{"type5":[],"type4":[{"id":"4420","isDel":0,"createAt":1486395341487,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症的护理措施","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486396113272.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486396113272.jpg\" alt=\"20130928113801-2014794721.jpg\" /><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">&nbsp; 尿毒症的护理是需要从多个方面做好的，例如尿毒症的患者如果皮肤出校搔痒，护理的时候就不能用手去搔伤皮肤而是应该采用热水去擦浴。</span></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">慢性肾衰竭是指各种肾脏病导致肾脏功能渐进性不可逆性减退，直至功能丧失所出现的一系列症状和代谢紊乱所组成的临床综合征，简称慢性肾衰。慢性肾衰的终末期即为人们常说的尿毒症。尿毒症不是一个独立的疾病，而是各种晚期的肾脏病共有的临床综合征，是慢性肾功能衰竭进入终末阶段时出现的一系列临床表现所组成的综合征。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">卧床休息，出现烦躁不安、抽搐时防止舌咬伤，加用床挡。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">给予高热量、高维生素，优质低蛋白饮食，高血压病人应限钠盐的摄入，透析治疗病人应予以优质高蛋白饮食。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">呼吸有氨味者，应加强口腔护理。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">皮肤搔痒，可用热水擦浴，切忌用手搔伤皮肤</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">病人思想负担重，使病人失去安全感和信心，护士应对病人加强解释工作，增加战胜疾病的信心，积极配合治疗和护理。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">在上面的文章里面我们介绍了什么是尿毒症，我们知道尿毒症给患者的身体带来了严重的伤害，一旦患上了尿毒症，那么治疗起来是非常麻烦的，所以我们要做好对于尿毒症患者的护理，上文详细介绍了尿毒症的护理措施。</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1281,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486395341492,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486395341487,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"3955","isDel":0,"createAt":1486395287270,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症的护理措施 尿毒症的三大护理方法","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395569445.jpg\" title=\"1486395569445.jpg\" alt=\"2620_160311113623_1.jpg\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　虽然现在医学水平逐步提高，但是还有很多种疾病我们依然无法完全的治愈，而<a href=\"http://www.39yst.com/zhuanti/niaoduzheng/\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none;\">尿毒症</a>就是其中的一种，了解<a href=\"http://www.39yst.com/flist/723741-1.html\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none;\">尿毒症的护理措施</a>是非常重要的，那么大家知道尿毒症的形成原因吗?下面就给大家来说说尿毒症该如何去治疗。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　很多尿毒症的患者在药物治疗过后并没有好好的护理自己的身体，导致了病情进一步的恶化，那么在日常生活中，患者又该如何去护理自己的身体呢?下面就为大家介绍一下。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　<strong>　尿毒症的三大护理措施</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://img.39yst.com/uploads/2016/0426/1461664838187.jpg?1461664838756\" alt=\"尿毒症的三大护理措施\" title=\"尿毒症的三大护理措施\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong>1、及时控制血压、血脂方面的安全隐患</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　大多数的尿毒症患者都有过相应的高血压、高血脂病史。在合理护理尿毒症的方法中，及时控制高血压、高血脂的病情是很有意义的。否则，很可能会因为这些疾病的而病情没有得到很好地控制而发生了肾脏的进一步损害，最终导致尿毒症病发。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong>2、加强随诊，以便及时控制病情</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　大多数的尿毒症患者在临床上都可以达到“痊愈”的目的，但是在实际上，该病的病情依旧没能取得完全的治愈效果。临床治愈只是在临床上得以缓解，在生活中依旧需要按照合理护理尿毒症的方法来进行合理的护理。加强随诊就是为了在病情出现反复的苗头时，即将其铲除。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong>3、树立战胜疾病的信心，鼓起生活的勇气</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　大多数患者都是因为患上感冒之后而渐渐地诱发了疾病的病情出现反复的。因此，我们一定要当心感冒和感染“偷”走我们的肾脏健康。合理的安排自己的生活，比如作息时间、饮食等等方面。在清晨时，可以根据自己的实际机体素质进行适当的锻炼。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　以上就是尿毒症患者在治疗之后应该进行的三种护理工作了，其实有很多的尿毒症患者在治疗后没有得到很好的护理而去世，这是让人觉得十分惋惜的，那么治疗尿毒症到底有哪几种方法呢，想必大家也是想了解一下的。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong>尿毒症该如何治疗</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　1、尿毒症的治疗要先治疗高血压。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　2、口服氧化淀粉等吸附剂，使血尿素氮下降。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　3、口服钙剂和维生素口治疗肾性骨病。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　4、增加铁剂和叶酸的摄入有利改善肾性贫血，必要时可应用促红细胞生成素。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; white-space: normal;\">　　5、应用钙离子拈抗剂，这也是尿毒症的治疗。</p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1393,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486395287272,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486395287270,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"3527","isDel":0,"createAt":1486395239716,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症应该如何护理？","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395248525.jpg\" title=\"1486395248525.jpg\" alt=\"20130928113801-2014794721.jpg\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">毒症的胃肠道症状出现最早，带有纳差、恶心、呕吐和腹泻，口中有氨味，齿龈也常发炎，口腔粘膜溃烂出血等。神经系统可有失眠、烦躁、四肢麻木灼痛，晚期町出现嗜睡甚至抽搐、昏迷。心血管系统可出现高血压以及由心包炎及心力衰竭引起的心前区疼痛、心悸、气急、—卜腹胀痛、浮肿、不能平卧等。血液系统可出现贫血及粘膜出血现象。呼吸系统可有肺炎及胸膜炎引起的咳嗽、胸痛。尿毒症是一种非常危险的疾病，如不及时治疗常会危及生命。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">由于疾病造成肾脏严重损害时，肾脏发生病变并失去净化血液的功能，废物和液体就会在体内堆积。人体就会产生各种症状，即尿毒症。引起尿毒症的原因有：慢性肾小球肾炎、慢性肾盂肾炎、肾结核、肾小动脉硬化症、泌尿道结石、前列腺肥大、膀胱癌、红斑狼疮、糖尿病等。</p><ol class=\"exp-conent-orderlist\" style=\"padding: 0px; list-style: none; clear: both; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft Yahei&#39;, 微软雅黑, arial, 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><li class=\"exp-content-list list-item-1\" style=\"margin: 20px 0px 0px 17px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; display: block; position: relative; min-height: 31px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 228);\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">积极治疗<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">尿毒症虽是致命的疾病，但也并不是无药可医。对无诱发因素的病例，肾功能不可逆转时，可考虑做透析治疗。透析疗法包括口服、腹膜、血液透析(人工肾)三种;口服透析治疗仅适用于轻的尿毒症患者。近年来，由于透析疗法的普遍应用，使晚期尿毒症病人有5年以卜存活并保持一定劳动力者不少。因此，透析疗法是治疗晚期尿毒症的有效方法之一。<br/></p></li><li class=\"exp-content-list list-item-2\" style=\"margin: 1px 0px 0px 17px; padding: 45px 0px 0px 35px; display: block; position: relative; min-height: 31px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 228);\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">充分休息<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">尿毒症病人应保证充足的休息和良好的营养，不要从事力所不及的活动。<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">避免有损肾脏的化学物质<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">要避免含有镉、氯仿、乙烯乙二醇和四氯乙烯的用品和环境。它们一般存在于杀虫剂、汽车尾气、涂料、建筑物和家用清洁剂中。<br/></p></li><li class=\"exp-content-list list-item-3\" style=\"margin: 1px 0px 0px 17px; padding: 45px 0px 0px 35px; display: block; position: relative; min-height: 31px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 228);\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">限制含镐量高的食物<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">已经在一般家庭用品中发现一些化学元素与急性和慢性肾病有关联，只要仔细阅读产品的说明，多采取一些预防措施，是町以避免这些有害物质的。<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">镉：这种稀有金属用于生产杀虫剂、橡皮轮胎以及塑料、涂料和其他产品。由于镉的工业用途很广，已经大范围地在一些食品和水中发现。以下几点应引起注意<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">限制摄人含镉量高的食物，如由动物肝和肾制成的食物、比目鱼、蚌类、扇贝、牡蚝以及在污泥中长成的蔬菜。<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">确保用来喷涂和工艺用涂料、染料、瓷钠不含镉。<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">不要使用古董的烹调用具，因为这些器具上涂有含镉制成的色素。<br/></p></li><li class=\"exp-content-list list-item-4\" style=\"margin: 1px 0px 0px 17px; padding: 45px 0px 0px 35px; display: block; position: relative; min-height: 31px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 228);\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">勿抽烟<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">烟对肾脏有害无益。<br/></p></li><li class=\"exp-content-list list-item-5\" style=\"margin: 1px 0px 0px 17px; padding: 45px 0px 0px 35px; display: block; position: relative; min-height: 31px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 228);\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">采用低蛋白饮食<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">对尿毒症患者应给予低蛋白饮食，正常成人每公斤体重需要蛋白量1—1.5克，尿毒症病人只能进食0.5克/公斤以下，以减少体内氮质代谢产物的生成和潴留。<br/></p></li><li class=\"exp-content-list list-item-6\" style=\"margin: 1px 0px 0px 17px; padding: 45px 0px 0px 35px; display: block; position: relative; min-height: 31px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 228);\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">选用蛋奶类食品<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">由于进食蛋白量少，因此应尽量选用营养价值较高的鸡蛋、牛奶等动物蛋白质食物，而少用豆制品等植物蛋白。<br/></p></li><li class=\"exp-content-list list-item-7\" style=\"margin: 1px 0px 0px 17px; padding: 45px 0px 0px 35px; display: block; position: relative; min-height: 31px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 228);\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">补充水分<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">根据病情供给适量的水分。<br/></p></li><li class=\"exp-content-list list-item-8\" style=\"margin: 1px 0px 0px 17px; padding: 45px 0px 0px 35px; display: block; position: relative; min-height: 31px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: dotted; border-left-color: rgb(228, 228, 228);\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">保健药膳<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">糯米黄芪茶<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">取糯米60克，生黄芪15克，淡竹叶30克，水煎服饮，约10剂后，即可见效。平时多多食用去皮的萝卜，对此症也大有裨益(参考肾炎的食疗方)。<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">危险讯譬<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">如果你有下列症状，请尽快就医：<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">纳差、恶心、呕吐和腹泻。<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">口中有氨味，齿龈也常发炎，口腔粘膜溃烂出血等。<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">失眠、烦躁、四肢麻木灼痛，出现嗜睡甚至抽搐、昏迷。<br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">出现高血压以及由心包炎及心力衰竭引起的心前区疼痛、心悸、气急、上腹胀痛、浮肿、不能平卧等症状。</p></li></ol><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1263,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486395239717,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486395239716,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"3109","isDel":0,"createAt":1486395190539,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症护理常规","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486395380093.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395380093.jpg\" alt=\"11b2ceb2-4a8b-4172-9337-630370d190a7.jpg\" /></p>\n<p>　<span style=\"font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;\">　按内科及本系统疾病的一般护理常规执行。