![\"小儿疝气男孩发病率高于女孩\"](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1512270462961.jpg\" "\\"小儿疝气男孩发病率高于女孩\\"")
小儿疝气男孩发病率高于女孩。“疝”是指人体正常的组织或脏器通过潜在的腔隙或薄弱区域，由原来的部位移位到其他的部位所形成的疾病。在各种种类的疝中，俗称“小肠气”的腹股沟疝差不多占了95%，另外还有切口疝、脐疝、盆底疝、膈疝等。腹股沟疝在小孩和成年人均可发生，是指腹腔内的脏器通过腹股沟区的薄弱区域突出到皮下形 成的包块和相应的症状。
小儿疝气即小儿腹股沟疝气，中国疝气康复网指出，只要是男的，就有可能发生疝气，年龄越大发生的几率也越大。
由于男孩的睾丸是在出生前才通过腹股沟管降至阴囊的，随之下移的腹膜则形成鞘状突。若鞘状突在婴儿出生后还没有闭锁，或闭锁不全，反而成为较大 的腔隙，腹腔内容物就会从这里突向体表，而形成疝气。又因为右侧睾丸下降比左侧略晚，鞘状突闭锁也较迟，故右侧腹股沟疝气较多。当然，女孩也可因腹壁薄弱 形成疝气，只是发病率相对低一些。
疝气分为直接型、间接型两种，直接型是由腹壁薄弱造成的，常见于中老年人。小儿疝气95%以上属间接型，俗称脱肠或坠肠，是小儿外科手术中最常见的，约占总手术的50%。形成的原因是胎儿在母体发育期间，睾丸由腹腔向下延伸至腹股沟再进入阴囊，形成腹腔和阴囊相通的管道，即俗称的疝气囊。而女宝宝则是腹膜鞘状突由腹腔延伸到大阴唇处。女宝宝疝气囊会沿着圆韧带走，从而产生疝气或水肿，严重时可合并卵巢、输卵管甚至子宫掉入疝气囊的情况。
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大部分婴儿出生后此构造逐渐关闭，但有一部分则没有封闭。如果腹腔内容物如小肠等经由此构造进入腹股沟，甚至到了阴囊，就形成了疝气。若此构造虽未封闭但很细小，则可能只有腹水流入，形成阴囊水肿。
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疼痛是最常见的症状
\n除了这种先天性应封闭而未封的腹膜鞘状突之外，另一个构成腹股沟疝气的必要条件是腹压增大。最常见的原因是小孩因哭闹、咳嗽、排便或运动时形成腹部压力增加，使得腹腔内的肠子、网膜、卵巢或腹水被推进疝气袋内，产生腹股沟区域的一个突出肿块。此时较大的孩子会叫痛，较小的婴幼儿则以无原因的哭闹来表现。一旦停止哭闹或运动，疝气袋内的肠水会因腹压下降而自动复位、肿块消失。
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消失的肿块
\n由于肿块有时出现有时消失，无经验的父母不一定能在第一时间察觉，往往在小儿科门诊接受例行的预防针注射、学校健康检查或孩子哭闹不安送急诊时才被发现。出现症状的时机视腹膜鞘状突大小而定，腹膜鞘状突较大者可能出生后不久即发生疝气，腹膜鞘状突较小者可能等形成相通的阴囊积水或孩子较大时才产生。所以，疝气形成的时机可能发生在婴幼儿身上，也可能发生在青少年身上。
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早产儿、隐睾症患病几率高
\n早产儿因腹膜鞘状突未闭前就承受较大腹压或因肌膜较软弱，所以疝气的发生率也特别高(约30%)。而隐睾症的患儿因睾丸下降不正常，连带腹膜鞘状突的封闭也不正常，所以也有较高的疝气发生率(约80)%。
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检查方法
\n在门诊检查怀疑宝宝有疝气时，可让患儿站立或吹气球，模拟腹压增加的状态，如在腹股沟看到鼓起肿块，则可能有疝气。若婴幼儿无法配合时，可平躺于检查台上，故意让婴幼儿哭泣或用力，再仔细触摸阴囊或腹股沟区域，若有疝气囊存在，会有丝质手套互相摩擦的感觉。
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阴囊水肿则可摸到一固定的水囊，若用手电筒照此水肿囊块，呈透明状。绝大部分的腹股沟疝气触诊就可明确，如果要和睾丸肿瘤、静脉曲张和腹股沟淋巴结肿大鉴别诊断，可安排超声波检查。
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男宝宝因在胚胎期间右侧睾丸下降较晚，因此伴随的腹膜鞘状突较易产生未闭合现象，所以无论疝气或隐睾症的发生率都是右侧多于左侧，右侧、左侧、双侧的比例约为6：3：1。女宝宝疝气发生率低于男宝宝，但两侧都发生疝气的比例高于男宝宝。
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脐疝气
\n脐疝气是发生率仅次腹股沟疝气的另一种形态的腹壁缺损。因为脐环扩大只有皮肤、皮下组织覆盖在肚脐，所以婴幼儿一哭，小肠就从扩大的脐环向外突出。这种脐疝气很少造成肠阻塞及坏死，且多半在1～2岁会逐渐愈合，所以不必急于手术矫正。
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股疝气
\n股疝气是腹股沟韧带缺损所造成，少见于婴幼儿，女宝宝得的几率高于男宝宝。因容易产生小肠坏死后遗症，需经医师小心诊治及开刀治疗。
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谁是高危险群？
\n早产或出生体重过低、家族遗传、胎便性腹膜炎、肝硬化并发腹水、水脑症接受脑室腹腔引流、泌尿生殖系统畸形、隐睾、尿道下裂或上裂、结缔组织疾病如凡氏症候群等宝宝，疝气发生率高。
