{"type5":[],"type4":[{"id":"9164","isDel":0,"createAt":1513058959683,"createBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"海绵宝宝","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"消化道出血的患者怎样饮食呢","content":"<p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1513059759700.jpg\" title=\"消化道出血的患者怎样饮食呢\" alt=\"消化道出血的患者怎样饮食呢\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">一、饮食要有规律。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">对于消化道出血的患者来说要做到有规律的饮食，一日三餐要定时定量，这是非常关键的。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">二、饮食要清淡、新鲜，少吃腌菜。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">此类患者要做到以吃清淡的食物为主，这一点一定要引起重视。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">三、少吃或不吃辛辣刺激性的食物。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">不能吃一些含刺激性的食物，不能吃辣椒等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">四、少吃生冷油腻之品。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">也不能吃油腻和生冷的食物，这些都会使得消化道出血的患者病情加重。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">五、食物要软，避免坚硬。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">要注意去吃一些容易消化的食物，这样是有利于身体的康复的。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">六、不空腹喝牛奶。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">牛奶虽然可以给身体补充营养，但是不能空腹喝，还要注意戒烟戒酒。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">七、不喝浓茶、咖啡。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">咖啡也是带有一定的刺激性的，对于消化道出血的患者来说是不要喝的。浓茶、咖啡也是胃病患者所不宜饮用的，有这方面习惯的患者应该逐渐改变。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1379,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1513058959688,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1513058959688,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"4620","isDel":0,"createAt":1486364437472,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"消化道出血如何饮食注意事项有哪些","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　</p><p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364822937.jpg\" title=\"1486364822937.jpg\" alt=\"timg (1).jpg\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　消化道出血疾病的发生和人们日常的生活饮食是息息相关的，这样的疾病发生之后再如得不到有效的控制，那么也有可能会危及到患者的生命，所以对于消化道出血我们不要忽视，要及时正确地采取治疗措施，争取早日得到康复，一起来了解消化道出血疾病的食疗方法有什么?</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">消化道出血如何食疗一、红烧龟肉：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　食材：乌龟1只，约250～500克重，葱、姜、冰糖适量。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　制作方法：乌龟去头和内脏，洗净，切块。先以素油煸炒，加姜、葱、冰糖等调料，然后再烹酱油、黄酒，加水适量，以小火煨炖，直至烧烂即可。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　疗效：本方具有益阴补血功效，适用于便血之阴虚患者。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">消化道出血如何食疗二、藕粉糕：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　食材：藕粉、糯米粉、白糖各25克。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　制作方法：藕粉、糯米粉、白糖以水和成面团，入笼蒸熟，任意煮食或煎食均可。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　疗效：本方有补中益气、凉血止血之效，适用于气虚血滞者。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">消化道出血如何食疗三、甜咸小白菜汁：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　食材：小白菜250克，食盐、白糖少许，</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　制作方法：小白菜洗净，切碎，以食盐腌拌10分钟，用清洁纱布绞取汁液，加白糖适量。一日三次，空腹饮用。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　疗效：本方具有温胃制酸、凉血止血之功，适用于胃、十二指肠溃疡的出血。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">消化道出血如何食疗四、三七藕蛋羹：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　食材：鲜藕汁1小杯，三七粉5克，生鸡蛋1个</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　制作方法：鲜藕汁加水适量煮沸，三七粉与生鸡蛋调匀入沸汤中，加少量油盐。每日两餐佐食用。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　疗效：本方止血功效在于凉血化瘀，治胃热出血。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">消化道出血如何食疗五、酒炖鳗鱼：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　食材：鳗鱼500克，黄酒500毫升</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　制作方法：鳗鱼去鳃肠内脏，洗净，放入锅中加黄酒，水适量，小火煮至熟烂。少加食盐、蘸醋食用。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　疗效：本方具有补虚劳、退虚热之效，适用于阴虚内热血便患者。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　上面的文章内容已经为大家总结了消化道出血疾病的食疗方法，希望了解了这些可以帮助消化道出血疾病患者早日远离这样的疾病摆脱疾病的困扰。一旦出现这样的疾病后一定要重视起来，积极的治疗此病，这样才是最为关键的。</p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1545,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486364437477,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486364437472,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"4024","isDel":0,"createAt":1486365230426,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"急性上消化道出血该怎样护理？","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">1. 一般予以平卧、吸氧、保暖、禁食。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">2. 进行心理护理(心理安慰)。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">3. 记录出血的量与次数,观察神志、尿量、皮肤的变化,监测生命体征。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">4.做好胃管、三腔管、尿管的护理(有护理经验人员可做)。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">5.根据病情调节输液、输血的量与速度。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">6.饮食护理,一般出血停止24小时后可逐渐进食低温流食、半流食、软食,宜选高热量、高蛋白、高维生素的食物。</p><h2 style=\"margin: 40px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 24px; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(214, 214, 216); text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">注意事项</h2><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">1.注意保暖。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">2.门脉高压出血患者烦躁时慎用镇静剂。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">3.绝对卧床休息至出血停止。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">4.一定要耐心细致地做好解释工作,安慰体贴患者的疾苦,消除紧张、恐惧心理。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">5.大量出血时应及时配血、备血,准备双气囊三腔管备用(护理人员注意)。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">6.污染被服应随时更换,以避免不良刺激。</p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1438,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486365230428,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486365230426,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"3215","isDel":0,"createAt":1486365137627,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"消化道出血家庭护理注意事项","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486366129961.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486366129961.jpg\" alt=\"timg (1).jpg\" /></p>\n<p class=\"target\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'microsoft yahei'; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; background-color: #ffffff;\">&nbsp; 1.休息与体位：</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; font-family: 'microsoft yahei'; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; background-color: #ffffff;\">大量出血病人应绝对卧床休息。采取舒适体位或平卧位，可将下肢略抬高，以保证脑部供血。 呕血时头偏向一侧，避免误吸，保证呼吸道通畅。</p>\n<p class=\"target\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'microsoft yahei'; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; background-color: #ffffff;\">2.治疗护理：</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; font-family: 'microsoft yahei'; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; background-color: #ffffff;\">迅速建立有效静脉通道，监测输液速度及时、准确地补充血容量。给予止血类药物。输液开始时宜快，必要时测定中心静脉压来调整输液量和速度，避免引起急性肺水肿</p>\n<p class=\"target\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'microsoft yahei'; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; background-color: #ffffff;\">3.严密观察病情变化：</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; font-family: 'microsoft yahei'; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; background-color: #ffffff;\">密切观察生命体征的变化。并注意观察皮肤颜色及肢端温度变化。注意观察尿量，准确记录出入量。</p>\n<p class=\"target\" style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-weight: bold; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: 'microsoft yahei'; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; background-color: #ffffff;\">4.心理护理：</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; font-family: 'microsoft yahei'; vertical-align: baseline; color: #333333; white-space: normal; text-indent: 2em; background-color: #ffffff;\">减轻恐惧心理。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1296,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486365137628,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486365137627,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"2481","isDel":0,"createAt":1486365054767,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"上消化道出血家庭急救","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486365830367.jpg\" title=\"1486365830367.jpg\" alt=\"bki-20131230155657-421478773.jpg\"/></p><p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　出游遇意外&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"color:#ffffff\">中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/6/view-2880390.htm</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　五一期间，李老师一家驱车去郊外游玩。到达目的地不久，精神不错的李大爷却突然感到不舒服，头昏、心悸、恶心，口渴，还呕出了少量的鲜血。随后去了一趟厕所，说是拉出了黑便。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　对父亲病情有所了解的李老师，马上拿出睡袋，让父亲平卧，并在父亲的脚部垫枕头，让父亲头低脚高，这有利于下肢血液回流至心脏，首先保证大脑的血液的供应。并嘱咐爱人孩子不要流露紧张的神色，同时拔打“120”电话求救。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　由于李老师处理得当，李大爷到达医院后，经医生精心护理，很快就痊愈回家，共享天伦了。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　上消化道出血的成因&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　上消化道出血主要表现为呕血和黑便。常由胃，十二指肠球部溃疡，肝硬化合并食道静脉或胃底静脉曲张破裂，以及胃癌等引起。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　病人于出血前，多数伴恶心、上腹部不适或疼痛。出血量多者可出现头昏，眼花、出冷汗、全身乏力，面色苍白，脉搏细速和血压下降等。呕出的血往往呈暗红色并混有食物残渣(如出血急、量多，则也可呈鲜红色)，大便呈咖啡色或柏油样。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　应采取的措施&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　1　对于病人突然发病，要实施家庭救护，并及时打“120”电话。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　2　呕血时，病人的头偏向一侧，以免血液吸入气管引起窒息；同时注意保暖，禁食和禁止饮水。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　3　让病人静卧，消除其紧张情绪，注意给病人保暖，让其保持平卧。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　4　病人的呕吐物或粪便要暂时保留，粗略估计其总量，并留取部分标本待就医时化验。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　5　少搬动病人，更不能让病人走动，同时严密观察病人的意识、呼吸，脉搏，并快速通知急救中心。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　6　吐血时，最好让病人漱口，并用冷水袋冷敷心窝处。此时不能饮水，可含化冰块。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　7　对已发生休克者，应及时清除其口腔内的积血，防止血液吸入气管而造成窒息。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　专家提醒：老年人器官储备功能低下，加之老年人常有脑动脉硬化，高血压病、冠心病、慢性支气管炎等老年性疾病，虽出血量不大，也引起多器官功能衰竭，增加了死亡危险因素。这些基本的急救措施加之急救医生的科学救治，一定能最大限度地挽救病人的生命。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　TIPS：引起老年人上消化道出血的原因&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　1　消化性溃疡：占首位(约占50％左右)。出血是溃疡病活动的表现，是由于溃疡周围小血管充血，破列所致。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　2　食管病变：约有30％左右的食管静脉曲张患者出现上消化道出血并非是曲张的静脉破裂，而是由于同时合并的溃疡病或胃黏膜病变引起的。