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　【病情观察】</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">1.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">体重、血压及有无体内液体潴留或不足。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">2.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">有无高血压脑病、心力衰竭及心包炎等病的征象。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　【症状护理】</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">1.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">呕吐、腹泻频繁的病人应注意水、电解质紊乱，出现有关症状时应及时通知医师。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">2.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">抽搐的护理：抽搐、瞻妄时应保护病人，必要时加床挡。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">3.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">心功能不全的护理：按心功能不全护理常规执行。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　【一般护理】</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">1.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">卧床休息，出现烦躁不安、抽搐时防止舌咬伤，加用床挡。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">2.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">给予高热量、高维生素，优质低蛋白饮食，高血压病人应限钠盐的摄入，透析治疗病人应予以优质高蛋白饮食。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">3.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">呼吸有氨味者，应加强口腔护理。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">4.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">皮肤搔痒，可用热水擦浴，切忌用手搔伤皮肤。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">5.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">病人思想负担重，使病人失去安全感和信心，护士应对病人加强解释工作，增加战胜疾病的信心，积极配合治疗和护理。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　【健康指导】</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">1.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">应避免感染、劳累、饮食无规律及损伤肾脏药物的使用等。积极治疗原发病，延缓肾功能不全的进展。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">2.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">指导病人根据肾功能采用合理饮食。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">3.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">注意保暖，防止受凉，预防继发感染。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">4.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">注意劳逸结合，增加机体免疫力。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">5.</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">定期门诊复查。</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1503,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486395190540,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486395190539,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1134","isDel":0,"createAt":1486395392599,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症能吃什么食物","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486395776840.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395776840.jpg\" alt=\"20130928113801-2014794721.jpg\" /><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">尿毒症是肾脏病发展的最终阶段。肾病患者发病早期如果得不到及时有效的治疗</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">最终就会致使病情发展到尿毒症阶段。那么尿毒症能吃什么食物</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;\">?</span></p>\n<p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; text-indent: 2em; color: #333333; font-family: 宋体, Arial, Helvetica; line-height: 28px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">&nbsp;</p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、多吃牛奶、鸡蛋、瘦肉、鱼等动物蛋白</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">少吃豆制品等植物蛋白</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">由于植物蛋白利用率低</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">会加重尿毒症。老年患者蛋白缺乏更为常见。肌肉萎缩</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">体重减轻</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">所需的蛋白量相对要高一些。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、充足的热量才能保证人体蛋白质的贮存。假如补充不足</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">可导致营养不良。补充过多</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">可引起高脂血症和动脉粥样硬化等疾病。摄取的热量中以谷类食品为主</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">少吃蔗糖、果实类食品。尽量少吃脂肪</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">特别是动物性脂肪。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、食品纤维既防止便秘</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">又有利于降低血清胆固醇和甘油三脂。人体天天食品纤维需要量为</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">20</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">克左右。食品纤维含量丰富的有薯类</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">(</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">土豆、红薯等</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">)</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、粗粮</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">(</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">玉米面、高梁面、荞麦面、燕麦面等</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">)</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、蔬菜、水果及硬果食品</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">(</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">花生、核桃等</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">)</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">。血透患者若天天食用</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">270</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">克蔬菜</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">就可提供</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">20</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">克食品纤维。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、尿量少或透析次数少、血钾高的病人</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">必须严格控制含钾高的食品</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">如梨、香蕉等。有严重高血压、水肿或血钠较高者</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">应控制钠的摄进</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">天天进食盐</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">4-5</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">克或更少。少尿、高血压、浮肿的患者</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">还应严格限制饮水</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">天天饮水量不宜超过排出的尿量。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">尿毒症的护理措施</span></strong></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、充分休息。尿毒症病人应保证充足的休息和良好的营养</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">不要从事力所不及的活动。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、避免有损肾脏的化学物质。要避免含有镉、氯仿、乙烯乙二醇和四氯乙烯的用品和环境。它们一般存在于杀虫剂、汽车尾气、涂料、建筑物和家用清洁剂中。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、限制含镐量高的食物。已经在一般家庭用品中发现一些化学元素与急性和慢性肾病有关联</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">只要仔细阅读产品的说明</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">多采取一些预防措施</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">是町以避免这些有害物质的。镉</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">:</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">这种稀有金属用于生产杀虫剂、橡皮轮胎以及塑料、涂料和其他产品。由于镉的工业用途很广</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">已经大范围地在一些食品和水中发现。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、限制摄人含镉量高的食物</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">如由动物肝和肾制成的食物、比目鱼、蚌类、扇贝、牡蚝以及在污泥中长成的蔬菜。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、确保用来喷涂和工艺用涂料、染料、瓷钠不含镉。不要使用古董的烹调用具</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">因为这些器具上涂有含镉制成的色素。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、勿抽烟。烟对肾脏有害无益。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、采用低蛋白饮食。对尿毒症患者应给予低蛋白饮食</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">正常成人每公斤体重需要蛋白量</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">1</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">&mdash;</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">1.5</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">克</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">尿毒症病人只能进食</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">0.5</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">克</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">/</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">公斤以下</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">以减少体内氮质代谢产物的生成和潴留。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">如何预防尿毒症</span></strong></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">1</span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、增强体质</span></strong></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">预防肾脏病的最主要措施</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">是加强身体锻炼</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">增强机体的抗病能力。锻炼身体的方式有多种</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">散步、长跑、跳舞、登山、划船、武术、气功、太极拳等</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">皆有利于增强体质</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">提高机体抵抗力</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">防止感染细菌病毒后免疫反应性损害的发生。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">2</span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、预防感染</span></strong></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">肾炎的发生常与上呼吸道感染等有关</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">常以外受风寒、风热、风湿、湿热、热毒之邪为始因。因此</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">要预防肾炎的发病</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">就应注意天气寒暖的变化</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">应避免阴雨天外出</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">避免汗出当风</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">涉水冒雨</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">穿潮湿衣服</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">时刻警惕外邪的侵袭。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">3</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、有病早治</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">皮肤的疮疖痒疹</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">上呼吸道感染</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">扁桃体炎反复发作</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">有发生肾炎的可能。因此</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">有病早治非常必要。