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治疗方式
\n需要通过手术修补，而且越早越好。疝气需要手术的原因是“防患于未然”，若肠子或其他腹内容物卡在疝气囊内回不去，就会出现嵌顿现象，此时就会引起疼痛。如果卡得太久或太紧，就会造成肠道血液循环受阻，进而造成肠阻塞、坏死，产生呕吐、心跳加快、发烧的情形，甚至排血便直至造成休克。这时就必须马上手术治疗，以免产生败血症导致生命危险。
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就女宝宝而言，卵巢、输卵管也可能因卡得太久而造成坏死，影响日后生育能力。而且腹膜鞘状突会随着年龄及腹压增加而越来越大，肠道常掉入疝气囊造成胀气及消化吸收的问题。
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术后照顾
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手术后伤口不必换药，5天内以擦拭来清洁身体。5天后可淋浴，1周后复诊即可。由于疝气修补伤口感染率低，术后只需用1~2天的止痛药即可。小儿疝气伤口小又浅，一般不会痛，有些小病人手术后半天即可下床玩耍。
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1.小儿疝气有可能会在出生后数天、数月或数年后发生。
\n2.通常在小孩哭闹、剧烈运动、大便干结时，在腹股沟处会有一突起块状肿物，有时会延伸至阴囊或阴唇部位；在平躺或用手按压时会自行消失。
\n3.一旦疝块发生嵌顿（疝气包块无法回纳）则会出现腹痛、恶心、呕吐、发烧，厌食或哭闹、烦躁不安。
\n4.小儿疝气发病初期，当幼儿平卧安静时肿物可消失；随着腹内压力的继续增高，肿物可下降到阴囊里。这时如果能解除腹内压增高的因素，并让患儿平卧，或轻轻地将肿物往腹腔方向推送，肿物则可通过睾丸下降时的那条通道返回到腹腔，肿物消失，这种情况称为可复性疝气。
\n5.如果肿物不能返纳腹腔，就会出现腹痛加剧，哭闹不止，继而出现呕吐、腹胀、排便不畅等肠梗阻症状，在腹股沟或阴囊内可见椭圆形肿物，质地硬，触痛明显；嵌顿时间久者皮肤可见红肿，若长时间肠管不能回纳则有可能出现肠管缺血坏死等严重并发症
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![\"mp47909481_1449812707881_2_th.jpeg\"](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486303934559.jpeg\" "\\"1486303934559.jpeg\\"")
常见症状：腹股沟部或阴囊处出现肿物、便秘、可有腹痛 1.小儿疝气有可能会在出生后数天、数月或数年后发生。
2.通常在小孩哭闹、剧烈运动、大便干结时，在腹股沟处会有一突起块状肿物，有时会延伸至阴囊或阴唇部位；在平躺或用手按压时会自行消失。
3.一旦疝块发生嵌顿（疝气包块无法回纳）则会出现腹痛、恶心、呕吐、发烧，厌食或哭闹、烦躁不安。
4.小儿疝气发病初期，当幼儿平卧安静时肿物可消失；随着腹内压力的继续增高，肿物可下降到阴囊里。这时如果能解除腹内压增高的因素，并让患儿平卧，或轻轻地将肿物往腹腔方向推送，肿物则可通过睾丸下降时的那条通道返回到腹腔，肿物消失，这种情况称为可复性疝气。
5.如果肿物不能返纳腹腔，就会出现腹痛加剧，哭闹不止，继而出现呕吐、腹胀、排便不畅等肠梗阻症状，在腹股沟或阴囊内可见椭圆形肿物，质地硬，触痛明显；嵌顿时间久者皮肤可见红肿，若长时间肠管不能回纳则有可能出现肠管缺血坏死等严重并发症。
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![\"u=91901328,3225936488&fm=214&gp=0.jpg\"/](\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486303354389.jpg\" "\\"1486303354389.jpg\\"")
当孩子刚刚患上小儿疝气的时候，由于疝气的症状表现并不明显，家长们很难发现自己的孩子已经患上疝气。所以这就要求家长们能够对小儿疝气的早期症状有所了解。
早期小儿疝气的症状：
症状一、当幼儿平卧安静时肿物可消失；随着腹内压力的继续增高，肿物可下降到阴囊里。这时如果能解除腹内压增高的因素，并让患儿平卧，或轻轻地将肿物往腹腔方向推送，肿物则可通过睾丸下降时的那条通道返回到腹腔，肿物消失，这种情况称为可复性疝气。
早期小儿疝气的症状：
症状二、如果肿物不能返纳腹腔，就会出现腹痛加剧，哭闹不止，继而出现呕吐、腹胀、排便不畅等肠梗阻症状，在腹股沟或阴囊内可见椭圆形肿物，质地硬，触痛明显；嵌顿时间久者皮肤可见红肿，若长时间肠管不能回纳则有可能出现肠管缺血坏死等严重并发症。
如果家长朋友发现自己的孩子出现了以上的症状后，那么不要太过担心，先带着自己的孩子去医院做个检查。如果患上了疝气的话，家长们一定要帮助自己的孩子进行治疗，注意调整孩子们的心态。
小儿疝气症状：小儿疝气通常在小儿哭闹、剧烈运动、大便干结时，在腹股沟处会有一突起块状肿物，有时会延伸至阴囊或阴唇部位；在平躺或用手按压时会自行消失。
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