此外，老年人食管溃疡，食管癌均导致出血。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　3　出血性胃炎：老年人习惯服用阿斯匹林，消炎痛，保太松，布洛芬，氨茶碱，氯化钾，酒精及长期应用激素等，均可损伤胃黏膜而引起出血。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　4　胃恶性病变：如胃癌，胃肉瘤等，随着年龄的增长，老年人胃癌引起出血的发生率增高，主要由于癌组织缺血性坏死而致糜烂或溃疡侵蚀血管引起出血。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　5　其他：如严重肺心病，脑卒中等严重疾患；中毒，外伤等引起的应激性溃疡出血等。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　上消化道出血属急危重症，若抢救不及时容易危及患者生命，所以对于高危人群来说，平时就应该积极地进行预防，其预防原则如下：&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　1　应在医生指导下积极治疗原发病。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　2，生活要有规律；慎食生，冷、酸、辣和富含粗纤维的食物。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　3　注意药物的使用，应尽量少用或不用对胃有刺激性的药物，如必须使用时，应加用保持胃黏膜药物。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　4　要定期体检，以期发现早期病变，及时治疗。</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1630,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486365054769,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486365054767,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null}],"type3":[{"id":"13018","isDel":0,"createAt":1521182564623,"createBy":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"梅油油","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"春笋美味但也不要多吃    ","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">最近，鲜美可口的春笋大量上市了。油焖笋、咸笋头、春笋炖肉</span>……</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;就是</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">这几天，家里的餐桌是不是都已经被各种样式的笋给霸占了？但是</span>,春笋虽然美味，但如果吃得太多，也很有可能<strong>吃出消化道出血</strong>。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent: 32px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1521182936754.jpg\" title=\"春笋美味但也不要多吃    \" alt=\"春笋美味但也不要多吃    \" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">李师傅就是因为吃笋遭了罪。有一天中午，李师傅正在和家人吃饭，但是就在这时，意外出现了。</span>“当时家属告诉我，李师傅吃着吃着嘴角就流出来了鲜血，把他们吓了一跳而且慌了神。后来还是叫邻居打了120，送到了我们医院。”这几天春笋大批量的上市，李师傅接连着吃了好几天的笋后就出现了消化道出血。“这很有很可能就是吃笋引起的。好在送医及时，观察两天没什么事就回去了。”袁医师说。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">其实每一年到春笋上市的时候，消化内科的病人都会多出很多。这多出来的病人，有一部分就是因为吃笋吃太多引起的。春笋含有丰富的粗纤维，人体吃了有利于肠道的蠕动，但同时它也会对胃黏膜造成相对的损伤。吃进肚子消化的过程中，纤维素会和胃壁发生摩擦，就因为纤维素比较粗糙，在消化蠕动过程中极易损伤胃黏膜。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">春笋虽然很是美味，但是也千万不要吃太多。但是吃了笋后，如果出现胃部不舒服，比如胃部有疼痛感或者是灼烧感，再有就是反酸打嗝的情况，就不要再继续吃下去了。如果本身就有胃病的人，也不应该再吃笋了，不然胃病会加重。如果只是出现轻微不适，也可以吃些养胃的药；只要出现腹胀、疼痛明显，或者便黑，应该立即就医。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1442,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1521182564625,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1521182564625,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"13015","isDel":0,"createAt":1521181693297,"createBy":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"梅油油","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"喝酒喝吐 身体却出现一半血液  ","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">不久前，小伙小赵就和朋友喝完酒之后就<strong>出现了大口吐血</strong>，吐掉了身体里将近一半的血，险些没命。多亏抢救及时，医生把他从鬼门关拉了回来。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent: 32px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1521182190190.jpg\" title=\"喝酒喝吐 身体却出现一半血液  \" alt=\"喝酒喝吐 身体却出现一半血液  \" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">现在像小赵这样的人是比较多的，我们一年要收治近</span>1000例，每个月都需要紧急抢救的就会有几十个。在我们的急诊抢救室里，小伙子又吐了好几次血，大概出血量会有1500ml，一个人全身的血也就3000—3500ml，他就吐掉了将近一半，如果抢救的不及时的话，死亡率极有可能达到50%以上，相当于他有一只脚已经接近了鬼门关。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">消化道出血的病人大概可分为三类：一种是年老体弱的老年人，多半是莫名其妙就发生出血</span>;第二个是高血压、冠心病、脑血管病及风湿病等患者，他们必须得长期吃抗凝药或是解热镇痛药，并且这些药会损伤胃粘膜，非常容易引起出血;第三就是有一些不懂得爱惜自己的年轻人，吃饭不规律，喝酒不要命，爱吃辛辣食物，胃粘膜长时间刺激受损，也是特别容易出血。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在</span>10年前，这三类病人在临床上大概各占三分之一，但是，格局发生了非常大的变化。老年人们越来越重视养生保健，发生消化道出血的也很少了，大概只占到了一成。也许是因为现在生活条件好了，很多人都有点营养过剩了，得三高的人比较多了，所以因长期吃抗凝药或是解热镇痛药而发生消化道出血的人也随之增多，逐渐涨到了四成。所以，提醒这些长时间服药的病患，可以去问问自己的专科医生，问一问是否需要配合着用上保护胃粘膜的药，但是也要注重日常保健少得三高那是最好的。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">急性消化道出血家属应掌握基本急救知识和技能：</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">1.如果大量出血又没有及时送到医院，就要让患者静卧，消除病人的紧张情绪，注意一定给患者保暖，而且也要保持侧卧、取头低脚高位，也可在脚部垫枕头，与床面成30度角。呕血时，让患者的头要注意偏向一侧，以免血液吸入气管导致窒息。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">2.患者的呕吐物或者是粪便要暂时保留，粗略估计其中总量，而且留取部分标本待去医院检查时化验。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">3.尽量不要搬动患者，并且严密观察病患的意识、呼吸、脉搏，也要快速拨打急救电话。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">4.吐血时，最好可以让患者漱口，并且使用冷水袋冷敷心窝处。切记不可饮水，可含化冰块。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1772,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1521181693299,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1521181693299,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"12874","isDel":0,"createAt":1520317418795,"createBy":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"梅油油","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"麻辣烫也能吃出消化道出血  ","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">有很多朋友都喜欢吃麻辣烫，但是吃<strong>麻辣烫当心消化道出血</strong>。以下就是一则关乎性命的</span>“麻辣烫事件”</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent: 32px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1520317933319.jpg\" title=\"麻辣烫也能吃出消化道出血  \" alt=\"麻辣烫也能吃出消化道出血  \" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">在很冷的冬天，很多年轻人都喜欢来一碗麻辣烫。不过就是这一碗刚出锅的麻辣烫，就差点要了王某的命啊。那天正下雪，王某正在和朋友逛街突然又冷又饿，然后就来到一家饭店点了麻辣烫，还嘱咐让老板多放点辣椒。殊不知，王某刚吃完麻辣烫后，猛地就开始胃痛，嗓子和眼发咸，一阵剧烈咳嗽后，王某开始大口吐血不止，吐血量累计超过</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">1000</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">毫升，迅速送往医院后，才捡回来了性命。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\">　　</p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">吃麻辣烫当心消化道出血</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\">　</p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">王某吐血的原因竟然就是辛辣食物导致的急性胃黏膜病变。冬天是消化道出血高发季，人类在吃麻辣烫、麻辣火锅等食物时要小心一点，一周尽量不要超过一次。更为要提的是，千万要控制</span>“麻辣指数”，避免消化道出血等突发疾病。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\">　　</p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">麻辣烫是会伤害胃部，并且还特容易灼伤食道、口腔黏膜。假如在配上高粱酒等高浓度酒精，是会加重伤害食道。当胃酸、酒精以及麻辣烫继续加深对食道的损伤，促成胃与食道交接处的贲门撕裂伤。对于肠胃比较敏感的人群，因为麻辣烫是刺激性食物，特别能引起胃酸逆流、火烧心、胸闷等症状，为了一时的</span>“美味”，接下来好几天就得被迫“禁食”。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\">　　</p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">长期吃麻辣烫容易导致胃癌</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">胃癌的发病原因，其中包括幽门螺旋菌感染、遗传因素和环境因素等。如果常吃麻辣烫，就属于环境因素。又咸又辣的麻辣烫会伤害胃肠道正常功能，严重损伤胃黏膜，导致胃炎、胃溃疡。经常吃夜宵，或者晚餐吃得过晚，并且会对对胃部引起伤害，吃进去的食物，停留在胃中，会增加胃液大量分泌，从而刺激胃黏膜。这些不良好的饮食和生活习惯，都会加重患胃癌的风险。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\">　</p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">所以，麻辣烫虽然很好吃，但吃的是时候要注意个人身体情况，肠胃比较敏感的，就要少吃或者避免不吃。同时，也要尽量少吃，因为对胃部刺激较大，如果长时间吃的话，轻则会引起消化道出血，重则会导致胃癌的发生。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1750,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1520317418797,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1520317418797,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"9167","isDel":0,"createAt":1513060491376,"createBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"海绵宝宝","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"消化道出血如何进行急救","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1513060752273.jpg\" title=\"消化道出血如何进行急救\" alt=\"消化道出血如何进行急救\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">急性消化道出血是常见的病症之一。大多是由于消化道本身疾病引的。也有消化道邻近器官患病，如胰、胆的炎症或肿瘤等可引起消化道出血，少数是由于全身性疾病造成消化道局部出血。比如某些血液病、再障性贫血、血友病等等，又如，慢性肾病尿毒症期，心脏病合并严重心衰，脑出血、脑炎等疾病均有消化道出血的可能。再如，某些药物也能造成消化道操作引起出血，如阿司匹林类、肾上腺皮质激素类药物等。如果家庭有上述病人时，要警惕发生消化道出血。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">急救措施：</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">一、如果大量出血又未能及时送到医院，则应立即安慰病人静卧，消除其紧张情绪，注意给病人保暖，嘱其保持侧卧、取头低足高位，以防剧烈呕吐时引起窒息。这种体位也可保障病人在大失血时脑部血流的供应，避免虚脱或晕倒在地。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">二、病人的呕吐物或粪便要暂时保留，粗略估计其总量，并留取部分标本待就医时化验。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">三、少搬动病人，更汪能让病人走动，同时严密观察病人的意识、呼吸、脉搏，并快速通知急救中心。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">四、消化道出血的临床表现是呕血和便血，呕出和血可能是鲜红的，也可能是咖啡色的</span>;便出来的血可能是鲜红的或暗红的，也可能呈柏油样黑色。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">五、吐血时，最好让病人漱口，并用冷水袋冷敷心窝处。此时不能饮水，可含化冰块。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1281,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1513060491380,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1513060491380,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"9155","isDel":0,"createAt":1513057090742,"createBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"海绵宝宝","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"肝硬化上消化道出血的护理","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1513057174942.jpg\" title=\"肝硬化上消化道出血的护理\" alt=\"肝硬化上消化道出血的护理\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一、</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">稳定患者情绪</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">患者见到呕血黑便后，情绪往往处于极度紧张恐惧状态，病人精神紧张可致心跳加快，血压升高导致出血加重，因此医护人员在操作过程中应认真仔细，操作熟练，保持沉着、冷静、果断、自信的态度，对患者提出的问题给予策略的回答，同时还应正确疏导家属，避免因家属的不良反应给患者造成不良影响和刺激。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">二、</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">限制患者的活动</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">消化道出血应卧床休息，大出血时，立即让患者平卧或下肢抬高</span>30°以保证脑的供血和减轻腹内压，同时头偏向一侧，防止窒息，给予吸氧。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">三、</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">迅速开放两条静脉通道</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">以备输液、输血和给予足够止血剂，在出血停止</span>24h以上，在不应用升压药情况下，血压稳定6h后，应严格控制输液速度，24h内液体要经过计算后按平均速度滴入，严禁在 短时间内输入大量液体，防止血容量增加，血压上 升，使正在愈合的静脉再度破裂，再次造成大出血。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">四、合理饮食</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">患者大出血时绝对禁食，对少量出血临床表现无明显活动出血的患者可选择用温、凉、清淡无刺激流食，出血停止后改为半流质饮食，渐改为软食，开始少食多餐，以后改为正常饮食，在治疗期间应根据出血诱因，限制钠和蛋白质的摄入，避免进食生、冷、硬、酸辣、饮料等刺激性食物。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">五、心理护理</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">观察病人有无紧张、恐惧或悲观、沮丧等心理反应，特别是慢性病或全身性疾病致反复出血者，有无对治疗失去信心、不合作，解释安静休息有利于止血，经常巡视，大出血时陪伴病人，使其有安全感，及时清除血迹、污物，以减少对病人的不良刺激，解释各项检查，治疗措施，听取并解答病人或家属的提问，以减轻他们的疑虑。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">六、</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">床旁备好抢救用品</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">保持室内空气流通和床单清洁，使患者在良好的环境中康复。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">七、</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">健康指导</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1）疾病知识指导，护士应帮助病人和家属掌握本病的有关知识和自我护理方法，分析和消除不利于个人和家庭应对的各种因素，把治疗计划落实到日常生活中。