保持下阴的清洁</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">勤换衣裤</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">可防止泌尿系感染</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">;</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">保持大便的通畅</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">定时排便</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">有利于代谢废物的排除。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">4</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、慎用肾毒药物</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">氨基糖苷类抗生素如庆大霉素、卡那霉素、链霉素以及丁胺卡那霉素、多粘菌素、四环素、万古霉素、二性霉素</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">B</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、先素</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">2</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">号等抗生素</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">均有一定肾毒性</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">或容易引起肾损害</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">所以尽量不用。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">5</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">、起居有常</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">养成良好的生活习惯</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">对身体健康非常重要。因为生活不规律</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">睡眠不充足</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">暴饮暴食</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">酒色过度</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">劳逸无度</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">均可降低人体对外邪的抵抗力</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">增加患病的机会。所以</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">日常生活中</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">应劳逸结合</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">定时作息</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">以维持人体阴阳平衡</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">,</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">气血调畅。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1813,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486395392603,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486395392599,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1100","isDel":0,"createAt":1486485584490,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"肾移植术后保养注意事项","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾移植是一种非常严重的疾病，肾移植疾病的发生会严重影响患者的健康，所以大家都非常重视肾移植疾病，肾移植在术后非常容易复发，为了避免肾移植疾病的复发，大家一定要非常重视肾移植术后的护理措施，本文就来为大家详细的了解一下，肾移植术后如何保养？</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　注意移植后吃、住、行</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　吃：移植肾友通常关注是肌酐的多少，饮食问题常被肾友忽视。文献报道：高脂血症又是移植术后常见并发症之一。发生率为50%-61%。因为激素可以使肝脏的胆固醇的合成增加，环孢霉素A的移植胆固醇向胆酸转化，而影响脂质代谢，激素、环孢霉素A的剂量和术后血脂水平呈正比。高脂血症是早期动脉硬化的因子，因胆固醇水平过高，容易在血管壁上形成蜡样斑块，造成管壁增厚，变硬，阻塞，导致动脉硬化、高血压、冠心病、中风及其它心血管疾病。我们要通过合理的饮食来降低心血管的危险因素。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　饮食原则：优质蛋白，高维生素，低脂肪，低糖。注意副食荤素搭配，种类要多，主食粗细搭配，数量应少。少食多餐。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　住：移植肾友免疫功能低下，有感染的危险性。平时注意保持居室清洁，注意换气通风，空气新鲜，尽量少使用空调，使用空调者，注意空调过滤罩要每周清洗一次。流感季节或佳人有感冒者，居室可用白醋熏蒸。注意早睡早起，保证充足的睡眠，以增加重要脏器的营养，贮备蛋白质，预防并发症，卧床时肝、肾血流量较站立时要增加50%。睡觉注意衣裤要宽松，它能使肌肉放松，有助于提高睡眠质量。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　行：包含二方面内容，一是适当体育锻炼，维持理想体重。理想体重的标准：男：身高-105=理想体重，女：身高-110=理想体重，超过标准的20%即为肥胖，10%为超重。另一放面是出行，外出时带上足够的口服药，以保证定时定量吃药。移植肾友免疫力低，尽量避免到人多的地方去，外出时要注意防护，不要长时间暴露在阳光下，防止发生日光性皮炎和皮肤癌。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"3","topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1423,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486485584492,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486485584490,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null}],"type3":[{"id":"20511","isDel":0,"createAt":1539423420375,"createBy":"8abb11d0af1511e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"良药苦口","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"8abb11d0af1511e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"尿毒症去世家属起诉未让座乘客 网友表示奇葩","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">【让座起争执</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">母亲次日尿毒症去世</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">女儿起诉</span>“未让座”乘客】大学生小雨和父母乘坐地铁，母亲有尿毒症，父亲用手拍了一女乘客甘某的腿，想让其让个座。因触碰到身体，甘某与父女发生争吵。母亲次日因病去世。女儿后起诉因甘某的原因致其母亲透析不及时而病故，请求判令甘某向其支付精神损害赔偿金5万元。法庭审理认为甘某并无过错。考虑到小雨刚刚成年且还在上学，甘某主动表示愿意向小雨救济1000元生活费。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent: 32px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1539424249210.jpg\" title=\"尿毒症去世家属起诉未让座乘客 网友表示奇葩\" alt=\"尿毒症去世家属起诉未让座乘客 网友表示奇葩\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/>&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">对此有网友表示：</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">广义地相对论</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">高级碰瓷啊</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">J-Sharoneeekim ： 我看到拍腿就不想看了[二哈]</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">瑜想静静</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">：</span> 1000块钱扔了也不应该给这个要饭的</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">橙橙橙橙卢：神经病，讹人也要有点限度。心疼妈妈为什么不打车</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">我本丹青</span>1：有时候我就想，父母去世怎么还有心情像这种屁事</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">KAYEE橙：告回她父亲性骚扰</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1318,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1539423420376,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1539423420376,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"17682","isDel":0,"createAt":1535427874448,"createBy":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"王可可","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"医疗纠纷责任的追究","content":"<p style=\"text-indent: 28px; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">在生活中，医疗纠纷是很常见的一种纠纷形式，而法律上对医疗纠纷的责任追究也有相关的制度规定。以下是由</span></span><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">找良医网</span></span><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">为大家整理的医疗纠纷责任的追究制度，希望能帮到你们。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><img title=\"医疗纠纷责任的追究制度\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1535427904318.jpg\" alt=\"医疗纠纷责任的追究制度\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\" /></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 28px; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">医疗纠纷责任追究的制度</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　(一)、医疗纠纷责任追究制度是执行医疗质量和医疗安全的核心制度，是良好解决医疗纠纷和医疗事故，尤其是进一步做好防范医疗事故的具体措施。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　(二)、医疗人员有过错的医疗纠纷是指医疗机构及其医务人员在医疗活动中，违反医疗卫生法律、行政法规、部门规章和诊疗护理规范、常规，过失造成患者人身损害的纠纷。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　(三)、医疗差错是指在诊疗活动中，医务人员虽有失职行为或技术过失，但未给患者造成死亡、残废、或组织器官损害导致功能障碍的不良后果。分为严重差错和一般差错。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　(1)严重医疗差错是指由于医务人员的失职行为或技术过失，给患者造成一定痛苦，延长治疗时间。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　(2)一般医疗差错是指医务人员虽有失职行为或技术过失，但未给患者造成痛苦。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　(四)医疗人员有过错的医疗纠纷、医疗差错的直接(主要)责任人，是指其行为与患者的不良结果之间有直接的关系，并对不良结果起决定作用的人员。由复杂原因或多环节因素而产生的医疗纠纷、医疗差错，根据有关人员在造成不良结果过程中所起的作用，确定其所负责任。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　医疗纠纷投诉的形式</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　1、医疗纠纷发生后，医疗机构和医务人员有上报的义务，但是在某些条件下，医务人员可能会不上报。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　2、作为患方及时向医疗机构科室负责人、向医疗机构负责医疗服务质量监控的部门或者专(兼)职人员投诉，有利于医疗机构及时了解并固定情况，也可以避免事后直接责任医务人员不按照实际情况上报，引起次生的其他纠纷。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　3、患方还可以直接向卫生行政部门投诉，这样有利于卫生行政部门在第一时间介入，有利于卫生行政部门固定证据，同时也有利于患方通过卫生行政部门调解，尽早处理纠纷。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　4、现在各地卫生行政部门大多都设有专门的处理医疗纠纷的专门机构或专职人员。向卫生行政部门投诉，也有利于保留、保存证据。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　医疗纠纷的防范技巧</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　1、严格执行各项规章制度、技术操作规程、诊疗常规。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　严格执行规章制度，首先要提高全体医务人员对规章制度在保证医疗质量和安全、防范医疗纠纷工作中的重要地位和作用的认识，它既保护病人的利益，更保护医务人员自身，是防范医疗纠纷的关键。其次，要经常学习、熟练掌握、应用各种规章制度、技术操作规程，规范科室和个人的医疗行为。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　2、严格按照岗位、职称履行职责，禁止跨学科、跨专业收治病人。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　《执行医师法》规定：</span>&ldquo;医师在注册的执业范围内进行医学诊查，疾病调查、医学处置</span><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">？</span></span><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&rdquo;医师超出自己学科范围的医疗活动是不允许的，这也是保证患者医疗安全的规定。在临床实践中，</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　误诊是难以避免的，一旦发现应及时请相应学科医师会诊、协助手术，使误诊得到纠正，如果自作主张，一错再错，造成事故，将承担法律责任。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　3、严格履行首诊负责制和首问负责制。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　首诊负责制是医疗管理的四项基本原则之一，要求首诊医师必须把接诊病人妥善处理完毕，特别是涉及多学科的疾患或复合创伤，首诊医师应请相关学科会诊，得出结论性意见，使病人有所归属，方能告一段落。首问负责制指患者向医院任意工作人员询问时，都要给予圆满答复，自己不能回答的要替患者问询，直至患者得到满意答复。首问负责制不仅是提高医院服务质量的需要，也是医疗安全管理的需要，特别是急症病人，可以及时得到指导性答复，以免延误诊治时机</span>;反之，不负责任的答复会延误诊治，甚至造成恶劣后果，形成医疗纠纷。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　4、严守病人隐私，尊重和维护病人的各种权利是医师应尽的义务。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　为患者保守秘密也是临床诊断、治疗的需要，只有患者无顾虑地向医师提供病史，医师才能对疾病有一个全面的认识，为明确诊断、确定病因和有效治疗提供保证。如果不能严守病人隐私，不仅不利于诊治，严重者还会给患者带来社会舆论的压力、人际关系的变化和沉重的心理负担，引起纠纷。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　根据国家有关法律法规，患者在医疗活动中享有生命权、身体权、健康权、平等医疗权、知情同意权、隐私权、诉讼权、部分免责权。医务人员应充分了解和维护患者的各种权利、义务，避免不必要的医疗纠纷。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　5、充分履行告知义务，正确对待知情同意书的签字意见。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　《医疗机构管理条例实施细则》第</span>32条规定：&ldquo;医疗机构应当尊重患者对自己的病情、诊断、治疗的知情权利。在实施手术、特殊检查、特殊治疗时，应当向患者做必要的解释。因实施保护性医疗措施不宜向患者说明情况的，应当将有关情况通知患者家属。&rdquo;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　《病历书写基本规范</span>(试行)》第25条规定：&ldquo;特殊检查、特殊治疗同意书是指在实施特殊检查、特殊治疗前，经治医师向患者告知特殊检查、特殊治疗的相关情况，并由患者签署同意检查治疗的医学文书，内容包括特殊检查、特殊治疗项目名称、目的、可能出现的并发症及风险，患者签名、医师签名等。&rdquo;目前常用的有住院病人授权委托书、住院病人离院责任书、手术同意书、麻醉同意书、输血同意书、特殊检查治疗申请同意书等。要求病员本人、家属、主治医师、科室主任、医务科、分管院长逐级签字、审批，病人本人因文化程度不能签字者要求按指印，家属签字。 医生向患者及家属交待各种操作可能发生的危险及履行签字手续，</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　一方面使患者理解临床医学的风险，另一方面医生要针对这些风险，做好充分的防范措施和一旦发生意外的应急补救措施。