患肾病的风险，所以我们应该尽量不喝或者少喝碳酸饮料。如果有肾脏方面的疾病应该及时治疗，切不可不重视，要积极治疗，很多尿毒症都是由肾脏的其他疾病转化的。尤其对于老年的肾病患者，肾脏已经老化，自我恢复能力比较差，更应该注意平时的保健。尿路系统的感染，有时候会逆行感染，影响到肾脏，引起肾脏的损伤，所以如果有了这方面的疾病，需要及时的进行治疗。肾脏功能的减退有一些早期的症状需要我们引起注意，如果平时我们老是感觉自己乏力疲劳，有的时候我们会认为是头一天没有休息好或者工作太累引起的，但是有可能是肾脏受损引起的，需要引起注意。尤其是女性的患者，往往在早期的时候出现贫血的情况，这是由于体内的代谢产物和有毒物质的沉积，对红细胞的破坏引起的。当我们出现了这种症状的时候，需要排查肾脏的原因。由于肾脏受损会导致有毒物质在体内沉积，就有可能伤害到消化系统，所以当我们出现了胃口不佳，恶心等这些消化系统不适症状的话，也应该相应的考虑到肾脏的原因。

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　　平时应该多喝水，有利于体内毒素和代谢物质的排除，避免在肾脏的沉积，对肾脏进行损伤，适当的体育锻炼，可以加速血液循环，体内代谢，增加免疫力，同时通过汗液，也可将废物和毒素排出，减轻肾脏的负担。对肾脏的保护是一个长期的坚持的过程，最重要是养成良好的习惯。

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 全球3.5亿慢性乙肝病毒携带者，我国占1/3，居世界第一位。透析患者因自身因素造成对乙肝病毒易感：长期透析患者存在细胞免疫缺陷，严重贫血、低白蛋白血症、透析不充分和营养不良等，所以维持性血液透析患者HBV感染率明显高于健康人群和慢性肾脏病非透析患者。

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    要预防乙肝病毒感染，除了医护人员正规操作、严格消毒外，患者应：1、尽量减少输血；2、透析患者预防性接种乙型肝炎疫苗（0.1.2.6月肌肉注射40ug，注射部位为上臂三角肌。有些人抗体产生较晚，被称为应答迟缓。对此可加注1-2针，或者重新接种疫苗，并且适当增加剂量）；3、常规筛查并定期复查（3-6月）转氨酶和乙肝五项。

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    建立一条有效的血管通路是血液透析顺利进行的前提，有人称之为透析患者的生命线。血管通路有临时血管通路、半永久血管通路和永久性血透通路。临时性血管通路主要适用于急诊透析及等待永久血透通路手术及内瘘成熟前，股静脉置管一般放置2周以内，颈内静脉置管一般在6周以内；半永久血液通路主要指半永久插管，它维持时间较长，国内一般主张用6个月至1年。永久性血管通路可分为自体内瘘、移植血管内瘘等。

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    临时血管通路、半永久血管通路术后注意个人卫生及无菌揉作；切记勿使管子脱出，如缝线脱落，及时通知医师；腿部置管病人注意尽量不要大腿和身体呈90度夹角；如有血流不通，可予尿激酶10-30万单位封管；如果出现导管感染，可予抗生素和肝素混合封管。

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    内瘘日常注意：①内瘘侧肢体不宜负重。（蓼内瘘侧肢体保持清洁干燥，不能穿袖口窄、紧的衣服。内瘘侧肢体不要戴手表首饰等。③要养成早晚观察内瘘是否通畅的习惯，可用手轻触摸、用耳朵听，如震颤或杂音消失，及时通知医师，一般6h以内还有机会再通。④睡眠时注意不要使内瘘侧肢体受压。⑤每次透析前肥皂水清洗穿刺部位皮肤。⑥透析后按压半小时左右，或在医护人员指导下按压，不可盲目延长按压时间，否则容易内瘘血栓。⑦透析当天不要清洗穿刺部位，以免感染。如果内痿穿刺处局部出现红肿热痛，及时通知医师。

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 (l)首次来我科透析患者必须携带传染病（乙肝丙肝梅毒艾滋病）检查结果；最好同时携带凝血四项和血常规结果；携带身份证或身份证号码。

(2) 有身体出血如尿血、便血、鼻出血、皮肤瘀斑等需要告知我科接诊医生；近期如果做过手术或准备手术也需要告知我科接诊医生；有出血倾向的患者需要在医生指导下应用低分子肝素或阿加曲班。

 (3)饮食：患者进行透析治疗，和之前非透析治疗饮食不同，透析患者需要优质高蛋白饮食、高热量、低盐低钾低磷饮食。透析时的饮食：透析2小时后一般需要进食，可进面食、红薯、糖块等，但低血压患者不要进食过多。

(4)透析间期（即两次透析治疗之间）体重增长：严格控制水分摄入，每天体重增长不超过1公斤，体重增长过多容易导致心衰发作、透析过程中低血压等急性以及长期并发症发生。

(5)关于降压药物的应用：一般而言，若上午透析，早上降压药物减量或不用；下午透析，中午降压药物减量或不用。

 (6)关于糖尿病患者胰岛素应用：因透析液是无糖溶液，透析过程中容易出现低  血糖反应，故可能透析当天的胰岛素用量需要调整，请与医师沟通。

(7)血液净化治疗有多种治疗模式，其中最常见的是透析治疗，其他常见治疗还有：透析滤过( HDF，双泵)、血液灌流等。透析，滤过主要清除中分子毒素，血液灌流主要清除大分子毒素，为防止尿毒症患耆心脑血管病等多种并发症的发生，建议尿毒症患者，应每周3次透析治疗，其中包括1-3次透析滤过；每月至少1次血液灌流治疗。


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\"11b2ceb2-4a8b-4172-9337-630370d190a7.jpg\"/

定期体检：常规的血压、血常规、尿常规、肝肾功能检测就能发现早期肾脏病的蛛丝马迹

多喝水：多饮水保障肾脏有效血液灌注，多排尿可以促进代谢产物的排出
该吃的药一个不能少，不该吃的“补药”一样不要碰。所谓的补药能免则免，真要补肾的话，在尿量允许的情况下多饮水，水才是“软黄金”

合理饮食：低蛋白饮食和严格限盐。尿毒症患者每天每千克体重进食蛋白质0.6克加酮酸；盐每天3克
搬走尿毒症的三座大山：高血压、蛋白尿、贫血是尿毒症的三座大山，搬走三座大山有效延缓肾功能恶化

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