（2）饮食指导，注意饮食卫生和饮食的规律;进营养丰富、易消化食物;避免过饥或暴饮暴食;避免粗糙、刺激性食物，或过冷、过热，产气多的食物、饮料;应戒烟、戒酒。（3）生活起居有规律，勿过多考虑病情，遇事豁达开朗，保持乐观情绪，劳逸结合保证身心休息。（4）在医生指导下用药，以免用药不当。（5）识别出血，并及时就诊。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1284,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1513057090747,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1513057090747,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"8668","isDel":0,"createAt":1512360743352,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"吃20斤橘险丧命，只因吃橘不吐籽","content":"<p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">湖南长沙一名男子吃</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">20</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">斤橘子险丧命，这是怎么回事呢</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">?</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">原来肖先生因为经常吃橘子不吐籽，通过</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">X</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">光片检查，发现有大量橘子籽囤积在肠道内，必须立即排除，否则随时危及生命。为了抓紧治疗，医护人员甚至采取了手工清排，目前肖强已经脱离了生命危险。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">关于此事，相关医生提醒市民：千万不要将果壳直接吞进肚子里，囫囵吞籽危害非常大，一旦大量的果壳在体内堆积，可能导致肠胃张力越来越大、缺血坏死，如果治疗不及时还可能出血，有生命危险。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;<img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1512361430562.jpg\" title=\"吃20斤橘险丧命，只因吃橘不吐籽\" alt=\"吃20斤橘险丧命，只因吃橘不吐籽\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">相关阅读：吃水果籽危害大，小心预防胃肠功能衰竭</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">胃肠功能衰竭是指机体在受到创伤、感染、失血等严重损害时，胃肠道出现的严重的应激反应，表现为</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">: </span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">①糖皮质激素分泌增加</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">,</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">使蛋白分解加速</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">,</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">胃肠道黏膜变薄</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">; </span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">②释放大量儿茶酚胺</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">,</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">使胃肠黏膜血管收缩</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">,</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">致胃肠黏膜缺血、缺氧、坏死</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">,</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">临床表现为急性胃黏膜病变、应激性溃疡、出血、穿孔等</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">③胃肠激素分泌紊乱</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">,</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">如胃动素、胃泌素、神经肽、血管活性肠肽等</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">,</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">使胃肠功能紊乱</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">,</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">出现腹胀、呕吐</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">,</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">胃肠蠕动变缓甚至停止等临</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">虽然许多水果籽富含营养，但也应考虑剂量问题，一般情况下不建议大家食用水果籽。偶尔少量误食没有关系，但若为了治疗保健等功效特地去吃水果籽，没有太大作用。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">一般来说，混杂在果肉里面的细小种子都能吃，比如草莓籽、蓝莓籽、百香果籽、西红柿籽和火龙果籽等，只是人体肠胃无法吸收。有些水果的籽和核不能吃，因为它们含有毒物质。苹果、苦杏仁（杏的核，有苦杏仁和甜杏仁之分）、梨子、李子、枇杷和樱桃等水果的籽和核不能吃，它们可能含有氰苷，这种物质本身无毒，但当植物细胞结构被破坏，其中的β葡萄糖苷酶可水解氰苷，生成有毒的氢氰酸，大量摄入就可能引发急性中毒。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">有些人在吃水果时，觉得吐籽太麻烦或是不小心，就连籽一起吞下去了。对于这种情况不必过于担心。太小的籽一般对人体没有威胁，它们不能被胃肠消化，一段时间后就会被排出。但家里有</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">3</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">岁以下的小孩时，一定要注意看护，避免宝宝吃水果的时候把果核、果籽呛到气管里，或者吃进去枣核之类坚硬、有棱角的果核，划伤消化道。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">为了避免再次发生“吃</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">20</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">斤橘险丧命”的类似事件，读者朋友们吃水果时一定要注意查清是否可以连籽吃，如果身体有什么不适，要及时就医。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1287,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1512360743354,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1512360743354,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"4296","isDel":0,"createAt":1486366979361,"createBy":"3cc2575ce14111e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"柠檬茶","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"3cc2575ce14111e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"下消化道出血，小肠出血原因不明","content":"<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;microsoft yahei&#39;, simsun, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);\">因为消化道出血三次住院治疗，做了肠镜 胃镜 血管照影 没发现出血部位 怀疑是小肠出血 止血后做了胶囊内镜 说是溃疡性结肠炎 服用了一年半艾迪莎 停了半年 又出血了 医院说不是溃疡结肠炎的问题</span></p><p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;microsoft yahei&#39;, simsun, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);\"><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;microsoft yahei&#39;, simsun, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);\">现右下腹部隐痛 要做什么检查 医院说小肠镜不出血也做不出来 是否有什么方法？</span></span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1558,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486366979362,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486366979361,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"3320","isDel":0,"createAt":1486367297508,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"大便出血，鲜红色","content":"<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;microsoft yahei&#39;, simsun, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);\">女,23岁。刚开始是鲜红色的然后肚子也有点不舒服，只能拉稀，肛门也有点堵住一样的，很烦恼</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1481,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486367297510,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486367297508,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null}],"type2":[{"id":"3881","isDel":0,"createAt":1486364355413,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"消化道出血都有什么症状","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364631921.jpg\" title=\"1486364631921.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\"/></p><p><span style=\"color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: &#39;microsoft yahei&#39;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">（一）上消化道大量出血的早期识别 若上消化道出血引起的急性周围循环衰竭征象的出现先于呕血和黑粪，就必须与中毒性休克、过敏性休克、心源性休克或急性出血坏死性胰腺炎，以及子宫异位妊娠破裂、自发性或创伤性脾破裂、动脉瘤破裂等其他病因引起的出血性休克相鉴别。有时尚须进行上消化道内镜检查和直肠指检，借以发现尚未呕出或便出的血液，而使诊断得到及早确立。 　　上消化道出血引起的呕血和黑粪首先应与由于鼻衄、拔牙或扁桃体切除而咽下血液所致者加以区别。也需与肺结核、支气管扩张、支气管肺癌、二尖瓣狭窄所致的咯血相区别。此外，口服禽畜血液、骨炭、铋剂和某些中药也可引起粪便发黑，有时需与上消化道出血引起的黑粪鉴别。 　　（二）出血量的估计 上消化道出血量达到约20ml时，粪便匿血（愈创木脂）试验可呈现阳性反应。当出血量达50～70ml以上，可表现为黑粪。严重性出血指3小时内需输箅1500ml才能纠正其休克。严重性出血性质又可分为大量出血（massive bleeding）即指每小时需输血300ml才能稳定其血压者；最大量出血（major hemorrhage）即指经输血1000ml后血红蛋白仍下降到10g/dl以下者。持续性出血指在24小时之内的2次胃镜所见均为活动性出血，出血持续在60小时以上，需输箅3000ml才能稳定循环者。再发性出血指2次出血的时间距离至少在1～7天。如果出血量不超过400ml，由于轻度的血容量减少可很快被组织过500ml，失血又较快时，患者可有头昏、乏力、心动过速和血压偏低等表现，随出血量增加，症状更加显著，甚至引起出血性休克。 　　对于上消化道出血量的估计，主要根据血容量减少所致周围循环衰竭的临床表现，特别是对血压、脉搏的动态观察。根据病人的血红细胞计数，血红蛋白及血细胞压积测定，也可估计失血的程度。 　　（三）出血的病因和部位的诊断 　　1.病史与体征 消化性溃疡患者80%～90%都有长期规律性上腹疼痛史，并在饮食不当、精神疲劳等诱因下并发出血，出血后疼痛减轻，急诊或早期胃内镜检查即可发现溃疡出血灶。呕出大量鲜红色血而有慢性肝炎、血吸虫病等病史，伴有肝掌、蜘蛛痣、腹壁静脉曲张、脾大、腹水等体征时，以门脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血为最大可能。45岁以上慢性持续性粪便匿血试验阳性，伴有缺铁性贫血者应考虑胃癌或食管裂孔疝。有服用消炎止痛或肾上腺皮质激素类药物史或严重创伤、手术、败血症时，其出血以应激性溃疡和急性胃粘膜病变为可能。50岁以上原因不明的肠梗阻及便血，应考虑结肠肿瘤。60岁以上有冠心、心房颤动病史的腹痛及便血者，缺血性肠病可能大。突然腹痛，休克，便血者要立即想到动脉瘤破裂。黄疸，发热及腹痛者伴消化道出血时，胆道源性出血不能除外，常见于胆管结石或胆管蛔虫症。 　　2.特殊诊断方法 近年来道出血的临床研究有了很大的进展，除沿用传统方法一-X线钡餐或久灌检查之外，内镜检查已普遍应用，在诊断基础上又发展了血治疗。 　　(1)X线钡剂检查：仅适用于出血已停止和病情稳定的患者，其对急性消化道出血病因诊断的阳性率不高。 　　(2)内镜检查 　　(3)血管造影 　　(4)放射性核素显像：近年应用放射性核素显像检查法来发现活动性出血的部位，其方法是静脉注射99m锝胶体后作腹部扫描，以探测标记物从血管外溢的证据，可直到初步的定向作用。 　　消化道出血的临床表现取决于出血病变的性质、部位、失血量与速度，与患者的年龄、心肾功能等全身情况也有关系。 　　（一）出血方式 急性大量出血多数表现为呕血；慢性小量出血则以粪便潜血阳性表现；出血部们在空肠曲氏韧带以上时，临床表现为呕血，如出血后血液在胃内潴留时间较久，因经胃酸作用变成酸性血红蛋白而呈咖啡色。如出血速度快而出血量又多。呕血的颜色是鲜红色。黑粪或柏油样粪便表示出血部位在止胃肠道，但如十二指肠部位病变的出血速度过快时，在肠道停留时间短，粪便颜色会变成紫红色。右半结肠出血时，粪便颜色为鲜红色。在空间回肠及右半结肠病变引起小量渗血时，也可有黑粪。 　　（二）失血性周围循环衰竭 上消化道大量出血导致急性周围循环衰竭。失血量达大，出血不止或治疗不及时可引起机体的组织血液灌注减少和细胞缺氧。进而可因缺氧、代谢性酸中毒和代谢产物的蓄积，造成周围血管扩张，毛细血管广泛受损，以致大量体液淤滞于腹腔骨脏与周围组织，使有效血容量锐减，严重地影响心、脑、肾的血液供应，终于形成不可逆转的休克，导致死亡。 　　在出血周围循环衰竭发展过程中，临床上可出现头昏、心悸、恶心、口渴、黑朦或晕厥；皮肤由于血管收缩和血液灌注不足而呈灰白、湿冷；按压甲床后呈现苍白，且经久不见恢复。静脉充盈差，体表静脉往往瘪陷。病人感到疲乏无力，进一步可出现精神萎糜、烦躁不安，甚至反应迟钝、意识模糊。老年人器官储备功能低下，加之老年人常有脑动脉硬化、高血压病、冠心病、慢性支气管等老年基础病，虽出血量不大，也引起多器官功能衰竭，增加了死亡危险因素。 　　（三）氮质血症 可分为肠原性、肾性和肾前性氮质血症3种。肠源性氮质血症指在大量上消化道出血后，血液蛋白的分解产物的肠道被吸收，以致血中氮质升高。肾前性氮质血症是由于失血性周围循环衰竭造成肾血流暂时性减少，肾小球滤过率和肾排泄功能降低，以致氮 质贮留。在纠正低血压、休克后，血中尿素氮可迅速降至正常。肾性氮质血症是由于严重而持久的休克造成肾小管坏死（急性肾功能衰竭），或失血更加重了原有肾病的肾脏损害。临床上可出现尿少或无尿。在出血停止的情况下，氮质血症往往持续4天以上，经过补足血容量、纠正休克而血尿素氮不能至正常。 　　（四）发热&nbsp; 大量出血后，多数病人在24小时内常出现低热。发热的原因可能由于血容量减少、贫血、周围循环衰竭、血分解蛋白的吸收等因素导致体温调节中枢的功能障碍。分析发热原因时要注意寻找其他因素，例如有无并发肺炎等。 　　（五）出血后的代偿功能&nbsp; 当消化道出血量超过血容量的1/4时，心排出量和舒张期血压明显下降。此时体内相应地释放了大量几茶酚胺，增加周围循环阻力和心脉率，以维持各个器官血液灌注量。除了心血管反应外，激素分泌、造血系统也相应地代偿。醛固酮和垂体后叶素分泌增加，尽量减少组织间水分的丢失，以恢复和维持血容量。如仍不能代偿就会刺激造血系统，血细胞增殖活跃，红细胞和网织细胞增多。</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1774,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486364355415,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486364355413,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"3397","isDel":0,"createAt":1486364299653,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"消化道出血的分类与表现","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364449272.jpg\" title=\"1486364449272.jpg\" alt=\"bki-20131230155657-421478773.jpg\"/></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体\">一.消化道出血的分类:</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体\"><br/></span></strong></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px\">一般以Treitz韧带为界，将消化道出血分成上消化道出血和下消化道出血，前者包括食管、胃、十二指肠和胆/胰等病变引起的出血，后者包括小肠、结直肠等疾病引起的出血。这一分类的优点是呕血可作为上消化道出血的表现，从而缩小检查范围。</span></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px\"><br/></span></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px\">随着内镜检查技术的进步，消化道出血按内镜检查可到达部位进行分类已成为可能，据此可将消化道出血分成上、中和下消化道出血。胃镜检查可窥视至十二指肠壶腹，其近端出血属上消化道出血；壶腹至末端回肠应用胶囊内镜和（或）双气囊小肠镜检查窥视最佳，该肠段出血属中消化道出血结肠镜检查可窥视全部结直肠，该肠段出血属下消化道出血。这一分类不再将小肠作为下消化道，而是进一步细分为中消化道。其意义在于不明原因消化道出血的病变部位多位于小肠，即中消化道，这一分类便于不明原因消化道出血临床处理的描述和相关资料的对比，因而更显合理。但在泛指消化道出血时，还是保留了前一种分类方法，即上消化道出血和下消化道出血。为了逻辑描述消化道出血的全貌，一般将消化道出血的内容分为上消化道出血、下消化道出血和不明原因消化道出血（包括上、中、下消化道出血）三部分。