而这一点有时在医务人员中不能正确理解，以为只要患者、家属签字后就万事大吉，就可以推卸责任和逃避风险，其实不然，即使履行了各种签字手续，但医务人员在操作过程中只要有失误和过错，没有按操作常规、程序进行，出现并发症及不良后果，同样不能免责。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　临床中还存在着同一疾病治疗方法各异，或在学术上治疗方案有争议的情况，医师在选择时一定要讲明利弊，充分征求患者及家属意见，尊重其选择权。同时医师必须尊重医学科学理论，提出倾向性意见以供患者参考。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　6、重视医疗文件的书写和保管。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　医疗文件是医护人员临床思维的凭证，是诊疗过程中的原始记录，有很强的书证作用</span>;在医疗纠纷中，是进行技术鉴定、司法鉴定、分清责任的依据。一旦发生纠纷，医疗文件缺三丢四，势必使当事人处在被动地位和承担应有的责任。各种医疗文件应按照有关规定、法规书写、保管，不得随意变更、销毁(病历保存15年，普通、急诊儿科处方保存1年，医疗用毒性药品、精神药品及戒毒药品处方保留2年，麻醉药品处方保留3年，输血资料保存10年)。在病历修改时要更加慎重，应按时间顺序在病程记录中详细描述，不得在病历中涂改或插写。书写过程中出现错字时，应当用双线划在错字上，不得采用刮、粘、涂等方法掩盖或去除原来的字迹。住院病历各种记录必须按要求及时、详细记录完成，特别是抢救记录、会诊记录、手术记录、麻醉记录、上级医师查房记录、交接班记录等。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">　　7、满足患者的心理需要，密切医患关系。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　患者需要被关怀、被尊重，需要了解诊断、治疗信息，同时他们还会有对今后家庭、工作等问题的种种顾虑。这些都需要医务人员很好地了解，予以解决或满足。首先，医护人员在接诊时，必须着装整洁，热情主动，使患者对医护人员产生信任和依托感。在诊治过程中要换位思维、设身处地地为患者提供温馨、便利、安全、有效的服务。实践证明，很多医疗纠纷的发生并非由于医疗技术，而是因为某种细节的服务不周，得不到患者及家属的理解而致的。</span></span></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1276,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1535427874449,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1535427874449,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"17006","isDel":0,"createAt":1534997307032,"createBy":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"王可可","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"医疗责任险是什么意思","content":"<p style=\"text-indent: 28px; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">为了使医疗单位树立正确的风险意识，有效地化解医疗风险，</span>2007年6月，卫生部颁布了《关于推动医疗责任保险有关问题的通知》，推动医疗单位参加医疗责任保险，以化解医患矛盾，处理医疗纠纷。那么，医疗责任险是什么意思、医疗纠纷是什么意思？</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><img title=\"什么是医疗责任险与医疗纠纷\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1534997388206.jpg\" alt=\"什么是医疗责任险与医疗纠纷\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\" /></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 28px; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">所谓的医疗责任险是指医疗单位投保交纳保险费用成为被保险人，保险公司作为保险人收取保险费用在保险单明细表中列明的保险期限或追溯期及承保区域范围内，被保险人的投保医务人员在诊疗护理活动中，因执业过失造成患者人身损害，在保险期限内，依法应由被保险人承担民事赔偿责任时，保险人根据保险合同的约定负责赔偿的保险。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　医疗行业本身就是高风险行业，近年来医疗纠纷增多的原因主要还是国家对法律的普及，中国公民的维权意识增强，并不是完全的坏现象。医闹的出现，是因为处理医疗纠纷的有关规定复杂，程序漫长，患方在维权过程中遭遇困惑被少数不良分子利用而产生，它的出现应当是暂时现象。当然医闹现象的产生也与医疗纠纷的处理难度困扰医疗单位，医疗单位撇开原则进行让步密不可分。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　为了使医疗单位树立正确的风险意识，有效地化解医疗风险，</span>2007年6月，卫生部颁布了《关于推动医疗责任保险有关问题的通知》，推动医疗单位参加医疗责任保险，以化解医患矛盾，处理医疗纠纷。根据这个通知，南京市开始在几个区县进行了试点，今年下半年，通知了各公立医院全部参保，使医疗责任险成为准强制保险。南京市卫生局局长陈天明介绍说，所谓的医疗责任险，通俗地说就是医院为自己的医疗安全买份保险，一旦出现医疗纠纷需要赔偿时，由保险公司负责向患者理赔。医院买保险的成本会不会转嫁给患者？对此陈天明局长保证，医院购买保险的经费，按规定计入医疗机构成本，从业务收入中列支，不得因参加医疗责任险而提高收费标准增加患者负担。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　对于参加医疗责任保险，大医院是欢迎的。因为大医院医疗纠纷多，医疗事故或医疗过错也大，赔付金额多，保险公司参加处理纠纷，可以减轻大医院的压力，又能在一定程度上降低医闹生存空间，本来每年用于赔偿医疗纠纷的钱款，现在用于交纳保险费用，可能还有节余。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　患方对医疗单位参加医疗责任保险持无所谓态度，因为法律没有对医疗单位参加医疗责任保险后有所改变，处理医疗纠纷还是适用过错赔偿制度。处理医疗纠纷的过错认定和赔偿，还是不因保险公司的参与难度减少。只是将原来医疗过错的买单人，由医疗单位变更为保险公司而已。因为公立医疗单位本身就具有强大的赔偿能力，过去就不存在赔偿不起的问题，所以，医疗单位参加医疗责任保险后，患方在医疗纠纷案件中，还是只用担心医方的诊疗行为是否存在过错和过错与损害结果之间的因果关系的问题。而不用担心赔偿不起问题。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　医疗纠纷和医疗事故自古有之，它是医院和医务人员都不愿发生事情，所以该发生时还会发生，不会因购买了医疗责任保险而减少。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　从事医疗工作和参与车辆交通人员是高风险职业，交强险是为参与交通的车辆所有人和驾驶员因可能发生交通事故而没有赔偿能力，由保险公司承担赔偿责任设立的强制保险险种。而医疗责任险不是为从事医疗工作人员可能没有赔偿能力而设立，而将它定为强制保险，仅仅减轻了大医院的压力，但是增加了医疗纠纷处理的参与人，增加了处理成本。处理成本是需要有人为它买单，是医院？是保险公司？是国家？是患者？但可以预见，最终买单人可能还是公民或患者。将医疗责任规定为强制保险，较失妥当，还是将它放在商业保险，实行自愿原则较好。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">　　参加医方责任保险只对大医院是利好，对小医院利好有限或利空，对患方无所谓或增加维权的难度，不增加患者的经济负担的说法，还得拭目以待。</span></span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 0; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family: 宋体; line-height: 200%; font-size: 16px;\">&nbsp;</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1439,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1534997307032,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1534997307032,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"16384","isDel":0,"createAt":1534478271357,"createBy":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"王可可","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"如何认定纠纷中医方的过错","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">近几年来，在人民法院受理的民事案件中，医疗纠纷案件已经占据了较大的比例，且有逐年上升的趋势。在笔者看来，审判实践中处理医疗纠纷案件的关键，是如何妥当认定医方的过错。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent: 32px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1534478753689.jpg\" title=\"如何认定纠纷中医方的过错\" alt=\"如何认定纠纷中医方的过错\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">医方的过错在一般情况下应就其是否已尽客观上的注意义务而加以判断。从充分保护患者的利益和利于医疗技术的发展出发，医方应尽的注意义务应当是民法上善良管理人所应尽到的注意义务。具体而言，医方在从事诊疗护理行为时，应具有合理的注意及适当的技术。所谓</span>“合理的注意及适当的技术”，其判断标准是“医疗水准”，即医师于医疗之际，其学识、注意程度、技术以及态度均应符合具有一般医疗专业水准的医师在同一情况下所应具备的标准。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在审判实践中，法官可以具体结合以下原则，运用</span>“医疗水准”这一判断标准来认定医方的过错：</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">1、“医学判断”法则。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">所谓</span>“医学判断”法则，是指只要医疗专业者遵循专业标准的要求作决定，不能仅因事后判认其所作的决定错误而对其课以责任。医方在对患者施行诊疗时，若其已尽到符合其专业要求的注意、学识及技术标准，即便治疗结果不理想，甚至有不幸发生，医方也无过错，不应对该后果承担责任。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">2、“可尊重的少数”法则。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">医师为诊疗护理行为时，必须具备高度的专门知识与技术，各个医师可能持有不同的见解，在此场合，要容许医师有一定程度的自由裁量权。我们知道，科学与全民公决不同，而且</span>“真理往往掌握在少数人手里”，因此，在医疗行为给患者带来损害时，我们不能因多数人同意采取某种治疗措施就肯定其完全正确而不承担责任，也不能因所采用的治疗方法系属少数人认可而让该少数人承担责任。只要医师采取的治疗方法不违反其专业标准，就不能认定其有过错。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">3、“最佳判断”法则。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">医方所为的诊疗护理行为除必须符合其专业标准所要求的注意义务、学识及技术等之外，还必须是其最佳判断。换句话说，当医师的专业判断能力高于一般标准，而该医师又明知一般标准所要求的医疗方法具有不合理的危险性时，法院对该医师的注意义务的要求应高于一般标准。比如，美国一些法院要求该医师必须依其能力做</span>“最佳判断”方可免责；日本民法理论中也有类似要求，称为“最善之注意义务或完全之注意”。“最佳判断”法则与医师的一般注意义务有别，法院适用该原则时须非常小心。“最佳判断”法则一般仅应在该最佳判断确定的治疗方法不增加患者的危险或该治疗方法已被认为符合“可尊重的少数”法则时，方可适用。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">4、“允许风险”法则，或称“容许性危险”，法则。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">该法则认为，在某些特殊情况下，包括医疗活动中，为谋求社会进步，应允许威胁法益的人类活动的存在。医学的进步，使以往被认为属于绝症的疾病也有了治愈的可能，给患者及其亲人带来欢乐和希望，但新药的使用，也会产生副作用。医学的进步是经过千千万万次的反复实验和多次的失败才得到的。因此，判断医方的过错，应考虑</span>“允许风险”法则的适用。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">5、医疗的紧急性与医疗尝试。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">所谓医疗的紧急性，是指由于医疗的判断时间紧促，对患者的病情及病状无法作详细的检查、观察、诊断，自难要求医生与平常时期的注意能力等同。因此，紧急性在医疗过失上，便成为最重要的缓和注意义务的条件。但这并非有意减轻医方的注意义务，而是仍以相同的注意程度作为判断标准，不过在因紧急情况而无法注意时，免除医方责任的承担。所谓医疗尝试，是指任何医疗行为虽均具有抽象的威胁，医学理论更要依赖新的药物尝试或技能实验才能发展。这时，常有相当的</span>“未知领域”的存在，医生在此未知领域，当负注意义务。因此，医生在进行新的医疗尝试时，除经患者承诺外，还要对患者的症状、体质、医院的设备、医生的能力及其它必要的实验及可能的危险，均应先慎重考虑，并应提供周全的应急设备，否则，将难逃过错之咎。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">6、一般医师与专科医师的不同。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在医疗行业，存在着诸多分工。首先有医院管理人与医务工作者之分；医务工作者依其专业，又有医生、护士、检验师、麻醉师、药剂师等区分。他们的注意标准应依其所属专业而加以判断。医院内大者有内科、外科等诸多专科，每个科内都有专业医师，如今已不再也不可能有包治百病的全能医师，因此，专科医师对其专门领域内的注意义务标准要高于一般医师的注意义务。至于某医师是否为专科医师，不能以其是否取得该专业的执业证书或同类的资格证书为依据，而要看该医师是否以该专科的形态执业。倘若其能力未能及于专科医师的水平而强行为之，应从保护患者利益的角度出发，依专科医师的标准来判断该医师是否过错。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">7、地区性原则。由于不同地区的经济、文化发展状况有差距，因此，医师执业的环境、医疗经验等，都有地区性的差异。这在我国尤为明显。在一些偏远的农村，许多医务工作者由于主、客观条件的制约，对现代医疗知识及医疗技术知之甚少。因此，判定医生是否尽到注意义务，应以同地区或类似地区（指发展水平大致相当，环境、习俗、人口等相似的地区）的医疗专业为依据。可见，在判定医方的过错时应考虑到地域、环境等地区性差别因素，既不纵容医方的过错，又要针对具体环境而不对医方过于苛刻。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1458,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1534478271358,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1534478271358,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"16338","isDel":0,"createAt":1534409841710,"createBy":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"王可可","updateAt":1534409975278,"updateBy":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","updateName":"王可可","userId":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"患者权利有哪些","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在国务院颁布《医疗事故处理条例》后，卫生部根据这个条例制定了《医疗事故技术鉴定暂行办法》</span>，其中关于医疗事故的范围有所扩大，事故鉴定主体由过去卫生行政部门下属的医疗事故鉴定委员会承担，改为由独立于患者、医院和卫生行政部门之外的中华医学会承担，部分病历资料允许患者复印，赔偿标准有了明确的规定，在今年4月1日起正式实施的《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》中还规定，当患者与医院产生医疗纠纷，患者将医院推上被告席时，适用“举证责任倒置”，即被指控的医院如果拿不出确凿证据证明自己的“清白”，法院将判医院败诉。了解患者的权利，不仅有利于患者就医，也有利于执业医师防范医疗纠纷。那么患者究竟有那些权利呢？</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent: 32px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1534410577192.jpg\" title=\"患者权利有哪些\" alt=\"患者权利有哪些\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">有关律师说，根据我国有关法律规定，总的来说，患者具有生命健康权、身体权、隐私权、平等医疗保健权、知情同意权、病人自主决定权等。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">生命健康权包括生命权和健康权。生命权是指自然人的生命安全不受侵犯的权利。公民的生命非经司法程序，任何人不得随意剥夺。健康权是指人体器官及各系统乃至身心整体的安全运行，以及功能的正常发挥。有关律师说，绝大部分医疗纠纷涉及患者的健康权。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">身体权是自然人对其肢体、器官和其他组织的支配权。身体权与健康权既相互联系，又有严格的区别。有关律师列举了一例医院擅自取死者脏器的侵权纠纷案件。原告称：被告在死者在没遗嘱、未经亲属同意的情况下，未办理合法手续，擅自在患者故世后</span>10小时内解剖了死者的尸体，并取出了全部脏器作为标本，这已构成侵仅。要求被告返还死者遗体及脏器，赔偿精神损害补偿费并要求被告赔礼道歉。被告辩称：患者去世，原告即提出要求尸解，医院为查明死因，进行尸体解剖是必要的、合法的，原告诉被告侵权理由不能成立，原告无端指控被告侵权，损害医院名誉，给医院造成了经济损失，故反诉要求原告承认错误、赔礼道歉、停止侵害，并支付死者遗体在医院存放期间的费用及本案的诉讼费用。法院判决：参照我国民法通则关于保护财产所有权的规定，原告享有对死者尸体的处分权。被告既未答应原告提出的条件，也未按有规定办理尸体解剖手续，便在原告对被告的诊断及治疗提出异议的情况下，对死者尸体自行进行解剖，并将死者尸体内的心、肝、肺等脏器取出，其行为不符合国务院颂布的《医疗事故处理办法》的规定，违反了《解剖尸体规则》，侵犯了原告对死者尸体的处分权，被告应将从尸体内取出的脏器全部返还给原告。判决被告赔偿精神损失费共5000元。有关律师说，这起案件反映了人的身体权是不可侵犯的。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">隐私权实际是病人人格权的一部分。隐私资料的公开将严重地侵犯患者的名誉权、人格权，给患者的政治生命、工作、家庭生活、爱情等方面造成经济上和精神上的损害。有关律师说，对于患者隐私权的保护，在临床医学上应注意以下几个方面：</span>(1)除法律法规规定外，未经患者同意，患者的病历资料不得交予其他人或组织阅读；(2)临床医学报告及研究，未经患者本人同意，不得用真实姓名和真实病历方式对外公开报道，也不得作为文学作品的方式报道；(3)临床医学摄影资料应充分征求患者同意。不得随意拍摄可暴露患者身份或特征的资料。更不能将可能暴露患者身份或特征的医学摄影资料作为艺术摄影作品对外公开。(4)临床手术直播或电视播放必须征得患者和其亲属的同意及授权书，并应坚持尽量避免暴露患者身份或隐蔽部位的原则。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">平等医疗保健权。我国《宪法》规定，公民患有疾病或损伤时，享有从医疗保健机构获取医疗保健服务的权利。根据我国的具体国情，公民的医疗保健权并非完全是无偿获取医疗保健的权利。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">患者知情同意权，是指病人有权知晓自己的病情，并可以对医务人员所采取的防治医疗措施决定取舍。知情同意的实质是患者方在实施病人自主权的基础上，向医疗方进行医疗服务授权委托的行为。《执业医师法》第</span>26条规定，医师应当如实向患者或者其家属介绍病情，但应注意避免对患者产生不利后果。医师进行实验性临床医疗，应当经医院批准并征得患者本人或者其家属同意。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">关于手术同意书的法律性质，有关律师认为是医疗机构履行告知义务、患者和家属行使其知情同意权的书面证明，同时也是医院管理制度的规定。根据我国法律规定，合同中有关人身伤害侵权责任的免责条款无效，禁止免责条款违反法律和社会公德。因此，手术同意书不具有免除医疗机构过失责任的法律效力。有关律师说，在手术过程中，经常遇到这种情况，如剖腹探查术，预定的手术名称与医生在开腹后的情况不相符，需要医生当机立断并做出处理。在这种情况下，可以预先签署相关的文件，如下述的日本手术同意书中有</span>“我同意接受上述的手术。此外，对于依据多数医师判断采取认为适当且必要的追加手术、或者手术变更情况也表示同意。”</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":1,"files":"[]","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1330,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1534409841711,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1534409841711,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"14451","isDel":0,"createAt":1530265297649,"createBy":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"王可可","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"发生医疗纠纷怎样举证","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一、发生医疗纠纷如何举证</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 28px; padding: 0px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1530266157481.jpg\" title=\"发生医疗纠纷怎样举证\" alt=\"发生医疗纠纷怎样举证\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">根据我国相关规定，医疗机构对其医疗行为是否构成医疗事故负有举证责任。同时，根据国务院颁布的《医疗事故处理条例》，负责组织医疗事故技术鉴定工作的医学会，应当自受理医疗事故技术鉴定之日起</span>5日内，通知医疗事故争议双方提交进行医疗事故技术鉴定所需的材料。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">医患双方应当依照规定提交相关材料。医疗机构无正当理由未如实提供相关材料，导致医疗事故技术鉴定不能进行的，应当承担责任。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">提示：根据《医疗事故处理条例》规定，医疗机构提交的有关医疗事故技术鉴定的材料应当包括：</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">(一)住院患者的病程记录、死亡病例讨论记录、疑难病例讨论记录、会诊意见等病历资料原件；</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">(二)住院患者的住院志、体温单、医嘱单、化验单、特殊检查同意书、手术同意书、手术及麻醉记录单、病理资料、护理记录等病历资料原件等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">二、处理医疗纠纷有哪些途径</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">处理医疗纠纷有三大途径：协商、行政处理和诉讼。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在患者和医院无法协商解决的时候，可以采取另外两种方式处理：</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一个是向医疗机构所在地的县级人民政府卫生行政部门提出书面申请；</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">另一个是向医疗机构所在地人民法院提起诉讼。具体如下：</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">1、医患双方本着自愿、合法、公正的原则，在人民调解中心医患纠纷调解室负责人的主持下进行调解。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">2、患者或其家属可以向卫生局医政股申请，进行医疗事故技术鉴定。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">3、患者或其家属可向人民法院提出诉讼申请，由法院组织安排司法鉴定或医疗事故鉴定，并依据鉴定结论，依法做出民事判决。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1239,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1530265297650,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1530265297650,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"14443","isDel":0,"createAt":1530180752682,"createBy":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"王可可","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"2018年如何处理医疗纠纷","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">在医方与患方之间产生的因对治疗方案与治疗结果有不同的认知而导致的医疗纠纷要怎么处理呢？下面就跟大家介绍一下</span>2018年如何处理医疗纠纷。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; text-indent: 28px; padding: 0px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1530181543069.jpg\" title=\"2018年如何处理医疗纠纷\" alt=\"2018年如何处理医疗纠纷\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">　　1、诉前准备工作。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">医疗纠纷发生后，患方应第一时间和医务科联系、投诉，要求复印诊疗病历，并会同医方代表一起共同封存病历（包括诊治病历、住院病历、手术同意书、会诊讨论记录等所有资料），向医务科索要《医疗纠纷投诉表》回执。完成上述工作后，患方便可选择适用何种法律方式解决纠纷了。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">2、诉讼。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">提起诉讼后，法院会安排时间进行第一次开庭，该次开庭主要确认医患双方的诉讼主体资格、对双方提交的病历资料进行质证，经过质证的病历将在第一次开庭后由法院移交医疗事故鉴定委员会鉴定。所以在首次开庭这一阶段患方应把握好机会，认真仔细审查病历资料的真实性、规范性、完整性，尽可能将对自己不利的病历资料排除出有效证据之外。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">　　3、医疗事故技术鉴定。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">这是医疗纠纷处理程序中最重要的一环，它决定了整个医疗纠纷诉讼的大局。说白了，打医疗纠纷诉讼其实就是打医疗事故鉴定！患方应认真对待，向专家小组提交的《陈述书》内容应尽可能详细陈述医疗经过，同时着重指出医方的医疗行为存在哪些过失，违反何种诊疗规范。医鉴会的专家们其实也是各医院的主任医师、医学教授，他们对医院一方有着天性的维护，故患方在《陈述书》中应一针见血明了的指出医方存在的诊疗过错，不给专家小组回旋的余地；如果患方在《陈述书》中不能指出医方明显过错的话，专家们往往也会睁只眼闭只眼作出对患方不利的鉴定结论，这就象民事诉讼中不诉不理的原则。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">　　4、赔偿款的确定。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">医疗事故鉴定结果出来后，如认为构成医疗事故，患方可根据《医疗事故处理条例》确定赔偿款项，但要考虑到医方的诊疗行为和患者出现的损害后果之间存在多大的因果关系，来确定医方应承担的责任。如某患者被确诊为癌症晚期，死亡已是不可避免的事实，尽管医方的诊疗失误加速了患者的死亡，但如要求医方对患者的死亡负全部赔偿责任也是不合理的，法院也不会支持。所以患方应实事求是的分析医方过错程度来确定赔偿额，避免盲目索赔，导致自己承担过多的诉讼费用。在更多的时候，医疗鉴定结论是认定医方不构成医疗事故的，这种情况下患方应如何索赔呢？本律师认为患方可灵活应用《民法通则》、《消费者权益保护法》等有关原则，举证证明医方的诊疗行为存在瑕疵并给患者造成人身损害的后果，以人身损害为由提起索赔。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">医疗纠纷诉讼和普通民事诉讼不同，医学原理和法律适用之间能否灵活运用，是患方能否得到最大利益保护的关键。所以，医疗纠纷诉讼中患方应考虑聘请一位精通医疗纠纷处理的律师代理相关法律事务。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">医疗纠纷处理流程：发生医疗纠纷</span>——向医疗机构投诉——复印封存病历——向卫生行政部门申请处理——医疗事故鉴定——（不服）申请再次鉴定——卫生行政区部门作出处理决定——（不服）行政复议诉讼处理流程：发生医疗纠纷——向医疗机构投诉——复印封存病历——提起诉讼——第一次开庭（质证病历）——委托医疗事故鉴定——（不服）申请再次鉴定——司法鉴定——再次开庭——判决——（不服）上诉医疗鉴定流程：医患共同向市医鉴会提起（或委托鉴定）——受理——交费——提交陈述书等材料——查看专家名录——选出需回避的专家——专家随机编号——抽号——组成专家鉴定组——患医各陈述１５分钟——退庭——专家讨论——出具医鉴结论报告——（不服）向省医鉴会提起再次鉴定。</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;text-indent: 28px;padding: 0;line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">解决医疗纠纷的方法有医患双方协商调解、申请卫生行政部门处理和向法院提起诉讼三种途径。而现实中，诉讼往往是医患双方解决纠纷的首选途径。</span></span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1293,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1530180752683,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1530180752683,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"14380","isDel":0,"createAt":1529904898215,"createBy":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"王可可","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"e8f7486fbba411e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"如何处理医疗纠纷","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一、根据我国现行法律、法规的规定，医患纠纷可以通过三种途径处理：</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1529905501457.jpg\" title=\"如何处理医疗纠纷\" alt=\"如何处理医疗纠纷\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">1、自行协商。医患双方可以自主自愿地进行协商处理，所达成的协议只要不是受胁迫所签或存在重大误解，其协议是合法有效的。这种处理方式对医患双方来说无疑都是最优选择，不仅利于改善医患关系，而且医院的声誉也不会受到太大影响。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">2、行政解决。根据医疗事故处理条例的规定，卫生行政管理部门可以依法对医患纠纷进行调解。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">3、第三种途径就是司法裁决。但医疗事故引发的医患纠纷与非医疗事故引发的医患纠纷的法律适用是不尽相同的，前者需适用医疗事故条例进行裁决，而后者则依照民法通则及相关司法解释予以裁判。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">　　二、医院医疗纠纷处理流程是怎样的？</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">　　（一）医疗纠纷初起</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　1.发生医疗纠纷的当事人（医护人员）负责写出事实经过，同时向患者或家属做好沟通、解释、解答工作。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　2.发生纠纷的科室主任负责组织本科医护人员对发生的医疗纠纷进行讨论总结，从中吸取教训，纠正不足，制定杜绝类似纠纷的有关制度，科主任负责书写该起纠纷的讨论意见，上报医务部，并向患者或家属作出相应的解释工作，妥善解决好医疗纠纷。若确属负有医疗责任的医疗纠纷，科内能自行解决的，也要上报医务部备案。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　3.经科主任及责任人解释、调解无效的医疗纠纷应及早上报医务部，同时上报有关纠纷的书面材料。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">　　（二）院内医疗技术讨论会</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　1.科室解释、调解无效的医疗纠纷及时上报医务部，医务部接到上报后做相应调查、了解和沟通，然后组织科主任、当事人及患者或患者家属进行调解。若不能调解，由医务部报请医院医疗安全委员会批准召开院内医疗纠纷技术讨论会。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　2.由医院医疗安全委员会负责，医务部集体组织实施相关医疗纠纷的技术讨论工作。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　3.技术讨论会主持人宣布医疗技术讨论程序和会议纪律。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　4.科主任、当事人必须准时出席院内医疗技术讨论会，在会上当事人应认真、负责地陈述诊疗经过，科主任应公正、科学的陈述科内讨论意见。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　5.专家讨论。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　6.书面材料需经医疗安全委员会、参加讨论的专家反复讨论、认证后，讨论结论于会议后的30日内交与患方及科主任。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　7.患方及我院科室责任人对医疗技术讨论结论有异议时均可以行使自己的权利，申请医疗事故技术鉴定或向人民法院起诉。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">　　（三）市区级医学会组织召开的医疗事故鉴定会</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　1.发生医疗纠纷的科主任及当事人必须在一周内提交医疗事故鉴定材料，准时将材料交到医务部。由医务部提交到医学会，配合医学会组织开展鉴定工作。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　2.根据鉴定结论同患者协商解决。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">　　3.协商解决不成功，患者及家属可向法院提起诉讼。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（四）法院诉讼</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">1.医务部准备相关向法庭提交的材料，由专职聘请律师准备陈述及答辩。医务部专职干事及发生纠纷科室科主任出庭。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">2.根据法院审判结果进行处理。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">3.如果医院承担相应责任，院内根据相关制度对责任人进行相应处理。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:28px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">4.医院制定相关整改措施，防止类似事件发生。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1584,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1529904898215,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1529904898215,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null}],"type2":[{"id":"3122","isDel":0,"createAt":1486395621330,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"年轻人也会突发尿毒症","content":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　阿峰在两个月前出现头痛，一开始他买点止痛药吃，每次吃后就会好转。但是这半个月来，止痛药的效果越来越差，他实在是痛得熬不住了。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　阿峰来到医院，医生给阿峰开了一张化验单，让他去查一下尿常规。没过多久，检验结果出来了：尿中有潜血，初步判断为肾病。阿峰这么年轻就得了肾病？他的肾病发展到什么程度？医生又让阿峰做腹部</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">B</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">超和其他检查，结果让人震惊：阿峰的两肾出现明显萎缩，肌酐水平严重超标，可以确诊为慢性肾衰竭，而且已经发展到尿毒症的程度，必须进行透析治疗。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　医生告诉阿峰，像你这种情况，是由肾小球肾炎引起的。而肾脏病变做血常规查不出来，必须做尿常规检查才行。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　大学毕业没多久，参加工作只有一年多的阿峰就被查出患了尿毒症，而且病情已经发展到了中晚期，除了依靠透析治疗，没有更好的控制办法。得知这个消息，阿峰自己和家人朋友都非常不能接受。而从一年前的体检来看，各项指标都很正常，显示那时候阿峰还很健康。正是身强体壮的年纪，在短短一年多的时间，何以就病情恶化到这个地步？</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　三成肾脏病变早期发病隐匿</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　医生指出：尿毒症的发病是有一个发展过程的。