</span></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px\"><br/></span></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px\">不明原因消化道出血是指常规内镜检查（胃镜、结肠镜检查）和X线小肠钡剂检查（口服钡剂或钡剂灌肠造影）未能查明出血原因的反复性或持续性消化道出血。该定义曾一度被修改为常规内镜检查（胃镜、结肠镜检查）未能查明出血原因的反复性或持续性消化道出血。根据出血的显性和隐性特性，可分为不明原因-隐性出血和不明原因-显性出血两大类。不明原因消化道出血约占消化道出血的5%-10%，其病因诊断和处理曾是消化界临床医师面临的挑战之一，近年来随着胶囊内镜、双气囊小肠镜等新一代小肠镜的问世和应用，其诊治水平有了很大提高。</span></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px\"><br/></span></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px\">一般将新近发生的显性出血称为急性消化道出血；反复发生的黑便或隐性出血称为慢性消化道出血。一次出血量超过800-1000mL称为消化道大出血。</span></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px\"><br/></span></p><p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体\">二.消化道出血的表现:</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体\"><br/></span></strong></p><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px\">消化道出血有下列5种表现方式：①呕血：呕吐红色血液或咖啡样物；②黑便：黑色柏油样便；③便血：直肠排出鲜红色或暗红色血液；④隐性消化道出血：粪便隐血试验阳性，可伴有或不伴有缺铁性贫血；⑤仅有血液丢失或贫血症状：头晕、晕厥、心绞痛或呼吸困难等。这些表现可单独或合并存在。一般将呕血、便血和黑便定义为显性，粪便隐血试验阳性定义为隐性出血。</span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1407,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486364299655,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486364299653,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"2699","isDel":0,"createAt":1486364219891,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"潜源性消化道出血是什么病？","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486365023051.jpg\" title=\"1486365023051.jpg\" alt=\"timg.jpg\"/></p><p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 微软雅黑, Arial, 宋体; font-size: 15px; line-height: 28.5714px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">消化道出血病因中，无论是上消化道或下消化道，成人或小儿，经常规的x线钡剂造影、胃镜、肠镜等检查，一时得不到确诊，均称为潜源性。但通过全面收集病史，详细的体格检查，密切观察病情变化，必要时运用有关辅助手段，潜源性出血亦可查明其病因。国内外学者报道，不明原因消化道出血占5%～10%。</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1456,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486364219893,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486364219891,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1809","isDel":0,"createAt":1486364119390,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"消化道出血的早期症状","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364671449.jpg\" title=\"1486364671449.jpg\" alt=\"bki-20131230155657-421478773.jpg\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 1.8; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 微软雅黑, Arial, 宋体; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　临床表现以呕血、黑便和继发性失血性休克为特征。取决于出血病变的性质、部位、失血量与速度，也与患者的年龄、心肾功能等全身情况有关。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 1.8; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 微软雅黑, Arial, 宋体; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　1，呕血、黑便和便血 呕血、黑便和便血是消化道出血的特征性临床表现。上消化道急性大量出血多表现为呕血。如出血后血液在胃内潴留，因经胃酸作用变成酸性血红蛋白而呈咖啡色。如出血速度快而出血量多，呕血的颜色呈鲜红色。少量出血则表现为粪便隐血试验阳性。黑便或柏油样便是血红蛋白的铁经肠内硫化物作用形成硫化铁所致，常提示上消化道出血。十二指肠部位病变的出血速度过快时，在肠道内停留时间短，粪便颜色会变成紫红色。右半结肠出血时，粪便颜色为黯红色;左半结肠及直肠出血时。粪便颜色为鲜红色。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 1.8; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 微软雅黑, Arial, 宋体; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　2.失血性周围循环衰竭 消化道出血因失血量过大、出血速度过快、出血不止可致急性周围循环衰竭，临床上可出现头晕、乏力、心悸、恶心、口渴、出冷汗、黑朦或晕厥;皮肤灰白、湿冷;按甲床呈现苍白，且经久不能恢复;静脉充盈差，体表静脉瘪陷;脉搏细弱、四肢湿冷、心率加快、血压下降，甚至休克;同时，可进一步出现精神萎靡、烦躁不安甚至反应迟钝、意识模糊。老年人器官功能低下，加之常有慢性疾病，即使出血量不大，也可引发多器官衰竭，导致死亡。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 1.8; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 微软雅黑, Arial, 宋体; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　3.贫血 慢性消化道出血可能仅在常规检查时发现有原因不明的缺铁性贫血，常为消化道肿瘤的首发症状。较严重的慢性消化道出血可出现贫血相关临床症状，如疲乏困倦、软弱无力、活动后气促心悸、头晕眼花以及皮肤黏膜、甲床苍白等。急性大出血后早期，因为有周围血管收缩和红细胞重新分布等生理调节，血红蛋白、红细胞、血细胞压积的数值可无变化;此后，大量组织液渗入血管内补充失去的血浆容量，血红蛋白、红细胞、血细胞压积因稀释而数值降低，这种补偿作用一般在出血后数小时至数日内完成。失血会刺激造血系统，骨髓细胞增殖活跃，外周血网织红细胞增多。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 1.8; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 微软雅黑, Arial, 宋体; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　4.氮质血症 可分为肠源性、肾性和肾前性氮质血症三种。肠源性氮质血症指在大量上消化道出血后，血红蛋白的分解产物在肠道被吸收，以致血中氮质升高。肾前性氮质血症是由于失血性周围循环衰竭造成肾血流暂时减少，肾小球滤过率和肾排泄功能降低。致氮质贮留。在纠正低血压、低血容量后，血中氮质可迅速降至正常。肾性氮质血症是由于严重、持久的休克造成肾小管坏死(急性肾功能衰竭)，或失血加重了原有肾病的肾脏损害，临床上会出现少尿或无尿。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 1.8; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 微软雅黑, Arial, 宋体; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　5.发热 大量出血后，多数患者在24小时内常出现低热，持续数日至1星期。发热的原因口可能是由于血容量减少、贫血、周围循环衰竭、血红蛋白分解吸收等因素导致体温调节中枢功能障碍。</p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1604,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486364119392,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486364119390,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1251","isDel":0,"createAt":1486364052136,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"食管癌术后早期上消化道出血的原因","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486364603540.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364603540.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\" /></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　食管癌术后上消化道出血是食管癌手术后的严重并发症之一，死亡率很高，但目前国内外文献报道不多。现就食管癌术后围手术恢复期上消化道出血的原因分析如下：&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1 吻合器或闭合器使用不当导致的吻合口或残胃小弯闭合端出血&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　这种情况的出血多为早期的急性出血，比较容易发现，但前提是必须保证胃肠减压管引流通畅。如果没有短期出现大出血导致血压下降的情况，通过给予输血、补液，止血药和洛赛克静脉应用，经胃管内注入去甲肾上腺素冰盐水间断灌洗胃腔等保守治疗多数可以治愈，保守治疗期间一定要密切观察血压和胃肠减压量，监测血红蛋白和红细胞压积，并做好手术准备，保守治疗6～8 h后效果不佳者，提示有小血管活动性出血，应行急诊手术，手术宜采取原切口，拆开已闭合的胃小弯残端。对于吻合口出血部位采取经吻合口外全层间断缝合几针达到止血目的即可，闭合胃小弯残端主张手工缝合，以免应用闭合器再次钉破血管。多数专家不主张一经发现上消化道出血，积极采取手术的态度，因为再次手术不仅增加患者负担，也增加感染和吻合口瘘的机会。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　原因：1、胃和食管血供丰富而且食管可能存在静脉曲张。手术者激发吻合器手柄时用力不当，钛钉回弯脚未紧扣到位未形成B型而形成Ⅱ型，不能嵌闭1mm直径内的动脉，或吻合器钛钉正好定在血管上，部分血管未完全闭合导致出血。2、术者使用吻合器时对安全窗调节不当，吻合器挤压过紧，可能发生钛钉缝闭过紧，组织被压榨或被切割，而过松时吻合口粘膜回流血管未被有效嵌闭也会导致术后出血。3、组织嵌顿在吻合口周围，导致吻合口不牢固或较大的血管从缝合钉间隙绕行未闭合而导致出血。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　预防：1、器械吻合前常规检查钛钉是否完整，底座垫圈是否漏装或反装，完全窗调节是否合适。2、吻合完毕后常规检查吻合口内粘膜对合情况及腔外缝钉排列完整性，吻合口近端、食管腔内远端、胃腔加全层缝合一周即可达到止血效果，也可弥补组织对合不严形成的缺陷。3、吻合完毕后有必要在吻合口外四周特别是靠近大小弯血管弓�区寻找发现进入吻合口的较大血管支，该血管很有可能进入胃粘膜而未被钛钉嵌闭紧引起出血，针对该血管缝合两针可达到止血效果。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　再次剖胸止血指征：1、胃管内持续有大量的血性液体引流出，每小时大于150ml，特别是引流液体颜色为鲜红色，经保守治疗无效时，应考虑为小动脉出血，不易止血。2、胃管内液体引流量少或无液体引流，但患者为急性失血表现，并且不能以胸管的引流量来解释3、X线胸片检查显示胸腔胃影明显增大时。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2 应激性溃疡出血&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　应激性溃疡曾被命名为出血性胃炎，表现为机体应激性胃十二指肠粘膜充血水肿、糜烂、坏死或溃疡和上消化道出血糜烂性胃炎等，其原因一般是机体遭受严重创伤、感染、外科手术或某些药物等因素导致，约占上消化道出血的5-10%。应激性溃疡好发于术后 3～10 d，原因目前不十分清楚，多发生于严重的创伤、低氧血症和重度全身感染情况下，主要症状为呕血和黑便，很少有腹痛症状。行胃镜检查可以确诊，镜下主要表现为胃黏膜广泛性糜烂、出血。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　食管癌术后应激性溃疡治疗困难，死亡率高， 与多种因素有关，分析其原因：1、食管癌发现时多为中晚期肿瘤，患者平均年龄大，全身营养状况差。2、多数患者有吸烟史，损害肺功能，剖胸术后对肺功能影响大，容易导致术后肺感染，引起呼吸功能不全。3、手术创伤大，时间长，出血多，术中长时间低血压， 机体迷走中枢兴奋，活动增强，导致胃粘膜血流量减少，胃粘膜缺血、缺氧。4、手术中分离胃脾及胃结肠韧带时术者对胃壁的不正确牵拉，导致胃粘膜损伤。5、术后留置胃管、十二指肠营养管，反复摩擦、机械性损伤胃粘膜。6、精神高度紧张，尤其是内向型患者不能接受自己患癌症的事实，长期精神高度紧张。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　3 吻合口附近新出现的急性溃疡&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　术后 3 d以后出现的上消化道出血更多见于吻合口附近新出现的急性溃疡，其发病机制目前尚不清楚。新出现的急性溃疡，其发病机制 目前尚不清楚可能与以下因素 有关：（1）食管贲门癌术后由于胃窦 、幽门 及十二指肠移行性复合运动波的不协调 运动，部分患者尚可发生胃排空障碍。导致胃内胃酸浓积（2）由于术中迷走神经被切断，术后胃蠕动减弱及食物在胃窦部滞留.刺激 G细胞分泌胃泌素.促进胃酸分泌而引起胃溃疡。胃内黏液分泌减少，黏液一碳酸氢盐屏障受损 .胃游离后血供减少，胃黏膜上皮细胞的更新能力减弱 以及黏膜对有害物质 的清除能 力减弱，这些均可导致胃黏膜屏障的损害（3）情绪应激。临床都表现为呕血和黑便，常常较早期就出现黑便 ，而这一症状往往术后被胸外科医生所忽视，小的溃疡面刚形成初期的少量出血，也可能被肠内营养所掩盖，当溃疡面逐渐增大。当出血量增加，出现明显的呕血症状时，胸外科医生才引起足够的重视，胃镜仍是最好的检查方法，但发现时间越晚、溃疡面越大，治疗起来越困难，通过胃镜电灼出血点和喷入凝血酶，并联合禁食、胃肠减压、去甲肾上腺素冰盐水灌洗、静脉应用止血药和洛赛克灯保守治疗往往难以奏效。于术后7―15天发现的溃疡，往往面积较大，呕血症状明显，保守治疗不佳，再次手术治疗危险性很大，病死率极高。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　4 吻合口胸主动脉瘘&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　吻合口胸主动脉瘘往往先有吻合口瘘的表现，较晚出现胸主动脉瘘，关键在于防止吻合口瘘。也可见于吻合口处钛钉随着胸主动脉的搏动持续摩擦胸主动脉外膜，逐渐形成主动脉夹层动脉瘤，一旦破溃出血，可迅速导致死亡。预防措施可以在分离胃脾韧带或胃结肠韧带时留下部分网膜，吻合完毕后用事先留好的网膜隔离吻合口与胸主动脉之间，减少术后吻合口胸主动脉瘘的发生几率。同时术后常规应用抑酸剂，减少食管胃消化性溃疡穿孔，也是预防吻合口胸主动脉瘘的关键。</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1945,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486364052137,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486364052136,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null}],"metaSearch":{"description":"为您提供:上消化道出血的原因_上消化道出血禁食多久_上消化道出血怎么治疗_上消化道出血病友的治疗经验等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"上消化道出血的原因_上消化道出血禁食多久_上消化道出血怎么治疗","title":"上消化道出血的原因_上消化道出血禁食多久_上消化道出血怎么治疗","channels":{"病友社区":{"description":"病友您提供:消化道出血论坛_病友交流平台_病友论坛，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"消化道出血论坛_病友交流平台_病友论坛","title":"消化道出血论坛_病友交流平台_病友论坛","channels":null},"治疗":{"description":"为您提供:消化道出血如何治疗_消化道出血的治疗方法等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"消化道出血如何治疗_消化道出血的治疗方法","title":"消化道出血如何治疗_消化道出血的治疗方法","channels":null},"症状":{"description":"为您提供:消化道出血的症状_下消化道出血伴随症状等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"消化道出血的症状_下消化道出血伴随症状","title":"消化道出血的症状_下消化道出血伴随症状","channels":null},"并发症":{"description":"为您提供:消化道出血对身体的危害_消化道出血的后遗症等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"消化道出血对身体的危害_消化道出血的后遗症","title":"消化道出血对身体的危害_消化道出血的后遗症","channels":null},"饮食":{"description":"为您提供:消化道出血吃什么饮食_消化道出血能吃水果吗等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"消化道出血吃什么饮食_消化道出血能吃水果吗","title":"消化道出血吃什么饮食_消化道出血能吃水果吗","channels":null},"病因":{"description":"为您提供:消化道出血的原因_消化道出血什么引起的等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"消化道出血的原因_消化道出血什么引起的","title":"消化道出血的原因_消化道出血什么引起的","channels":null},"病友求助":{"description":"为您提供:消化道出血会死人吗_消化道出血严重吗等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"消化道出血会死人吗_消化道出血严重吗","title":"消化道出血会死人吗_消化道出血严重吗","channels":null},"预防":{"description":"为您提供:消化道出血怎么预防_如何预防消化道出血等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"消化道出血怎么预防_如何预防消化道出血","title":"消化道出血怎么预防_如何预防消化道出血","channels":null}}},"focus":0,"type1":[{"id":"10070","isDel":0,"createAt":1514522619335,"createBy":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"梅油油","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"出现了消化道出血如何急救呢","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">消化道出血是现在生活压力下的一个重要产物，那么出现了消化道出血如何急救呢</span>?专家称，很多患者都知道出现了消化道出血如何急救和如何护理消化道出血的病人，帮助他们减少病情带来的伤害。本文中就详细为您介绍一下出现了<strong>消化道出血如何急救</strong>呢。