一般来说，有基础病如过度肥胖、糖尿病以及红斑狼疮患者，容易并发肾脏病变，进而发展到尿毒症，这些以老年患者居多。除此之外，青壮年也会&ldquo;突发&rdquo;尿毒症，其中绝大多数是由肾脏病变如肾小球肾炎发展而来。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　至于青壮年突然被发现患有尿毒症，这种病例更为常见，对患者及其家人的打击也更大。有的患者头天还在挑担子抬重物，第二天就被查出尿毒症。青壮年患者出现尿毒症很多是由肾小球肾炎发展而来，肾小球肾炎以蛋白尿、血尿、水肿、高血压为临床表现，此病十分常见，尤以</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">20</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">～</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">40</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">岁的男性青年发病率高。令人忧心的是，</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">30%</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">～</span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">40%</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">肾小球肾炎患者为隐匿性发病，几乎没有什么症状。除了少数幸运者偶然被发现患病，大多数都是发展到尿毒症，出现明显的水肿无力才被检查出来，造成很多悲剧。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　尿毒症病因复杂难以预防</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　早期的肾脏病变如果能及时确诊，可以通过低费用的治疗延缓病程发展，而一旦发展到尿毒症，除了进行越来越频繁的透析，没有什么更好的办法。透析治疗一个月至少要花五六千元，非常昂贵，而早期发现治疗，一个月只需要几百元就可控制病情。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　体检尿常规可早发现早治疗</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　怎样尽早发现引起尿毒症的肾脏病变呢？医生认为，最有用的办法就是做尿常规。很多人对尿常规有误解，觉得非常麻烦，很多单位年度体检也没有把尿常规纳入其中。其实，做尿常规很简单，而且能够当场验出结果，费用也很便宜，只要几元钱即可。而且，一个小小的尿常规，能够早期发现肾脏系统的很多病变。</span></p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;\">　　此外，突然发现自己患有高血压，不要急着&ldquo;归罪于&rdquo;饮食原因。其实，年轻人的高血压有一部分是因为肾小球肾炎继发引起的，不妨先做个尿常规，查出&ldquo;幕后真凶&rdquo;再进行治疗。</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1410,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486395621331,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486395621330,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"2647","isDel":0,"createAt":1486395568245,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"关爱肾脏,远离尿毒症","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395965190.jpg\" title=\"1486395965190.jpg\" alt=\"20130928113801-2014794721.jpg\"/></p><p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　日常生活中,人们对“尿毒症”的恐惧不亚于肿瘤。其实就目前来讲,尿毒症并没有那么可怕,虽然不能治愈,但是可以治疗并维持相当高的生活质量。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"color:#ffffff\">中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/6/view-2786965.htm</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　尿毒症,肾衰终末期&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　一般来讲,各种慢性肾脏疾病如果得不到良好的控制,都会影响到肾功能,逐渐发展到慢性肾衰竭(CRF)。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　医学定义中的尿毒症,是特指慢性肾衰竭的患者在肾功能恶化到一定程度后即进入尿毒症期(表1),它又可分为尿毒症早期和尿毒症晚期。2002年美国肾脏病基金会肾脏病病人生存质量指导(K/DOQI)提出新的慢性肾脏病分期(CKD分期)。根据不同慢性肾脏病患者的肾小球滤过率(GFR)水平,统一分为5期,而过去尿毒症患者的概念主要对应慢性肾脏病分期中的4~5期。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　慢性肾衰到尿毒症,不可避免但可控制&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　总体上讲,慢性肾衰竭到尿毒症的发展不可逆转,但其发展速度受很多因素影响,并非不可控制。因此,临床治疗中(尤其是早中期阶段)应抓住机会积极控制危险因素,争取病情好转。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　主要的危险因素包括高血压、蛋白尿、高血糖、低蛋白血症、吸烟等。此外,少量研究提示,贫血、高脂血症、高同型半胱氨酸血症、营养不良、老年、尿毒症毒素(如甲基胍、甲状旁腺激素、酚类)蓄积等,也可能起一定作用。在慢性肾衰发展过程中,肾功能可能出现急性加重,甚至迅速进展至尿毒症并威胁患者生命。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　阶段不同,症状各异&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　在慢性肾衰竭的不同阶段,其临床表现也各不相同。在代偿期和失代偿早期,患者可以无任何症状,或仅有乏力、腰酸、夜尿增多等轻度不适;少数患者可有食欲减退、代谢性酸中毒及轻度贫血。中期以后,上述症状更趋明显。到晚期尿毒症时,可出现急性心衰、严重高钾血症、消化道出血、中枢神经系统障碍、内分泌系统功能紊乱等,甚至有生命危险。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　及时治疗,延缓进展&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　对轻、中度慢性肾衰竭要及时进行治疗,尽可能延缓其进展,防止尿毒症的发生。其基本对策是:&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　坚持病因治疗&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　如对高血压肾病、糖尿病肾病、肾小球肾炎等,坚持长期合理治疗。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　避免或消除慢性肾衰急剧恶化的危险因素&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　①原发疾病(如慢性肾小球肾炎、高血压病、糖尿病、缺血性肾病等)复发或加重;②血容量不足(低血压、脱水、大出血或休克等);③肾脏局部血供急剧减少(如肾动脉狭窄患者应用ACEI类降血压药物);④严重高血压未能控制;⑤肾毒性药物;⑥泌尿道梗阻;⑦严重感染;⑧其他:高钙血症、严重肝功不全等。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　阻断或抑制肾单位损害渐进性发展的各种途径,保护健存肾单位&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　对患者血压、血糖、尿蛋白定量、血肌酐上升幅度、GFR下降幅度、营养状况等指标,都应当控制在 “理想范围”。血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)具有良好降压作用,还有独特的降低高滤过、减轻蛋白尿的作用,同时也有抗氧化、减轻肾小球基底膜损害等作用,是目前公认的慢性肾衰竭治疗药物。此外,要针对患者贫血、电解质紊乱、骨质破坏、水肿等进行相应对症治疗。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　替代疗法&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　当慢性肾衰患者发展到尿毒症晚期,经药物治疗不能缓解时,则应进行肾脏替代治疗。目前,替代治疗的手段包括血液透析、腹膜透析和肾移植。肾移植无疑是最理想的治疗手段,移植成功后患者可以恢复正常的肾功能,基本和正常人一样。但受到肾脏来源和移植排斥的限制,目前能接受肾移植的患者仍是少数。透析中血液透析和腹膜透析的疗效相近,各有优缺点,临床应用可互为补充。但透析疗法仅可部分替代肾的排泄功能,而不能代替其内分泌和代谢功能。未来最理想的方法是利用基因工程克隆出自己的肾脏进行替换,既安全又有效,还有待进一步研究。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　预防,永远摆在第一位&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　不管什么疾病,预防都是放在第一位的,尿毒症也不例外。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　控制危险因素&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　尽量控制慢性肾脏病的危险因素,包括控制血压、血糖、血脂、高尿酸等,避免服用肾毒性药物,及早发现早期肾病。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　常规检查&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　在每年常规体检时,加入尿常规、肾功能、肾脏B超这三大检查项目,结合血压等一般项目综合判断,能有效检出大部分肾脏病患者。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　高危人群定期检查&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　病史在5年以上的糖尿病患者、高血压患者、常年服用含马兜铃酸等中药的患者、使用某些抗生素及消炎镇痛药的患者、结缔组织病患者及有肾脏病病史的人都属于肾脏病的高危人群,更需要定期复查尿常规。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　一旦发现患有肾脏疾病,应及时到正规医院就诊。我们相信,在全社会共同努力下,战胜“尿毒症”将不只是梦想!&nbsp;</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1426,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486395568247,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486395568245,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"2195","isDel":0,"createAt":1486395513580,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症有什么现象","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486396173060.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486396173060.jpg\" alt=\"2620_160311113623_1.jpg\" /></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　在众多的肾脏病患者中，有不少病人肾脏功能衰竭进入尿毒症期(简称为肾衰)而不自知，从而未能得到及时、合理的治疗。有些人甚至自觉身体&ldquo;一向健康&rdquo;，一旦发病，医生告诉他已是尿毒症时，自己愕然，家人愕然，不敢相信、不肯接受这一事实。尿毒症有什么现象如何及早发现?&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/6/view-2877409.htm</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　肾脏有强大的潜在代偿能力，因而肾功能在罹病而逐渐减退时，仍能承担人体的基本功能，因此，患者自觉&ldquo;一切正常&rdquo;。当肾脏损坏日渐增多，代偿力随之衰竭，最后不胜负荷而全线崩溃时，生命已处于危险之中。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　其实，尿毒症的发生和发展，必然有一个逐渐加重的过程。这个过程有时尽管十分隐蔽，但也必然有不少&ldquo;蛛丝马迹&rdquo;可以寻找。对于一个重视自己身体的&ldquo;有心人&rdquo;，只要善于发现这些不显眼的迹象，到医院检查尿液和血液，便知底蕴了。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　&ldquo;蛛丝马迹&rdquo;在哪里?请细看其详。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　乏力&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　乏力可能是很早的表现，但最容易被忽视，因为引起乏力的原因太多了。特别是那些在事业上&ldquo;全力搏杀&rdquo;的人，大多将之归咎于工作紧张和劳累。若稍加休息而症状好转，则更易误导。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　面色苍黄&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　这是由于贫血所致。由于这种表现发生和发展十分缓慢，因而在一段不太短的时间内不会出现明显的&ldquo;反差&rdquo;，就像人们在正常的相处中，难以发现各种缓慢发展的变化一样。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　浮肿&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　浮肿是一个比较易于发现的表现。但由于开始时间歇出现而且症状较轻，也可能未能引起患者注意。常见症状是:早晨起床时，眼睑浮肿，午后消退；劳累时，双脚浮肿，休息后消失，这常被误为过劳的现象而被忽略；若发展到持续性或全身性浮肿时，已是病不轻了。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　胃口不佳&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　这是由于尿毒素潴留，影响消化功能所致。多数人未加注意。待病情发展，将会出现腹闷胀不适、恶心、呕吐，甚至大便次数增多或便质稀烂。此时，病已较重，即使病人上医院就诊，但仍有可能只将注意力集中在消化道方面，被误作肠炎之类的诊断，忽略了基础病变――肾功能衰竭。&nbsp;</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1502,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486395513582,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486395513580,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"2049","isDel":0,"createAt":1486486123283,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症的症状是什么","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　尿毒症是肾脏疾病的后期表现，是一种比较严重的病症，它的发病不仅给患者的肾脏健康带来影响，还严重影响患者的身体健康。此病的发作可以带来一些全身性的疾病，所以在治疗的时候会很困难。此病治疗的最佳时间在早期，大家可以根据早期症状判断此病。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　1、困倦、乏力。这可能是很早的表现，但最容易被忽略，因为引起困倦、乏力的原因的确太多了。特别是那些在事业上&ldquo;全力搏杀&rdquo;的人，大多将之归咎于工作紧张和劳累。若稍加休息而症状好转，则更易被忽视。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　2、面色泛黄。这是由于贫血所致，由于这种表现发生和发展十分缓慢，因而在一段不太短的时间内不会出现明显的&ldquo;反差&rdquo;，就像人们在早晚见面难以发现各种缓慢发展的变化一样。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　3、浮肿。这是一个比较易觉察的现象。是因肾脏不能清除体内多余的水分而导致液体滞留在体内组织间隙，早期仅在踝部及眼睑部浮肿，休息后消失，若发展到持续性或全身性浮肿时，已病不轻矣。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　4、尿量改变。由于肾脏滤过功能下降，部分病人随病程进展尿量会逐渐减少。即便是尿量正常，由于尿液中所排除的毒素减少，质量下降，不能排出体内过多的废物，所以在一定程度上尿量并不能完全说明您肾脏功能的好坏。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　5、高血压。因为肾脏有排钠、排水的功能，肾功能受损时体内会发生钠和水的蓄留，另外，此时肾脏会分泌一些升高血压的物质。因此，尿毒症病人早期会有不同程度的高血压。若有高血压加之凝血机制差易致鼻或齿龈出血，要引起注意。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　6、胃口不佳。这是由于尿毒素潴留，影响消化功能所致，多数人不以为然。待病情发展，将会出现腹部闷胀不适、恶心、呕吐，甚至大便次数增多或便质稀烂，此时，病已较重，这也往往是病人不得不就医的重要原因。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1431,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486486123286,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486486123283,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1798","isDel":0,"createAt":1486395471332,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症早期信号","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486396016537.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486396016537.jpg\" alt=\"11b2ceb2-4a8b-4172-9337-630370d190a7.jpg\" /></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　日常生活中，有不少肾脏病人肾功能减退已进入尿毒症期而不自知，从而未能得到合理及时的治疗。有些人，自觉身体&ldquo;一向健康&rdquo;，一旦发病，医生告诉他已是尿毒症时，自己愕然，不敢相信，不肯接受这一客观事实。这是因为肾脏有强大的潜在代偿能力，因而肾功能在罹病受损而减低时，仍能承担人体的基本生理功能，因此患者自感&ldquo;一切正常&rdquo;。当肾脏毁坏日渐增多，代偿能力随之衰减，最后不胜负荷而&ldquo;全线崩溃时&rdquo;，生命已处在危险之中。</span><br /><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/6/view-2752698.htm</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　尽管尿毒症的发生和发展有一个较长的逐渐加重的过程，尽管这个过程有时十分隐秘，但也必然有不少&ldquo;蛛丝马迹&rdquo;可以寻找，只要善于发现这些不显眼的迹象，到医院去检查尿液和血液，便能确诊病情。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　在日常生活中，当您出现以下某个或某些症状时应及时去医院诊查。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　困倦乏力这可能是很早的表现，但最容易被忽略，因为引起困倦、乏力的原因的确太多了。特别是那些在事业上&ldquo;全力搏杀&rdquo;的人，大多将之归咎于工作紧张和劳累。若稍加休息而症状好转，则更易被忽视。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　面色泛黄这是由于贫血所致，由于这种表现发生和发展十分缓慢，因而在一段不太短的时间内不会出现明显的&ldquo;反差&rdquo;，就像人们在早晚见面难以发现各种缓慢发展的变化一样。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　浮肿这是一个比较易觉察的现象。是因肾脏不能清除体内多余的水分而导致液体滞留在体内组织间隙，早期仅在踝部及眼睑部浮肿，休息后消失，若发展到持续性或全身性浮肿时，已病不轻矣。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　尿量改变由于肾脏滤过功能下降，部分病人随病程进展尿量会逐渐减少。即便是尿量正常，由于尿液中所排除的毒素减少，质量下降，不能排出体内过多的废物，所以在一定程度上尿量并不能完全说明您肾脏功能的好坏。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　高血压因为肾脏有排钠、排水功能，肾功能受损时体内会发生钠和水的潴留，另外，此时肾脏会分泌一些升高血压的物质。因此，尿毒症病人早期会有不同程度的高血压。若有高血压加之凝血机制差易致鼻或牙龈出血，要引起注意。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　胃口不佳这是由于尿毒素潴留，影响消化功能所致，多数人不以为然。待病情发展，将会出现腹部闷胀不适、恶心、呕吐，甚至大便次数增多或便质稀烂，此时，病已较重，这也往往是病人不得不就医的重要原因。&nbsp;</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1682,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486395471333,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486395471332,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1621","isDel":0,"createAt":1486486074256,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症的早期症状表现","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　尿毒症是肾脏病发展的最终阶段。肾病患者发病早期如果得不到及时有效的治疗，最终就会致使病情发展到尿毒症阶段。我们说，尿毒症是肾功能衰竭发展到最严重的阶段，也就是说尿毒症的发生和发展是随着肾脏被损害程度不断加重的，&ldquo;早发现，早治疗&rdquo;所以前期发现症状就显得尤为重要，那么尿毒症早期症状到底有哪些？</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; text-align: left;\">　　尿毒症的早期症状</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　1、胃口不佳，厌食，恶心</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　长期的毒素在体内潴留会影响到消化系统功能，早期患者常见于胃口不佳，不思饮食或者吃点就饱。随着病情的发展这一症状会更严重，会出现呕吐，恶心，腹部闷胀等等情况。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　2、经常性的感觉疲劳，乏力、头疼</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　由于细胞功能受到影响致使代谢失衡，长期有害物质在体内滞留会引起神经细胞病变、酸碱代谢失衡、电解质杂乱以及肾性高血压等。这些并发性的疾病常常会造成患者头昏、头疼、乏力、疲劳、记忆力减退等症状。而这些症状对于年轻人来说往往觉得是头一天没睡好，或者是工作劳累，生活压力大造成的。以为只要好好休息就可得到缓解，所以特别容易被忽视。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　3、高血压</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　如果有经常头晕、眼花、耳鸣还伴有高血压的朋友就一定要引起重视了。因为我们都知道肾脏的主要功能是排钠、排尿。而当肾功能受到损伤的时候，体内就会出现水钠潴留，致使血容量增大导致高血压。另外，由于肾脏自身的缺血缺氧致使肾素的分泌增多，进而导致肾脏分泌的升高血压的物质增多，降低血压的物质减少。因此，尿毒症病人早期会有不同程度的高血压。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　4、面色泛黄</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　这点的主要原因是由于贫血导致的。由于处于尿毒症期的患者体内的有毒代谢产物潴留，致使红细胞被破坏或寿命缩短，加之生成红细胞的数量减少和各种出血症状导致了患者贫血症状的发生。这一点较为不明显，很多患者在短期内并不会太注意这个症状。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　5、尿量减少，上厕所次数变少</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　很多人觉得喝水多了自然上厕所次数就多，喝水少了，尿量就少。因此不会刻意的注意尿量的多少，其实不然。一般情况下，正常人尿量应该保持在1000mL&mdash;2000mL，而上厕所次数一般白天为4-6次，晚上为0-2次。尿毒症患者由于肾脏的滤过功能下降，一部分患者会出现随着病情加重尿量逐渐减少的情况。还有一部分患者尿量是正常的，但是由于肾脏的功能下降了，所以尿的质量也就下降了，尿液中排出的毒素减少，体内过多的废物由于排不出去潴留在体内进而导致了患者体质和病情的进一步恶化。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　6、身体出现浮肿</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　这个症状虽然容易察觉，但是也可能被忽视。浮肿也是由于肾脏不能排除体内多余的水分，致使水分滞留在组织间隙内。早期患者经常表现为起床后的眼睑浮肿，脚踝处浮肿，但是经过休息后又消失了。严重的患者表现为小腿浮肿或全身性的浮肿。很多人觉得是第一天太过劳累或者睡觉姿势不对所致，不会特别在意。当然，浮肿的原因是很多的，这点还需要患者仔细辨别。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　预防尿毒症要注意这些问题</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　1、增强体质</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　预防肾脏病的最主要措施，是加强身体锻炼，增强机体的抗病能力。锻炼身体的方式有多种，散步、长跑、跳舞、登山、划船、武术、气功、太极拳等，皆有利于增强体质，提高机体抵抗力，防止感染细菌病毒后免疫反应性损害的发生。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　2、预防感染</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾炎的发生常与上呼吸道感染等有关，常以外受风寒、风热、风湿、湿热、热毒之邪为始因。因此，要预防肾炎的发病，就应注意天气寒暖的变化，应避免阴雨天外出，避免汗出当风，涉水冒雨，穿潮湿衣服，时刻警惕外邪的侵袭。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　3、有病早治</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　皮肤的疮疖痒疹，上呼吸道感染，扁桃体炎反复发作，有发生肾炎的可能。因此，有病早治非常必要。保持下阴的清洁，勤换衣裤，可防止泌尿系感染；保持大便的通畅，定时排便，有利于代谢废物的排除。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　4、慎用肾毒药物</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　氨基糖苷类抗生素如庆大霉素、卡那霉素、链霉素以及丁胺卡那霉素、多粘菌素、四环素、万古霉素、二性霉素B、先素2号等抗生素，均有一定肾毒性，或容易引起肾损害，所以尽量不用。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　5、起居有常</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　养成良好的生活习惯，对身体健康非常重要。因为生活不规律，睡眠不充足，暴饮暴食，酒色过度，劳逸无度，均可降低人体对外邪的抵抗力，增加患病的机会。所以，日常生活中，应劳逸结合，定时作息，以维持人体阴阳平衡，气血调畅。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　6、精神乐观</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1359,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486486074257,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486486074256,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1071","isDel":0,"createAt":1486486010509,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症前兆症状有哪些","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　在日常生活中，很多人都听说过尿毒症这种疾病，这是一种由慢性肾病发展而来的难治愈的疾病。此病不仅给病人带来巨大的经济负担，而且严重影响病人的正常生活。很多人得了此病后，因早期不了解疾病的症状，没有及早防治，由此导致疾病日益恶化，难以治愈。为及早防治疾病，人们要了解尿毒症前兆症状有哪些，具体如下：</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　1.疲倦、乏力：大部分病人都会出现疲倦乏力的临床症状。由于病人长期肠胃不适、腹痛腹泻、尿频尿多，身体机能严重下降，并发贫血、恶心呕吐、腰酸背痛等症状。严重者月经紊乱，下肢浮肿、肌肉痉挛。在疾病的困扰下，病人出现困倦乏力症状自然很正常的。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　2.胃口不佳：胃口不佳，是尿毒症的前兆症状之一。很多人因肠胃功能较弱而经常食欲不振，在此情况下，并未意识到自身患病。当疾病日益严重，其他病症相应出现时，到医院检查才得知。若长期胃口不佳，恶心呕吐、腹胀不适，就应服用健胃药治疗。若治疗无明显疗效，则可能由尿毒素潴留，影响消化功能所致消化不良等。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　3.高血压：尿毒症前兆有哪些？高血压，就是其前兆症状。很多高血压病人治疗不当若转变为尿毒症。高血压者因长期服用药物肾脏严重受损，肾功能发生障碍时就会诱发疾病。若不注意，则发病的机率很高。若注意，早日治疗原发病，则发病率较低。为了自身健康，应早日治愈高血压等问题。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　结语：尿毒症危害很大，治愈机率低，因此人们日常要多了解尿毒症前兆症状，及早防治疾病</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"2","topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1869,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486486010511,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486486010509,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null}],"metaSearch":{"description":"为您提供:尿毒症早期症状表现_儿童尿毒症症状有哪些症状_尿毒症有遗传吗_尿毒症病友的治疗经验等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"尿毒症早期症状表现_儿童尿毒症症状有哪些症状_尿毒症有遗传吗","title":"尿毒症早期症状表现_儿童尿毒症症状有哪些症状_尿毒症有遗传吗","channels":{"病友社区":{"description":"为病友提供:尿毒症论坛_尿毒症论坛贴吧_病友交流平台_病友论坛，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"尿毒症论坛_尿毒症论坛贴吧_病友交流平台_病友论坛","title":"尿毒症论坛_尿毒症论坛贴吧_病友交流平台_病友论坛","channels":null},"治疗":{"description":"为您提供:尿毒症治疗方法_尿毒症早期如何治疗_尿毒症怎么治疗最好等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"尿毒症治疗方法_尿毒症早期如何治疗_尿毒症怎么治疗最好","title":"尿毒症治疗方法_尿毒症早期如何治疗_尿毒症怎么治疗最好","channels":null},"症状":{"description":"为您提供:尿毒症的早期表现_尿毒症早期状态_尿毒症的症状有哪些等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"尿毒症的早期表现_尿毒症早期状态_尿毒症的症状有哪些","title":"尿毒症的早期表现_尿毒症早期状态_尿毒症的症状有哪些","channels":null},"并发症":{"description":"为您提供:尿毒症透析后遗症_尿毒症治愈后后遗症_尿毒症的危害等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"尿毒症透析后遗症_尿毒症治愈后后遗症_尿毒症的危害","title":"尿毒症透析后遗症_尿毒症治愈后后遗症_尿毒症的危害","channels":null},"饮食":{"description":"为您提供:尿毒症吃什么食物最好_尿毒症不能吃的东西_尿毒症吃啥东西好等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"尿毒症吃什么食物最好_尿毒症不能吃的东西_尿毒症吃啥东西好","title":"尿毒症吃什么食物最好_尿毒症不能吃的东西_尿毒症吃啥东西好","channels":null},"病因":{"description":"为您提供:尿毒症是怎么引起的_怎么导致尿毒症_怎么样会得尿毒症等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"尿毒症是怎么引起的_怎么导致尿毒症_怎么样会得尿毒症","title":"尿毒症是怎么引起的_怎么导致尿毒症_怎么样会得尿毒症","channels":null},"病友求助":{"description":"为您提供:尿毒症是遗传病吗_尿毒症可以治愈吗_尿毒症晚期还能活多久等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"尿毒症是遗传病吗_尿毒症可以治愈吗_尿毒症晚期还能活多久","title":"尿毒症是遗传病吗_尿毒症可以治愈吗_尿毒症晚期还能活多久","channels":null},"预防":{"description":"为您提供:怎样预防尿毒症的发生_怎样预防尿毒症?_平时怎么预防尿毒症等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。","keywords":"怎样预防尿毒症的发生_怎样预防尿毒症?_平时怎么预防尿毒症","title":"怎样预防尿毒症的发生_怎样预防尿毒症?_平时怎么预防尿毒症","channels":null}}},"focus":0,"type1":[{"id":"4608","isDel":0,"createAt":1486485554985,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"儿童肾移植的注意事项有哪些","content":"<p><br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　肾脏是人们一个非常重要的器官，如果肾脏出现了问题，那我们的身体就会受到非常严重的影响，患者也会非常的痛苦，很多患者进行了肾移植，那么，儿童进行的是移植手术后会有哪些注意事项呢?因为儿童与成人不同，儿童进行肾移植也有其特殊性。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　1、儿童肾移植的年龄范围较大，最小年龄者可到几个月。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　2、儿童肾移植的手术操作方法与成人有些不同，体重超过20公斤者，手术方法与成人相似;体重在20公斤以下或不足5岁者，手术多数经腹部进行，供肾动静脉分别与受体的腹主动脉和下腔静脉吻合，移植肾置于腹腔内或腹膜后间隙，输尿管的吻合与成人相同。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　3、儿童肾移植后的免疫反应比成人强，比较肾移植住院期间排斥反应的发生率，在1-10岁的儿童中有30%发生排斥反应，而在大于50岁的患者中仅15%发生排斥反应。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　4、儿童患尿毒症会明显影响生长发育和青春期发育，肾移植后这一问题仍然存在着。所以选择合适的年龄进行肾移植和采用恰当的免疫抑制治疗方案，才能最大限度地促进儿童的生长发育，减少药物对儿童的生长发育的影响。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　5、手术后早期及恢复期(术后一个月内)的饮食：这时需要摄取足够的蛋白质及热量以维持正氮平衡，促进伤口愈合，降低感染的危险。肠蠕动恢复后可进流质饮食如：米汤、藕粉、蛋花汤等。但不要过早饮牛奶，避免引起腹胀。继而可改为半流质饮食，如：汤面条、鸡蛋羹、黑鱼汤等，并逐渐过渡到普食。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><br/></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1429,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486485554986,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486485554985,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"4320","isDel":0,"createAt":1486485953801,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"肾移植患病后有腰疼症状吗","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　肾移植的初期并发症不是特别的明显，所以很容易让患者产生忽视。专家说，肾移植手术是一种比较严重且大型的手术了，所以在对患者整个病情需要有细致入微的分析，包括患者以往的患病病史都要做深入的探讨和研究。而如果肾移植一直拖着不治疗，后期所带来的并发症还将会更多，下面我们就先来对初期肾移植的并发症做详细介绍吧。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; text-align: left;\">　　<strong style=\"color: #333333;\">肾移植发生的原因</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　排斥反应是肾移植失败的主要原因。根据其发生急慢可分以下类型：(1)超急性;(2)加速性;(3)急性和慢性。急性排斥反应是临床上最常见的一种以细胞免疫反应为主的排斥反应，大多数情况是可以逆转的，主要表现为：植入肾肿大、发热、不适以及血压增高、尿量减少、关节酸痛等。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾移植术后感染是患者致死最常见的原因，病死率高达40%～78%。近年来，由于组织配型的进展，减少了免疫抑制药物剂量，预防性应用抗生素，以及对反复发生的严重排斥反应者采取了较积极的摘肾保命原则，使感染引起的病死率有明显下降。尽管如此，感染仍是引起肾移植患者死亡的首位原因，其中以肺部感染和败血症的病死率最高。因此尤其应当对患者采取严密的保护性隔离措施及无菌技术操作。