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1514523443060.jpg\" title=\"出现了消化道出血如何急救呢\" alt=\"出现了消化道出血如何急救呢\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　上消化道出血主要表现为呕血和黑便。常由胃、十二指肠球部溃疡，肝硬化合并食道静脉或胃底静脉曲张破裂，以及胃癌等引起。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">　　病人于出血前，多数伴恶心、上腹部不适或疼痛。出血量多者可出现头昏、眼花、出冷汗、全身乏力、面色苍白、脉搏细速和血压下降等。呕出的血往往呈暗红色并混有食物残渣</span>(如出血急、量多，则也可呈鲜红色)，大使呈咖啡色或柏油样，但要排除病人饮服葡萄酒、樱桃汁、棕色药或铁剂引起的“黑便”。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">　　出现消化道出血时，应先实施家庭救护，以稳定病人的病情，同时向</span>“120&quot;求救。不断安慰病人，以解除病人精神紧张和忧虑的情绪，病人的家庭人员不要流露紧张的神色。病人取平卧头低脚高位，可在脚部垫枕头，与床面成30度角，这有利于下肢血液回流至心脏，首先保证大脑的血供。呕血时，病人的头偏向一侧，以免血液吸入气管;上腹部止血;同时注意保暖，禁食和禁止饮水。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　对已发生休克者，应及时清除其口腔内的积血，防止血液吸入气管而造成窒息。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　上文中的内容就是</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">找良医网</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">向我们介绍的关于出现了消化道出血如何急救的内容，还请大家都能够很好的了解并很好地掌握。消化道出血是现在生活压力下的一个重要产物，因此了解和掌握消化道出血如何急救和如何护理消化道出血的病人，才能够帮助他们减少病情带来的伤害。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1330,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1514522619337,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1514522619337,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"9168","isDel":0,"createAt":1513060919132,"createBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"海绵宝宝","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"下消化道出血的常见症状","content":"<p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1513061569960.png\" title=\"下消化道出血的常见症状\" alt=\"下消化道出血的常见症状\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">1、便血</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">下消化道出血一般为血便或暗红色大便，不伴呕血。但出血量大的上消化道出血亦可表现为暗红色大便；高位小肠出血乃至右半结肠出血，如血在肠腔停留较久亦可呈柏油样。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">2、周围循环障碍</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">下消化道出血患者出血量达血容量的</span>10%～15%时，除畏寒、头晕外，多无血压、脉搏等变化；出血量达血容量的20%以上，则有冷汗、心慌、脉搏增快、四肢厥冷等急性失血症状。若出血量达30%血容量以上，则出现急性周围循环衰竭的表现，显示血压下降、脉搏频数微弱、呼吸急促及休克等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">不同病因引起的下消化道出血，临床表现不一样。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">下消化道出血量小者可无临床症状，或仅在检验粪便潜血试验时才予发现；小量而反复的出血可引起贫血，大量而持续的出血则引起休克。由于病因很多，其临床表现也不一致。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:16px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1）肠道肿瘤：</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">直肠、结肠癌在未发生大出血之前多数已有明显症状，如大便习惯和粪便形状改变、腹胀、腹痛等，约</span>10～20%病例可发生急性大量出血。偶也有肝癌侵入结肠肝曲，子宫颈癌侵入直肠而引起大量便血。引起便血的其他恶性肿瘤有淋巴肉瘤、黑色素瘤等，但远较癌肿为少见。良性肿瘤如平滑肌瘤等，当其体积较大时，也可引起便血。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>2）肠息肉：</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">息肉的好发年龄多在</span>40岁以内，儿童尤多见。一般为少量或中等量反复多次出血，血液附在粪便表面，个别病例出血量大，色较鲜红。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>3）肠道炎性疾病：</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">慢性溃疡性结肠炎并发大出血者较少见，约</span>4%，出血前已有腹泻、粘液血便或脓性便史，好发于20～50岁，多有排便后腹痛缓解的特点。急性坏死性小肠炎有腹痛、腹泻、便血和毒血症四个主要症状，血便呈暗红色或鲜红色糊状，有时出血相当严重。溃疡型克隆病患者可有便血，出血前常有低热、腹泻、腹部疼痛和压痛。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>4）结肠憩室：</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">过去认为结肠憩室很少发生出血，除非同时伴有憩室炎，但近年来证实无炎症时也可出血，并被认为系老年人下消化道出血的常见原因之一。发病率和性别无关。憩室出血多为急性，出血量远多於血管发育不良，因为前者来自结肠动脉血管支，而后者来自扩张的小静脉或毛细血管。出血量虽多，但</span>75%病例出血能自行停止，出血的复发率很低。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>5）结肠血管发育不良：</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">又称结肠血管扩张或动静脉畸形，系一种老年人的退行性病变，见于</span>60岁以上老年人。病变直径一般在0.5cm以下，多位于盲肠及升结肠，镜检所见的病变均由扩大的静脉、小静脉和毛细血管组成，起始于粘膜下层，逐步累及粘膜层，最后使整个粘膜层充满扩大和变形的血管。临床表现为便血，出血量一般不多，但易反复发作；在约15%病例可有大量出血，然罕有导致休克者。</span></p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1455,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1513060919134,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1513060919134,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"4350","isDel":0,"createAt":1486363980890,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"便血：身体在向你亮黄灯！","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364547707.jpg\" title=\"1486364547707.jpg\" alt=\"bki-20131230155657-421478773.jpg\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">便血即为血液从肛门排出，大便带血，或全为血便，颜色呈鲜红、暗红或柏油样，均称为便血。便血一般见于下消化道出血，特别是结肠与直肠的出血，但偶尔可见上消化道出血。便血的颜色取决于消化道出血的部位、出血量与血液在肠道停留的时间。便血的原因几乎全消化道出血均可引起便血，但常见的便血的原因有两种：　</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">一、便血的分类：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">（一）“假的便血”：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">假的便血是因为吃了某些食物和药物后会引起大便变色。如服用了补血的铁剂、碳粉、铋剂、中草药，或吃了猪肝、动物血、蕃茄、甜 菜等食物后，大便可呈暗褐色、黑色或红色。有时口腔或鼻腔内出血咽下后也会引起大便颜色的改变。这些就是假性便血，停用药物和食物后，“血便”就会消失。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">（二）“真的便血”：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">对于真的便血是指肛肠疾病引发的便血，痔、肛裂、直肠息肉、结肠息肉、溃疡性结<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/changyan.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">肠炎</a>甚至是结肠癌、直肠癌等都会出现大便出血的症状，因此，我们应给予重视。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">1、“鲜血色的血便”---良<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/xingbing.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">性病</a>因较常见</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">多为急性（即时）出血，血液流出血管外很短时间就经肛门随粪便排出，或便后直接流出。流出的血液外观类似外伤出血，颜色鲜红或紫红、暗红，时间稍久后可以凝固成血块。常于以下疾病：</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">（1）痔：各期内外痔和混合痔均可引起大便出血，一般为粪便附有鲜血或便后滴血。外痔一般无大便出血。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">（2）肠息肉：为无痛性大便出血。排便时出血，排便结束后停止，量多少不等，一般血液不与粪便相混，或息肉位置高、数量多，也可与粪便相混。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">（3）直肠脱垂：肛门肿物反复脱出，久病后可有排便时出血。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">（4）肛裂：出血方式为粪便表面一侧附有血迹，不与粪便相混，部分患者便后滴血。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">2、“带脓血、黏液的大便”---小心肠道癌症！</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">即排出的粪便中既有脓（黏）液，也有血液。脓（黏）液血便往往见于直肠或结肠内的肿瘤及炎症。常见以下疾病：</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">（1）直肠癌：血色较新鲜或暗红色，粪便中可有黏液，往往血液、黏液、粪便三者相混，可伴有大便变细、大便次数异常增多、排便不尽感等不适。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">（2）结肠癌：首发症状可以表现为大便出血（尤其是左半结肠的肿瘤），多属于脓液或黏液的血便，血色较暗，可伴有腹部包块、腹痛、慢性进行性消瘦等症状。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">（3）溃疡性结<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/changyan.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">肠炎</a>：病史较长，反复发作性的黏液便或脓血便，同时伴有左下腹痛或下腹疼痛。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">（4）肠道感染性疾病：如细菌性痢疾、阿米巴肠病等。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">3、油黑发亮的大便---你的胃还好吗？</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">又称为柏油便，大便呈黑色或棕黑色。为上消化道出血最常见的症状之一：如胃溃疡、十二指肠球部溃疡等等。如果出血量较少，且出血速度较慢，血液在肠内停留时间较长，排出的粪便即为黑色；若出血量较多，在肠内停留时间较短，则排出的血液呈暗红色；出血量特别大，而且很快排出时也可呈鲜红色。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">4、肉眼看不到的血便---潜伏的血便更可怕！</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">小量（微量）消化道出血不会引起粪便颜色改变，仅在粪便隐血试验时呈阳性，称为隐血便。所有引起消化道出血的疾病都可以发生隐血便，常见溃疡、炎症及肿瘤。便隐血试验可检测粪便中的少量（微量）血液成分。肠息肉（癌）的早期粪便隐血可呈现阳性，定期进行粪便隐血检测是结直肠肿瘤筛查（初筛）的重要途径。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">二、便血的危害：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">便血容易使体内丢失大量的铁，引起缺铁性<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/pinxue.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">贫血</a>。一般发展缓慢，早期可以没有症状或症状轻微，<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/pinxue.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">贫血</a>较重时则会出现面色苍白、倦怠乏力、食欲不振、心悸、心率加快和体力活动后气促、浮肿等，一些患者甚至可出现神经系统症状如易激动、兴奋、烦躁等。同时便血也是肠恶性肿瘤的早期信号，由于便中带血的情况与痔疮出血类似，一般人很难区分，加上一些人不够重视，容易使早期恶性肿瘤被轻易地忽视而酿成悲剧。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">三、出现便血怎么办？</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">人们一般认为，大便出血都是痔疮所致，这是不正确的。痔，特别是一、二期内痔多以便血为主要症状。便血一般发生于排便时，便时及便后滴血或有喷射状出血，血与粪便不相混，反复出血可导致严重<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/pinxue.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">贫血</a>。痔的诊断比较容易，但这里必须指出的是，在临床上常将具有便血症状的肛管直肠疾病，如直肠腺瘤、大肠癌误诊为内痔，因此确定痔的诊断时，必须排除其他肠道甚至全身性的疾病。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">对便血病人除了询问患者病史，进行常规的体格检查之外，对患者进行详细的专科体检是非常有必要的：比如专科医生进行的肛门指检、一次性肛门镜检查、一次性套管直肠镜检查等等，上述几种检查方式既方便、经济、又安全、准确，此外，对于以前有炎性肠病（IBD）、肠道肿瘤家族史、或者病史较长等危险因素的患者，临床医生多建议患者行电子结肠镜、或者腹部CT进行检查和诊断。</p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1476,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486363980891,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486363980890,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"3816","isDel":0,"createAt":1486363918763,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"大便出血会是什么病？大便出血会是肠癌吗？怎么办？（消化道出血）","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364096153.jpg\" title=\"1486364096153.jpg\" alt=\"bki-20131230155657-421478773.jpg\"/></p><h2 class=\"article_h2\" style=\"margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-family: Regular; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">大便出血会是什么病？会是肠癌吗？</h2><p class=\"p_inden\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, simsun; color: rgb(88, 88, 88); text-indent: 2em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 2; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; word-break: break-all; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">大便出血，医学术语称为便血（或血便）。排便时混有血液，或便前、便后带血的，都属于血便。又根据血便的颜色分为鲜血便和黑便，大概可能的病因如下：<br/><br/>鲜血便：<br/>1）大便表面混有鲜血，或便后草纸上擦拭有鲜血，一般多为肛管、直肠部位的疾病，比如：痔疮、肛裂、直肠肿瘤（直肠癌、直肠类癌、直肠间质瘤）、息肉、炎症等；<br/>2）暗红色血便，也可为间隙性、反复性的，需要警惕结肠肿瘤（结肠癌、结肠腺瘤），并且恶性肿瘤较良性息肉出血的情况更为常见；其次也可见于结肠炎症，比如溃疡性结肠炎的出血；<br/>3）短时间内出血量多的鲜血便，同时伴有面色苍白、出冷汗等的情况，可为以上疾病的大量出血，也需要考虑小肠，结直肠血管畸形的出血或胃、小肠来源的其他疾病出血；<br/><br/>所以，鲜血便不等于肠癌，但也有可能是肠道肿瘤，比如直肠癌！结肠癌！甚至于胃癌！或消化道间质瘤！<br/><br/>黑便（柏油样便）：<br/>1）最常见为胃、十二指肠溃疡或肿瘤出血，尤其反复上腹痛的“老胃病”；<br/>2）也常见肝硬化门脉高压，食管-胃底静脉破裂出血，尤其是有肝炎、肝硬化的患者；<br/>3）“假黑便”：牙齿、口腔出血被吞咽，或进食大量动物血、动物肝脏等，也可能出现黑便哦！<br/><br/>所以，黑便，尤其反复出现的，也需警惕！</p><h2 class=\"article_h2\" style=\"margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 18px; font-family: Regular; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">大便出血怎么办</h2><p class=\"p_inden\" style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial, simsun; color: rgb(88, 88, 88); text-indent: 2em; font-size: 14px; line-height: 2; white-space: normal; font-stretch: normal; word-break: break-all; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">1、如无禁忌（近期心脏支架、血栓形成等），暂停可能的活血食物、药物，比如人参、阿司匹林等；<br/><br/>2、至医院就诊，一般可参考以下情况：<br/><br/>1）急诊就诊，挂号：普外科（胃肠外科）或消化内科。<br/>适应者：短时间内大量血便，伴有全身症状（头晕、晕厥、脸色苍白、四肢湿冷等）的患者，需急诊给予生命体征的监测、补液支持及止血、同时明确诊断、必要时急诊手术；<br/><br/>2）门诊就诊，挂号：普外科（胃肠外科）或消化内科。<br/>适应者：除外以上急性大出血的患者。<br/><br/>常见就诊环节及检查：<br/>a）问诊，包括现在的情况（血便的特点、伴随症状等）以及既往史等；<br/>b）体检（腹部触诊、肛指检查）<br/><br/>结合以上2步，有针对性的选择以下检查：<br/>a）验血（血常规、肝肾功能、肿瘤标记物、肝炎标记物、出凝血功能等）；<br/>b）胃镜（可观察至十二指肠）、肠镜（结肠+直肠）、小肠镜；内镜下见到病灶（肿瘤等）可直接活检、甚至切除，明确病理性质；<br/>c）B超；<br/>d）CT（平扫、增强、重建、CTA、CTV等）；<br/>e）DSA血管造影；<br/>f）PET扫描。</p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1807,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486363918766,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486363918763,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"3328","isDel":0,"createAt":1486363862644,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"了解小儿便血 ","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364604293.jpg\" title=\"1486364604293.jpg\" alt=\"timg (1).jpg\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 0em; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\"> &nbsp; 面对着一个幼小的生命，从呱呱坠地到蹒跚学步，再到茁壮成长，作为父母，定是万千欣喜萦绕心头。</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6;\">如梁启超先生所言：</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6;\">少年智则国智,少年富则国富</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6; font-family: Calibri;\">,</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6;\">少年强则国强。</span></span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.6;\">先生已逝，言犹在耳。的确，孩子的身心健康，关系到家族的希望，民族的未来。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 0em; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"> &nbsp; 然而当儿科医生荒遇见尚未成熟的三级诊疗制度，尴尬的就医现状来了。一旦孩子生病，大多数家庭像无头苍蝇一样寻医问药，在百度上搜名医、名院，一股脑涌过去。俗话说：打虎亲兄弟，上阵父子兵。一个孩子生病，必然全家出动，本着</span>“孩子事无小事，孩子病无小病，严要求，高标准”的看病原则而来。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; text-indent: 0em; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"> &nbsp; 看病人山人海，和春运有得一拼，但最让人恼火的是没找对医生，吃了药都不一定见效。无医学背景的父母如何才能第一时间找到对的大夫呢？这就需要家属尽可能准确、详细的提供疾病信息。如此说来，父母才是孩子的</span>“首诊医生”。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 41, 65); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\">如何准确高效就诊</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\">拿儿童便血来说，许多家长便血的第一反应是——上火。近些年“上火论”乘着各大电视台广告的东风，刮遍大江南北，深入人心，然而事实并非如此简单。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\">便血在儿童时期并不少见。儿童便血颜色一般为鲜红、粉红、暗红或黑色大便，还有部分儿童大便颜色正常，而大便化验时查出大便带血，儿童便血常可不伴其他症状。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(0, 82, 255);\">若发现大便有上述颜色异常，应及时就医。</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\">就医前应确定吃的食物与大便颜色之间有无关系，比如红色食物、含铁剂制品等。同时要明确发现便血的时间，出血的颜</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">色、快慢、出血量，便前出血还是便后出血，是否有黏液、脓液，是否与粪便相混杂，有无腹痛、肛周疼痛等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\"> 就诊时还需提供既往病史，如口腔、鼻咽、支气管和肺等疾病，排除因这些部位出血被儿童咽下后所引起的黑便。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 41, 65); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\">疾病早知道 防患于未然</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(0, 82, 255);\">1.急性肠套叠</span></strong><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">肠套叠是婴儿时期最常见的急腹症之一，起病急，进展快，易被误诊以致肠坏死，甚至死亡，应及早就诊。发病多为</span>11<span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">岁以内儿童，其中</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Calibri;\">1</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">岁以内为主要发病人群。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">便血特点为果酱样大便，右侧腹或横结肠处可触及一腊肠样肿块。当</span>1<span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">岁以内儿童出现呕吐、阵发性哭闹或便血时，应高度警惕肠套叠可能。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">肠套叠复位可采用小儿腹腔镜手术，其具有切口小、创伤小、康复快等优点，更易被接受。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(0, 82, 255);\">2.肠扭转</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">肠扭转即肠管扭结、肠腔闭塞梗阻。本病多呈急性</span><a style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">肠梗阻</span></a><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">表现，严重者因肠血循环障碍，肠管缺血坏死、出血甚至死亡。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">本病主要表现为腹痛、呕吐、腹胀、停止排便、排气。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">由于肠管扭结，致肠壁充血水肿，同时肠壁及毛细血管通透性增加，大量血性渗出液渗入肠腔和腹腔，部分血液混杂梗阻以下残存粪便排出体外，类似与其他疾病的便血。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">本病死亡率较高，故一经诊断应立即手术，解除梗阻，恢复肠管血循环。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(0, 82, 255);\">3.直肠息肉</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">直肠息肉是儿童便血的常见原因，以幼年性息肉多见。</span></span><a style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">息肉</span></a><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\">生长在肠壁黏膜层，为一个带蒂的肉疙瘩，位置低的</span><a style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">息肉</span></a><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\">，</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">排便时可脱出肛门，犹如一个红色</span>“肉球”。</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体;\">多见于</span>3—6<span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体;\">岁儿</span></span></span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">童。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">便血特点为长期排便终末时出现鲜血，量少，不与粪便混杂，一般无其他伴随症状。结肠、直<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/changyan.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">肠炎</a>所引起的便血，多有腹痛、腹泻、黏液血便等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">结肠镜检查是儿童便血的首选检查方法，结肠镜可检查全部大肠，其病因检出率非常高。如果患儿为单发性直肠息肉，可采用肠镜下电凝电切摘除息肉及活检，若为多枚息肉，则应分次治疗。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(0, 82, 255);\">4.梅克尔憩室</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">梅克尔憩室是一种先天性肠道畸形，是小儿外科常见病，多发病，系卵黄管退化不全、肠端未闭合所致。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">该病便血量大，暗红色，无痛性，可反复发作，出现<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/pinxue.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">贫血</a>症状，严重者可有休克表现。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">由于憩室内壁有异位黏膜组织，容易引起小肠梗阻、急性消化道出血、急性憩室炎等并发症，因此不论有无临床症状，一旦发现均应手术切除。随着微创技术的发展，其治疗可通过腹腔镜来完成。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(0, 82, 255);\">5.急性坏死性<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/changyan.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">肠炎</a></span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">急性坏死性<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/changyan.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">肠炎</a>是一种局限于小肠的急性出血坏死性炎症，病变主要在空肠或回肠。此病常发病于夏秋季，可有不洁饮食史。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">本病发病急骤，表现为急性腹痛，多由脐周或上中腹开始，疼痛为阵发性绞痛或持续性疼痛伴有阵发性加剧，血便以赤豆汤或洗肉水样，有腥臭味，如不及时治疗可出现休克，危及生命。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(0, 82, 255);\">6.感染性腹泻 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">炎症型腹泻指病原体侵袭肠上皮细胞，引起炎症而导致的腹泻。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">粪便可为稀便、水样便、粘液便或脓血便，可伴有恶心、呕吐、食欲不振、发热、腹痛及全身不适等，粪便镜检可见较多的红白细胞。病情严重者，因大量丢失水分引起脱水、电解质紊乱，甚至休克。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">此疾病腹泻与便血同存，以腹泻为主要，应注意纠正水电解质失调，并针对引起腹泻的病原体给予相对应的病原治疗，或抗细菌或抗病毒。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(0, 82, 255);\">7.肛裂&nbsp;</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">肛裂是指肛门皮肤、肌肉的撕裂伤，多见于两岁左右的婴幼儿。引起</span><a style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">肛裂</span></a><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">的原因包括先天性</span><a style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">肛门狭窄</span></a><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">、干硬大便撕裂肛门及肛门皮肤损伤或感染。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">便血特点为肛门有点滴鲜血，同时伴有大便干硬，排便痛，当孩子解大便时就会哭闹不安。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">如有肛裂，则应保持肛门清洁（清水洗），涂擦药膏，如龙珠软膏等促进裂口愈合。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(0, 82, 255);\">8.痔疮</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">很多人认为痔疮是成年人的</span>“专利”，其实不然，有痔不在年龄。胚胎时期，直肠与肛门逐渐对接形成肛门，二者对接顺利，则可以免除很多肛门疾病困扰，而对接过程中“瞄”的不是那么准的，就容易诱发肛周疾病。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">痔疮便血为肛门有点滴鲜血，伴有或不伴肿物脱出于肛门外，无其他不适。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 宋体;\">痔疮轻微者，使用痔疮膏等药物即可，严重者需手术治疗。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 41, 65); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\">医学并非万能 疾病重在预防</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">人是一个整体，各个系统相互影响，除了上述常见胃肠道局部的疾病外，其他全身性疾病同样可以引起便血。如血液系疾病引起的便血、新生儿自然出血、血小板减少性紫癜、过敏性紫癜、再生障碍性<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/pinxue.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">贫血</a>、<a href=\"http://www.haodf.com/jibing/baixuebing.htm\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); outline: none;\">白血病</a>、血友病、鼻衄</span>(<span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">吞咽后</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Calibri;\">)</span><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">等均可出现便血。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 14px; clear: both; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 2em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">父母除了严格要求医疗外，也要严格要求自己，把更多的精力用在疾病预防上，及时发现可能造成严重后果、危及生命的疾病，<strong style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 209, 0);\">防微杜渐而禁于未然</span></strong>。</span></span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1784,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486363862646,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486363862644,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"2742","isDel":0,"createAt":1486363796053,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"胃肠道血管畸形所致难治性消化道出血8个常见问题","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364161587.jpg\" title=\"1486364161587.jpg\" alt=\"bki-20131230155657-421478773.jpg\"/></p><p><br/></p><p><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">1.\t什么是胃肠道血管畸形所致消化道出血？</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">胃肠道血管畸形是引起急性或慢性消化道出血的重要原因之一，包括血管扩张症、血管发育不良、动静脉畸形等，常是黏膜下血管本身异常，也可是某一系统性病症或综合征的表现之一。通常情况下血管躲在肠道粘膜的保护之下，正常的进食以及排便过程不会导致其出血，但部分畸形生长的血管有时会突破肠道粘膜的保护网，在进食较难消化的食物，或者长时间腹腔压力增高（比如便秘、重体力劳动等）时破裂，产生反复的消化道出血。</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">2.\t胃肠道血管畸形所致消化道出血如何诊断？</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">诊断胃肠道血管畸形所致的消化道出血，首先要排除胃肠道肿瘤、消化道溃疡、炎症性肠病等常见因素造成的消化道出血。其次，需结合临床表现、胃肠镜检查、胶囊内镜及小肠镜检查、影像学检查进行综合分析后才能得出诊断。明确疾病究竟是否属于胃肠道血管畸形所致消化道出血对于正确选择治疗药物十分重要。</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">3.\t胃肠道血管畸形所致消化道出血如何治疗？</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">根据内镜检查结果，部分患者可采用内镜下APC及钛夹等方法进行病灶的止血治疗，在病灶明确且局限的情况下，内镜治疗不失为一种简单高效的治疗方法。然而胃肠道血管畸形是一种可累及整个消化道的疾病，多数患者可能表现为反复隐匿性消化道出血，其中约90%的病灶源于小肠，40% ~ 75% 的病变为多发性，这种情况下药物治疗如沙利度胺等就可能起到重要作用，此外消化道反复出血患者贫血的纠正及常规生命支持等补液治疗也应成为综合治疗中重要的一环。</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">4.\t胃肠道血管畸形所致消化道出血的预后如何？</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">明确病因的胃肠道血管畸形所致消化道出血经正规治疗后可获得明显改善。病灶相对局限且可以内镜下治疗的病例，随着内镜医师经验及治疗方式的革新，大部分病例可取得理想的疗效。对于出血位置不明确，以及多发血管畸形难以内镜治疗的病例，随着临床医师经验的积累以及对药物治疗的不断调整和改善，越来越多的患者从中受益，出血次数及出血量明显下降。</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">5.\t沙利度胺有何副作用？</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">由于沙利度胺治疗本疾病的药物剂量和服用周期需要根据具体患者的疾病特点与自身情况进行调整，我们建议不要自行服用药物，应前往医院寻求医师的指导及全面的用药监测。沙利度胺最常见的不良反应为口鼻黏膜干燥、头昏、倦怠、嗜睡、恶心、腹痛、便秘、面部浮肿、眩晕/直立性低血压、中性粒细胞减少症等，但一般经停药后即能恢复。少数会出现胎儿致畸作用或静脉血栓形成等严重不良反应因此孕妇或哺乳期妇女及儿童禁用，女性服药期间须有效避孕并严密监测妊娠反应。</span><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">6.平日应该怎样记录出血情况？</span><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">由于胃肠道血管畸形导致的消化道出血反复性和隐匿性的特点，简单通过观察粪便颜色的方法不能完全评价出血情况，这就需要我们平时主动的进行随访和复查，并详细记录出血及复查的全过程。首先在没有明显不适的情况下推荐每2周至1个月复查【粪便常规+隐血】，明确是否有肉眼看不到的出血存在，同时每3个月复查【血常规】，及时纠正贫血症状；其次，平日主动观察排便颜色和性状，如发现柏油样黑便、暗红色血便以及鲜血便等表现，及时拍照并留存部分粪便送检，及时就诊。</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">7.胃肠道血管畸形患者饮食上需要注意些什么？</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">由于腹腔压力急剧增高以及粗纤维食物等均可能造成消化道反复出血，因此不宜进食粗糙及辛辣刺激食物，建议平日就餐以软烂易消化的食物为主。对于平日有反复便秘者，建议及时就诊纠正便秘症状，适量服用通便的药物减少反复出血的发生。</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">8.胃肠道血管畸形患者生活上需要注意些什么？</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">有部分研究表明，高血压、糖尿病及心脏方面疾病会导致血管畸形的患病率增高，因而平日应当注意血压、血糖等的波动，规律服药控制疾病进展。有胃肠道血管畸形所致消化道出血病史的患者尤其应注意随访这些变化，控制体重，避免重体力的工作，以防诱发出血。</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1437,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486363796056,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486363796053,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"2148","isDel":0,"createAt":1486363725867,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"上消化道出血的胃镜诊治分析","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486363755266.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486363755266.jpg\" alt=\"timg.jpg\" /></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　摘要：目的：探讨胃镜在上消化道出血的诊治中的价值。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/1/view-4966760.htm</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　方法：回顾性分析因上消化道出血行胃镜诊治的138例临床资料。将病例按出血时间分为三组：A组：出血&lt;12h，受检者41例；B组出血12～24h，72例；C组：出血25～48h，25例。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　结果：胃镜检查确诊率为92%，胃镜止血总有效率94.7%，B组与C组检查相比检出率有着显著性差异（P&lt;0.05），各组治疗一次成功止血率无显著性差异（P&gt;0.05）。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　结论：胃镜诊治上消化道出血是安全有效的，镜检时间越早越好。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　关键词：上消化道出血胃镜诊治分析&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　【中图分类号】R4 【文献标识码】B 【文章编号】1671-8801（2013）09-0154-02&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　胃镜已成为上消化道出血诊治的首选方法，可以迅速明确出血的部位，并能采取多种有效的镜下治疗。本文对我院2009年1月～2011年12月因上消化道出血行胃镜检查的138例临床资料进行回顾性分析，旨在探讨胃镜在上消化道出血诊治中的价值。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1资料和方法&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1.1一般资料。本组病人138例，男91例，女47例，年龄16～77岁，平均44.6岁。入院时均有消化道出血症状，呕血88例，黑便120例，其中呕血伴黑便70例，全部病例大便隐血阳性。43例伴有头晕、心悸、出冷汗尿少等，心率&gt;120次/分，收缩血压&lt;12kPa，符合大出血诊断标准。出血时间以首次黑便或末次呕血为准，将病例按出血时间分为三组：A组：出血&lt;12h，受检者41例；B组出血12～24h，72例；C组：出血25～48h，25例。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1.2方法。①术前准备：按胃镜检查常规做好术前准备；②方法：胃镜检查时直视下局部冰生理盐水冲洗、抽吸及改变体位，避免出血多影响观察，采用Olympus GIF240型电子胃镜，Olympus XQ-40纤维胃镜，术前静脉应用咪唑安定或异丙酚镇静麻醉，明确出血部位、性质及范围，并取病理组织及治疗。③病灶出血的判断及治疗：病灶边缘有新鲜出血或渗血，为活动性出血；否则为近期出血。活动性出血者用80&mu;g/ml去甲肾上腺素生理盐水局部喷洒止血，或微波、电凝止血，食管静脉曲张破裂出血者用去甲肾上腺素喷洒+1%乙氧硬化醇硬化治疗。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2结果&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　138例上消化道出血行胃镜检查，明确诊断127例，确诊率为92%。其中十二指肠部溃疡38例（27.5%），胃溃疡29例（21%），胃黏膜病变28例（20%），胃癌13例（9.4%），食管静脉曲张11例（8%），吻合口溃疡5例（3.6%），胃息肉2（1.4%）例，胃肠间质瘤2例（1.4%），不明原因10例（7.2%），不明原因10例中3例未见活动性病变，7例后经手术证实为十二指肠平滑肌肉瘤3例、胃间质瘤2例和十二指肠间质瘤2例。出血以胃部消化性溃疡最多见。A组与B组相比，检出率无显著性差异（X2=2.54，P&gt;0.05）；B组与C组相比有显著性差异（X2=4.11，P&lt;0.05）；胃镜下见大部分病例出血已停止，有活动性出血者38例（27.5%），镜下治疗一次成功止血36例，胃镜止血总有效率94.7%，各组治疗一次成功止血率无显著性差异（P&gt;0.05），见表1。各组胃镜检查中，无1例病人死亡，也无严重并发症。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　3讨论&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　近年来，胃镜广泛应用于临床，成为消化性溃疡出血的重要诊疗方法之一。胃镜检查是安全可行的，本组胃镜检查中，无1例病人死亡也未发生消化道穿孔、感染或心脏意外等并发症。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　对消化性溃疡合并重症出血患者行胃镜检查，不仅可以观察到溃疡出血的部位、速度和出血的性质，还可以观察到胃内积血的多少；胃镱检查还可同时进程药物喷洒、注射疗法及电灼止血等；并可为冶定最合适治疗方案提供准确依据，风险低于剖腹探查</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">[1]</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　胃镜检查上消化道出血的诊断率高，本组出血诊断阳性率为92%。本组资料显示，B组与C组检查相比检出率有着显著性差异（P&lt;0.05），即出血在24h内阳性病灶检出率较24h后高，本组一次成功止血的总有效率94.7%，各组治疗一次成功止血率无显著性差异（P&gt;0.05），因此只要病情许可，镜检时间越早越好，可以显著提高阳性检出率。但是，本组资料也显示出胃镜检查的一些缺陷，例如十二指肠病变、粘膜深部病变的检出率较低，粘膜血管病变的检出率也不如选择性动脉造影</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">[2]</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">，提示上消化道出血行胃镜检查未发现病因，应进一步检查，以免误诊。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　总之，胃镜检查安全性好，早期病因确诊率高，有利于治疗方案的及时正确选择，胃镜下治疗安全有效，并发症少，值得临床推广应用。&nbsp;</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1856,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486363725868,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486363725867,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1664","isDel":0,"createAt":1486363672184,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"上消化道出血怎么诊断","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486363680628.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486363680628.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\" /></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　消化道以屈氏韧带为界，其上的消化道出血称为上消化道出血，包括食管、胃、十二指肠、胰腺和胆囊等病变以及胃空场吻合术后空场上段病变引起的出血。上消化道出血的病因很复杂，大体上可分为上四个方面包括消化道疾病、门脉高压、上消化道邻近器官或组织疾病及全身疾病，最常见的原因依次消化道溃疡、食管静脉曲张破裂、急性胃黏膜病变等</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［1］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。它是临床常见急诊，虽然近年诊断及治疗水平已有很大提高，但在高龄、合并全身严重疾病患者中病死率仍相当高，故总结上消化道出血的诊治经验显得十分有必要，本文就上消化道出血诊断及治疗做一综述。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1 上消化道出血的诊断</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　上消化道出血诊断的确立主要依靠临床表现及相应的辅助检查。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1.1 临床表现。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　一方面是呕血、黑便、血便、粪便隐血试验阳性等消化道出血的直接表现，另一方面是由于失血量较多或失血速度过快导致的失血性周围循环衰竭表现如乏力、头晕、昏厥、气短、心悸、心绞痛乃至休克等间接表现，另外还有大量出血导致的氮质血症表现。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　这里需要注意几个问题：①首先上消化道出血诊断的确立需要排除消化道以外的出血如呼吸道出血，口、鼻、咽喉部的出血甚至一些特殊食物导致的&ldquo;黑便&rdquo;如动物血、含铁的部分药物等。②其次需要判断是上消化道出血还是下消化道出血，一般来说呕血提示上消化道出血，黑便大多来自上消化道，下消化道出血往往表现为血便。但是上消化道短时间大量出血也可以出现血便，此时需要辅助检查明确诊断。③再次出血量的估计，成人每日消化道出血大于10ml大便隐性试验可以呈阳性，快速出血超过300 ml的患者可出现呕血，超过50～100ml可出现黑便，而短时间内出血超过1 000 ml的患者也会出现血便，短时间内出血超过1000ml可以出现周围循环衰竭表现</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［2］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1.2 辅助检查。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　上消化道出血的病因诊断往往需要依靠辅助检查，用于诊断上消化道出血的辅助检查种类繁多，这里着重介绍几种临床常用的有重要临床意义的几种：①胃镜检查为上消化道出血诊断的首选方法，急诊胃镜的临床价值尤为重要。所谓急诊胃内镜是指出血在24h一48h内进行胃镜检查明确出血原因。刘世文以24h为界对行急诊胃镜及非急诊胃镜患者对比研究发现，急诊胃镜可以提高确诊率（94.4%VS83.1%）</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［3］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。另外急诊胃镜还可以根据内镜检查所见病变的特征判断是否继续出血或者估计再出现的风险性，对于决定下一步治疗有重要意义。②血管造影：选择性血管造影操作迅速、定位准确，对消化道大出血有一定的诊断价值，部分患者还可能通过介入治疗止血，在上消化道出血中的应用比较广泛，但较常用于不明原因的小肠出血，另外需要注意的是，血管造影只能发现出血速度在0．5 ml／min以上的活动性出血。③核素显像：放射性核素99mTc扫描显像简便、无创，其诊断的阳性预测值约为60%，是目前常用的定位消化道出血来源的方法之一，能够发现出血速度在0．1～0．2 ml／min以上的活动性消化道出血.与内镜和血管造影相比，其敏感性更高，但对检查的设备、技术和结果分析的要求也更为严格,故临床应用没有内镜普及。④上消化道造影：消化道造影目前已少用，因其导致钡剂在胃肠道残留，影响后面可能需要进行的内镜或血管造影检查。⑤另外还有一些辅助检查可以帮助诊断，如肝功能检查有助于食管与胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的病因诊断，出凝血时间测定、血小板计数等有助于除外全身出血性疾病所致的上消化道出血的病因诊断。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2 上消化道出血的治疗</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　上消化道出血的治疗因根据具体病因采取具体的治疗方式，但无非包括内科治疗及外科治疗，目前绝大多数上消化道出血无需手术干预。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2.1 一般急救措施：因迅速将患者卧位休息，活动性出血时进食，保持呼吸道通畅，严密监测患者生命体征及出血情况。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2.2 &ldquo;循环复苏&rdquo;既通常所说的积极补充血容量，近年循环复苏引起国内外学者的广泛重视，甚至有学者提倡将循环复苏放在一切医疗措施的首位。对血流动力学不稳定的患者，其循环复苏应从接诊即开始，包括建立至少两条大静脉的通路(必要时进行深静脉插管)、快速补充液体扩充血容量。补充血容量可选择的液体有：晶体溶液(生理盐水和乳酸林格液)、胶体，液(羟乙基淀粉等)和血液制品。一般主张先采用晶体液</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［４，５］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">，如低血压纠正不满意或存在低蛋白血症可补充胶体溶液，存在出血倾向或重要脏器氧供不足时则应考虑输注血液制品</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［6］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">，补充的原则一般是&ldquo;先快后慢，先盐后胶&rdquo;</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［7］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。待患者生命体征平稳后，在进一步进行病因诊断检查及治疗。但这里须注意，对于门脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血的患者，过度输血或输液可能导致继续或再出血，所以需要严格计算累计损失量、继续丢失量及生理需要量。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2.3 止血措施。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　上消化道出血据病因可分为静脉曲张破裂型、非静脉曲张破裂型。两种不同的出血原因止血措施也截然不同，以下分别进行讨论。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2.3.1 静脉曲张破裂型上消化道出血：此型出血主要是由于肝硬化等引起门脉高压所致，是肝硬化严重并发症和主要死亡原因。临床上一般应用垂体后叶素静脉滴注进行止血，临床效果可靠。生长抑素制剂是近年来治疗上消化道出血的新近热点药物之一，生长抑素代表药物有八肽、十四肽生长抑素，能抑制胃肠内分泌系统肽类的分泌及抑制生长激素的释放，还能降低门脉高压。食管静脉曲张出血的诊治建议(草案)推荐生长抑素250ug静脉推注后以250 ug／h静脉滴注维持3～5d。另有学者提倡对于食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血应首选生长抑素联合血管加压素</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［8］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。另外非选择性&beta;受体阻滞剂被认为是预防食管胃底静脉曲张出血和再出血有效药物，尤其是在欧美国家甚至被认为是标准治疗方案，但国内尚未见到大规模使用；除了药物止血外，气囊压迫术也是此型上消化道出血常用手段，尤其是三强气囊管对于胃底和食管下端填塞，效果确切，但一般用于药物止血失败，且该法不能长时间应用，建议不超过24h，否则容易导致粘膜糜烂；介入治疗也是此型上消化道出血的常用反法，常见的有双介入栓塞术和经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术(TIPSS)，该法成功率高，但是技术要求高且费用昂贵，仍需进一步推广。</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1438,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486363672186,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486363672184,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null}],"type0":[{"id":"10277","isDel":0,"createAt":1514952168853,"createBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"海绵宝宝","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"引起上消化道出血最常见的原因有哪些","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1514953091719.jpg\" title=\"引起上消化道出血最常见的原因有哪些\" alt=\"引起上消化道出血最常见的原因有哪些\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">消化道出血分上消化道出血和下消化道出血，上消化道出血可见黑便，呕血，以胃和十二指肠溃疡出血，以及食道静脉曲张出血为最常见。下消化道出血一般是粪便混杂新鲜的血液，如痔疮出血或肠道息肉出血等。从你的情况分析以上消化道出血的可能性为大。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">找良医网专家说</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">：赶紧到医院去看医生，看普通内科和消化科都可以，查一个粪便隐血试验，要赶紧治疗，工作重要，毕竟自己的健康更重要。出血停止了，可以查一下胃镜。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">胃出血在临床上属于上消化道出血的一种</span>,</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">引起上消化道出血最常见的原因</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">为消化性溃疡</span>,急性胃黏膜病变,食管胃底静脉曲张和胃癌,鉴于楼主年龄,胃癌可以基本排除,考虑消化性溃疡</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">。</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">其中消化性溃疡多见胃溃疡和十二指肠溃疡</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">。</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">鉴别这两种溃疡最简单的方法是楼主您饭前空腹时候胃部疼痛还是饭后疼痛</span>,如果空腹疼痛则多为十二指肠溃疡,反之则为胃溃疡</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">。</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">因为饭后胃酸大量分泌</span>,刺激胃溃疡部位,引起疼痛</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">找良医网专家说</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：一定要去正规医院检查大便常规</span>+隐血试验</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">。</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">正常人大便常规是黄</span>+软,隐血试验阴性</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">。</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">如果您的隐血试验是阴性</span>,楼主可不必担心了</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">。</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">如果隐血试验阳性</span>,建议楼主一定要做进一步的检查,目前胃十二指肠镜检查是诊断上消化道出血病因和部位的首选方法</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">以上是对</span>“</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">引起上消化道出血最常见的原因有哪些</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">？</span>”这个问题的建议，希望对您有帮助，祝您健康！</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1376,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1514952168855,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1514952168855,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"10068","isDel":0,"createAt":1514522030804,"createBy":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"梅油油","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"造成消化道出血的病因有哪些","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">消化道出血是一种比较严重的消化道疾病，这种疾病主要分为上消化道出血和下消化道出血两种类型。那么上<strong>消化道出血的原因</strong>又有哪些呢</span>?</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1514522387260.jpg\" title=\"造成消化道出血的病因有哪些\" alt=\"造成消化道出血的病因有哪些\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　消化道出血的病因：</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　1、上消化道疾病</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　很多的上消化道疾病都会诱发消化道出血，最为常见的消化道疾病有反流性食管炎、食管癌、消化件溃疡、胃癌等等。因此大家在得了消化道疾病后一定要及时治疗，否则最后就会出现消化道出血，威胁到性命。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　2、因为体内静脉压力比较大导致食管下段-胃底静脉曲张破裂，最后消化道内部就出血了，主要见于肝硬化患者。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　3、靠近上消化道器的食或者组织的疾病，比如胆道出血、胰腺疾病累及十二指肠，这些疾病如果不能在第一时间治疗的话最后患者就会患上消化道出血这种疾病。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　4、全身性疾病</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　(1)血管发生病变：比如紫癜类疾病、动脉硬化等等</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　(2)血液类疾病：白血病、血小板减少、血友病、弥散性血管内凝血等。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　(3)胃粘膜受到损伤：生活中的很多事情都会刺激胃粘膜，胃粘膜长期受到刺激就会引发消化道出血，最后危及生命。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　消化道出血的病因大概就是上面文章介绍的这几点，相信大家看完之后对于这些病因都有所了解了。一旦发现自己消化道出血以后，要立即送至医院就诊。如果您已经发现消化道出血的话，仍然不去医院接受治疗的话，肯定是会身体产生严重的伤害的，而且是非常严重。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1374,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1514522030806,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1514522030806,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"9148","isDel":0,"createAt":1513055990045,"createBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"海绵宝宝","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"胃出血的病因有哪些","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1513056836363.jpg\" title=\"胃出血的病因有哪些\" alt=\"胃出血的病因有哪些\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">上消化道出血是指屈氏韧带以上的消化道，包括食管、胃、十二指肠或胰胆等病变引起的出血，胃空肠吻合术后的空肠病变出血亦属这一范围。大量出血是指在数小时内失血量超出</span>1000ml或循环血容量的20%，其临床主要表现为呕血和（或）黑粪，往往伴有血容量减少引起的急性周围循环衰竭，是常见的急症，病死率高达8%～13.7%。下面赶紧和小编一起来了解一下具体的情况吧。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">病因</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">上消化道大量出血的病因很多，常见者有消化性溃疡、急性胃黏膜损害、食管胃底静脉曲张和胃癌。上消化道大量出血的病因可归纳如下：</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">1、上胃肠道疾病</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1）食管疾病食管炎、食管癌、食管消化性溃疡、食管损伤等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>2）胃十二指肠疾病消化性溃疡、急性胃炎、慢性胃炎、胃黏膜脱垂、胃癌、急性胃扩张、十二指肠炎、卓-艾综合征、胃手术后病变等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>3）空肠疾病空肠克隆病，胃肠吻合术后空肠溃疡。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">2、门静脉高压</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1）各种肝硬化失代偿期。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>2）门静脉阻塞门静脉炎、门静脉血栓形成、门静脉受邻近肿块压迫。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>3）肝静脉阻塞综合征。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:48px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">3、上胃肠道邻近器官或组织的疾病</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1）胆道出血</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">　胆管或胆囊结石、胆囊或胆管癌、术后胆总管引流管造成的胆道受压坏死、肝癌或肝动脉瘤破入胆道。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>2）胰腺疾病累及十二指肠胰腺癌，急性胰腺炎并发脓肿溃破。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>3）动脉瘤破入食管、胃或十二指肠，主动脉瘤，肝或脾动脉瘤破裂。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>4）纵隔肿瘤或脓肿破入食管。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">　4、全身性疾病</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>1）血液病白血病、血小板减少性紫癜、血友病、弥散性血管内凝血及其他凝血机制障碍。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>2）尿毒症。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>3）血管性疾病动脉粥样硬化、过敏性紫癜、遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张、弹性假黄瘤等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>4）结节性多动脉炎</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:48px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">系统性红斑性狼疮或其他血管炎。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（</span>5）应激性溃疡败血症</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">　创伤、烧伤或大手术后，休克，肾上腺糖皮质激素治疗后，脑血管意外或其他颅脑病变，肺气肿与肺源性心脏病等引起的应激状态。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1347,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1513055990047,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1513055990047,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"9143","isDel":0,"createAt":1513055516963,"createBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"海绵宝宝","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"老年人消化道出血的原因","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1513055589342.jpg\" title=\"老年人消化道出血的原因\" alt=\"老年人消化道出血的原因\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">急性消化道出血是常见的病症之一，大多是由于消化道本身疾病引起的。发生在上消化道</span>(包括食管，胃，十二指肠，空肠上段)以及来自胆道或胰管的出血，是老年人常见的急症。那么引起老年人上消化道出血的原因有那些？</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">引起老年人上消化道出血的原因</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">1、消化性溃疡：占首位(约占50%左右)。出血是溃疡病活动的表现，是由于溃疡周围小血管充血，破列所致。当过度疲劳，情绪紧张，饮食不当及服用损作胃粘膜的药物(如阿斯匹林)等均可引起消化性溃疡活动而致出血，老年上消化道出血患者中胃溃疡多于十二指肠溃疡，大多数出血者，平时可无症状，而以出血为首发症状。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">2、食管病变：如肝炎后肝硬化或血吸虫病肝硬化患者可发生食管静脉曲张破裂出血，胃酸的反流及腐蚀作用，粗糙坚硬食物的损伤以及腹腔内压力增高，均可成为出血的诱因，约有30%左右的食管静脉曲张患者出现消化道出血并非是曲张的静脉破裂，而是由于同时合并的溃疡病或胃粘膜病变引起，此外，老年人食管溃疡，食管癌均导致出血。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">3、出血性胃炎：老年人习惯服用阿斯匹林，消炎痛，保太松，布洛芬，氨茶碱，氯化钾，酒精及长期应用激素等，均可损伤胃粘膜而引起出血。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">4、胃恶性病变：如胃癌，胃肉瘤等，随着年龄的增长，老年人胃癌引起出血的发生率增高，主要由于癌组织缺血性坏死而致糜烂或溃疡侵蚀血管引起出血。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">5、其他：如严重肺心病，中风等严重疾患；中毒，外伤等引起的应激性溃疡出血等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">消化道出血的症状分析</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">出血常常突然发生，患者往往先有恶心，然后呕血，继而排出黑便，呕出的内容物常呈咖啡色，但有进度也可呈暗红色或鲜红色，这主要取决于出血量的多少和在胃内停留时间的长短，黑大便往往呈柏油状，所以又叫柏油便，但在出血量大，血便排出很快时，也可呈暗红色。如老年人出现呕咖啡色液体或排柏油样大便时，要立即进行治疗。一般认为，黑大便的出现，说明每日出血量在</span>50-70毫升以上；当胃内储积血量在250-300毫升进度便可引起呕血，如出血量超过400毫升时，便可出现头昏，乏力，心跳，气短，面色苍白，出汗，脉搏细速，高压下降甚至休克等征象，如挽救不及时，可危及生命。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1398,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1513055516965,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1513055516965,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"7891","isDel":0,"createAt":1511154241222,"createBy":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"梅油油","updateAt":1524108171034,"updateBy":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","updateName":"梅油油","userId":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"消化道出血的常见病因","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">消化道出血是临床常见症候群，可由多种疾病所致。消化道是指从食管到肛门的管道，包括食管、胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠及直肠。上消化道出血是指十二指肠悬韧带以上的食管、胃、十二指肠、上段空肠以及胰管和胆管的出血。十二指肠悬韧带以下的肠道出血统称为下消化道出血。随着内镜技术的发展</span>,新名词“中消化道”改变了对消化道的传统分段概念的认识。新定义以十二指肠乳头、回盲瓣为标志，将消化道分为“上消化道”（十二指肠乳头以上）、“中消化道”（十二指肠乳头至回盲瓣）和“下消化道”（盲肠、结、直肠）。<strong>消化道出血的常见病因</strong></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">有哪些？</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent: 32px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1511154668010.jpg\" title=\"消化道出血的常见病因\" alt=\"消化道出血的常见病因\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（一）食管胃底静脉曲张</span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">食管、胃底静脉曲张是导致肝癌上<strong>消化道出血</strong>的最主要原因。其发生的主要机制为：</span>80%以上的肝癌患者伴有肝硬化，肝硬化可导致门静脉压力增高，食管、胃底静脉曲张，当门静脉或肝静脉阻塞，可加剧门静脉高压，导致已曲张的食管、胃底静脉破裂出血，引起上消化道出血；肝癌可加重肝功能损害，使肝硬化程度加重，导致门静脉高加剧；当肝癌病灶位于肝门部时，可压迫门静脉主干，也可使门静脉压升高。 </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（二）凝血机制障碍</span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">肝癌患者由于正常肝组织减少，肝脏合成的凝血因子减少，凝血机制发生障碍。由于脾功能亢进，医学教育</span>|网搜集整理血小板破坏增加，凝血机制也会发生障碍。此外，癌栓进入血液后，很容易引起急性弥散性血管内凝血（DIC），引起消化道出血。 </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（三）胃肠黏膜糜烂</span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">肝癌患者由于门静脉高压，常造成胃肠道淤血、动膜水肿糜烂，引起出血。</span> 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