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\"><strong style=\"color: #333333;\">　　肾移植症状表现</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　慢性排斥反应多发生于肾移植术后数月或数年，表现为慢性肾功能损害。应用环孢霉素A以来，排斥反应变得越来越不典型或症状较轻，为了早期发现排斥反应，护士应经常注意患者的尿量、主诉及各种检查结果。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　多尿期的并发症：首先表现为球结膜水肿，下肢水肿首先从足部开始。这时要控制输液速度，让排出量大于输液量，必要时可应用强心剂。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　主要症状为&ldquo;三肿一多&rdquo;：脑水肿、肺水肿、球结膜水肿、分泌增多。此时应严格控制输液速度，根据血钾、钠、氯补充电解质，强心利尿。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　主要症状为\"三陷一低\"：眼球凹陷，皮肤无弹性，静脉萎缩，血压下降，此时要加快补液速度，促使进量大于出量。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　高血压是肾移植术后常见的并发症。对顽固性高血压的治疗，首先采取非药物疗法，如减轻体重，控制钠的日摄入量在2g以内。慢行、散步等锻炼也有助于体重减轻。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1493,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486485953806,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486485953801,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"3305","isDel":0,"createAt":1486394783254,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"透视“根治尿毒症”","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395704811.jpg\" title=\"1486395704811.jpg\" alt=\"u=2844100754,3884520660&amp;fm=23&amp;gp=0.jpg\"/></p><p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　我在网上和宣传单上看到一些广告。说可以用中医排毒，既能治愈肾病尿毒症，又可避免透析造成的副作用，还可以减少透析频率，最终摆脱透析，回归健康者行列。请问，中医是否可以治好尿毒症呢?是不是用中医治疗了，就可以逐步脱离透析治疗呢?&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　点评：&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　肾功能衰竭俗称尿毒症。中药对尿毒症的患者能部分缓解临床症状，但不能完全替代透析疗法。因为透析治疗以前，任何药物(包括中药、西药)的作用结果都是要通过坏损的肾脏而将毒素排出体外，慢性肾功能衰竭时肾脏多已萎缩、功能低下，怎么可能进行所谓的“排毒”呢?因此，在尿毒症阶段，药物(包括中药)的疗效是有限的。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　中医能减少透析频率，甚至让患者摆脱透析的说法，也是没有根据的。透析是替代治疗的一种方法，尤其是慢性肾衰竭更要长期透析。透析时服用中药的目的不是减少透析甚至摆脱透析，而是治疗相关并发症，改善全身状况。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　可以这么说：在慢性肾衰竭早期采用中医药治疗有一定疗效，能延缓肾衰竭进展，但不能阻止其进展，而治疗效果，则要根据疾病的具体情况和患者对药物的反应而定。慢性肾衰竭到了晚期，中药的治疗效果同样不好，唯有替代治疗才是解决之道。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　读者情报&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　我看到的一则广告上说，西医治疗肾病副作用大，不利于康复，还可使患者发展为尿毒症的危险增加。而他们治疗尿毒症以及尿毒症前期的肾病，不需要用西药，也不需要用激素，只用纯中药。不知是真是假?&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　点评：&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　首先要申明一点，不只是西药有副作用，中药同样也有副作用，要不然怎么会称为“药”，而不称为是“食”呢?尿毒症肯定不用激素治疗。在尿毒症之前的肾病，根据其病理类型，有些可能需要激素治疗，即使如此，也不可以用纯中药制剂代替激素。另外，在治疗肾病和尿毒症时，西药是必不可少的。根据临床经验，在病情急性发作、不稳定的时候，最好用西药治疗，此时用中药效果并不理想。当病情稳定后，可用中药加以调理。另外，在尿毒症阶段，还是需要西药来控制并发症，如高血压等；而中药能起到促进排毒、保护。肾功能等作用。总之，在治疗肾病、尿毒症的过程中，西医是必不可少的，应该中医西医两者兼顾。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　读者情报&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　我看到一些“根治尿毒症”的广告，广告中推荐用他们医院自己研制的中药制剂，“独家秘方，疗效卓著”，能使肾功能得到完全恢复。到底可不可信呢?&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　点评：&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　广告中推荐的药品是属于医院自制制剂。自制药品多是在医院内部使用，没有上市，与临床广泛应用的同类药品比较还有一定限制。目前，国内医院自制制剂处于良莠不齐的状态。它没有经过临床药品审批过程中需要的I期、II期、III期临床试验，其疗效要考虑，其安全性更要考虑。所以，广告中宣传的疗效是要打折扣的，更难说使肾功能恢复正常了。如果真是肾功能恢复了，要看一下肾功能损害的原因。是急性还是慢性，是肾性、肾前性还是肾后性，是原发还是继发，不能笼统地说“能恢复受损的肾功能”。当然，我们也不排除一些正规医院的自制药品在疗效和安全上是双优的情况，但对于广告中宣传的这类药品，患者还是应慎重选择，尤其是对号称“没有副作用”之类的医疗广告更应该万分警惕。</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1770,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486394783256,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486394783254,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"2985","isDel":0,"createAt":1486394745929,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症的信号","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395549837.jpg\" title=\"1486395549837.jpg\" alt=\"u=2844100754,3884520660&amp;fm=23&amp;gp=0.jpg\"/></p><p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　日常生活中，有不少肾脏病人肾功能减退已进入尿毒症期而不自知，从而未能得到合理及时的治疗。有些人，自觉身体“一向健康”，一旦发病，医生告诉他已是尿毒症时，自己愕然，不敢相信，不肯接受这一客观事实。这是因为肾脏有强大的潜在代偿能力，因而肾功能在罹病受损而减低时，仍能承担人体的基本生理功能，因此患者自感“一切正常”。当肾脏毁坏日渐增多，代偿能力随之衰减，最后不胜负荷而“全线崩溃时”，生命已处在危险之中。</span><br/><span style=\"color:#ffffff\">中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/6/view-2750809.htm</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　尽管尿毒症的发生和发展有一个较长的逐渐加重的过程，尽管这个过程有时十分隐秘，但也必然有不少“蛛丝马迹”可以寻找，只要善于发现这些不显眼的迹象，到医院去检查尿液和血液，便能确诊病情。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　在日常生活中，当您出现以下某个或某些症状时应及时去医院诊查。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　困倦乏力这可能是很早的表现，但最容易被忽略，因为引起困倦、乏力的原因的确太多了。特别是那些在事业上“全力搏杀”的人，大多将之归咎于工作紧张和劳累。若稍加休息而症状好转，则更易被忽视。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　面色泛黄这是由于贫血所致，由于这种表现发生和发展十分缓慢，因而在一段不太短的时间内不会出现明显的“反差”，就像人们在早晚见面难以发现各种缓慢发展的变化一样。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　浮肿这是一个比较易觉察的现象。是因肾脏不能清除体内多余的水分而导致液体滞留在体内组织间隙，早期仅在踝部及眼睑部浮肿，休息后消失，若发展到持续性或全身性浮肿时，已病不轻矣。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　尿量改变由于肾脏滤过功能下降，部分病人随病程进展尿量会逐渐减少。即便是尿量正常，由于尿液中所排除的毒素减少，质量下降，不能排出体内过多的废物，所以在一定程度上尿量并不能完全说明您肾脏功能的好坏。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　高血压因为肾脏有排钠、排水功能，肾功能受损时体内会发生钠和水的潴留，另外，此时肾脏会分泌一些升高血压的物质。因此，尿毒症病人早期会有不同程度的高血压。若有高血压加之凝血机制差易致鼻或牙龈出血，要引起注意。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　胃口不佳这是由于尿毒素潴留，影响消化功能所致，多数人不以为然。待病情发展，将会出现腹部闷胀不适、恶心、呕吐，甚至大便次数增多或便质稀烂，此时，病已较重，这也往往是病人不得不就医的重要原因。&nbsp;</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1693,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486394745931,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486394745929,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"2592","isDel":0,"createAt":1486394703512,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症:换肾?透析?","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395574103.jpg\" title=\"1486395574103.jpg\" alt=\"20130928113801-2014794721.jpg\"/></p><p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　夜已深。肾科病房里，下午刚住院的老李和老赵都处役有睡。就在今大，他们设同时诊断患有尿毒症。“你说咱们该怎么办呀?”一番沉痛悔过之后，老李把问题拉回现实。“估计咱俩的下半辈子就只能靠透析活着了!”“不会吧，我有个老邻居也是这病，人家换了肾，现在跟没事人一样!f”……&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"color:#ffffff\">中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/6/view-2702474.htm</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　尿毒症，是由于肾功能衰竭致使代谢产物和其他有毒物质在体内蓄积而引起的一种自身中毒综合征，是肾功能衰竭最严重的表现，主要由慢性肾病发展而来。绝大多数尿毒症患者两侧肾脏完全失去功能，通常不能恢复，必须及时进行。肾脏替代治疗，包括血液净化(血液透析、血液滤过、腹膜透析等)和肾脏移植f也就是常说的换肾)。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　同为替代疗法，尿毒症患者该如何选择呢?&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　肾移植是最好的方法&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　肾移植是目前改善肾脏衰竭患者生活质量最好的方法，移植到患者体内的肾脏几乎可以完全代替已衰竭肾脏的功能，让患者过上正常人的生活。成功的肾移植能迅速纠正或改善尿毒症的症状及其并发症，如贫血、皮肤瘙痒、食欲不佳、高血压、肾性骨营养不良、周围神经病变、性功能障碍等。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　目前，肾移植成功率很高，有调查显示肾移植1年和5年的肾存活率可达90％和70％，亲属活体供肾的效果更好。随着免疫抑制剂的进步，肾移植者的存活时间明显延长。再加上国产免疫抑制药已达国外同类药的水平，患者的经济负担也大大减轻。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　移植有风险，患者需谨慎&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　尽管肾移植有诸多优点，但其本身也有尚未解决的难题，如手术本身的风险、排异、免疫过度受抑制(容易引发感染和恶性肿瘤)、抗排异药物的不良反应等。因此，对恶性肿瘤、慢性呼吸衰竭、全身严重感染、活动性结核病、艾滋病、精神病等患者，不主张进行肾移植。而消化性溃疡、心肌梗死等患者也需在病情稳定后再考虑手术。此外，高龄、糖尿病等患者自身因素有增加死亡和移植肾失败的风险。因此，在肾移植前要对身体进行系统的检查，以排除相关影响因素，确保手术效果。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　需要提醒的是，即使排除了以上问题，也不是每位肾衰竭患者都有机会接受肾移植。这是因为可能没有适合的肾脏或愿意捐献肾脏的亲属，或是因为器官捐献者数量远远低于需求者的数量。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　透析是重要的补充　 　 相对而言，血液净化f透析)的替代功能并不完全，它只能排除部分代谢废物和水分，能在一定程度上纠正代谢性酸中毒，而对肾脏的其他内环境调节作用、营养和内分泌功能，只能靠饮食指导和补充相应的成分来部分弥补。同时，长期透析本身也可引发相关并发症，如透析相关骨病等，影响患者的生活质量。此外，透析患者还需定期到医院就诊f血液透析每周两三次，腹膜透析每月1次1，这会给其生活、工作造成一定的不便。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　不适宜行。肾移植的患者，透析更是他们的生命线。经过不断的探索和实践，透析技术已经日益成熟，能在一定程度上满足不同患者的不同需求，不良反应也大大减少。新型透析材料的不断涌现不仅减轻了对机体的不良刺激，而且对毒素的清除能力也大大增加，透析相关并发症的发生率明显降低。现在，透析患者的生活质量、生存率、社会回归率已经获得稳步提高。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　总而言之，肾移植和透析是互补的。在等待肾源的时问里，患者需要靠透析维持生命；肾移植失败或移植。肾失去功能后，患者可再转为透析治疗。肾移植还是透析，应根据患者发病情况、生活状况、个人及家属的意愿、当地的医疗条件等因素来综合考虑。</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1873,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486394703514,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486394703512,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"2262","isDel":0,"createAt":1486394662781,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"专家带你解读尿毒症","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395265879.jpg\" title=\"1486395265879.jpg\" alt=\"2620_160311113623_1.jpg\"/></p><p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　医生手记：患者张某，男，43岁。近一个月以来经常感到头痛、头晕、食欲不振、心慌气短、平卧喘憋、甚至出现全身乏力、轻度水肿等症状。后在家属的陪伴下到医院就医，经医生询问病史后才得知，该患者患有慢性肾小球肾炎已经有十余年。后经化验检查发现，该患血肌酐、血尿素氮明显高于正常；血常规显示为中度贫血；尿液检查发现较多的颗粒管型和透明管型，24小时尿量600～800ml左右(正常人24小时尿量应是800ml以上)；胸片见双肺纹理增粗；心影增大；B超提示双肾体积明显小于正常，静脉肾盂造影见双肾不显影。后经专家们会诊，确诊该患者患有慢性肾小球肾炎、慢性肾功能衰竭(尿毒症)。后来，张某经过保守治疗症状没有得到改善，不得已最后决定做血液透析治疗，择期肾移植手术。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"color:#ffffff\">中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/6/view-2671828.htm</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　那么，什么是尿毒症?慢性肾小球肾炎又是怎样发展成慢性肾功能衰竭的呢?慢性肾功能衰竭为什么会如此凶险，最后需要做肾移植手术呢?下面，我们来听听专家是怎么说的。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　什么是尿毒症呢?&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　尿毒症又称为慢性肾功能衰竭，确切地说它并不是一种疾病，而是一组综合征，是由各种疾病引起的慢性肾损害使肾功能逐渐丧失、从而导致体内有毒的代谢产物不能排出体外，水、电解质紊乱、酸碱平衡失调引起的一系列全身中毒症状，故俗称尿毒症。其病情进展缓慢、不可逆转，所以预后极差。肾脏相当于一个滤过器，把人体内代谢所产生的废物、多余的水分排出体外，同时调节电解质和酸碱平衡，为体内的新陈代谢和正常的生理活动提供一个所必需的环境。使参与人体正常代谢、赖以维持生命运动的各种离子、糖类及蛋白质保持在一个稳定的，合理的状态，从而保证体内各种生理活动的顺利进行。当肾脏由于疾病等原因引起肾功能严重减退到一定程度，不能满足上述需要时，机体内就出现了一系列中毒及紊乱现象，表现为全身各系统病理改变。临床上称为慢性尿毒症。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　引起慢性尿毒症的原因有很多种，如慢性肾小球肾炎；慢性肾盂肾炎；泌尿系统结石，梗阻、结核；先天性疾病，如多囊肾、马蹄肾、输尿管囊肿、海棉肾等；以及外伤或放射性损伤。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　其次很多全身性疾病也可以导致肾损害引起肾功能衰竭，如①糖尿病、高血压均可以使肾小动脉硬化，肾小球萎缩，肾皮质变薄，肾功能减退以致肾功能衰竭。②免疫性疾病及过敏性疾病，如过敏性紫癜、系统性红斑狼疮肾损害等均可损伤肾脏功能导致慢性尿毒症。③中毒性肾损害，如肾毒性药物、生物毒素、化学毒物都能使肾脏功能减退甚至肾衰，例如氨基甙类药物、蛇毒、重金属如汞、砷都可引起慢性肾功能衰竭。④其他如放射损伤、神经损伤引起的神经膀胱、临近器官的肿瘤压迫，后腹膜疾病侵犯输尿管引起的梗阻，还有少数急性肾衰恢复不佳的病人有时可反复发作导致慢性肾功能衰竭。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　慢性尿毒症有哪些症状?&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　由于慢性尿毒症是全身多脏器受损，所以临床表现多种多样：&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　水电解质代谢紊乱　慢性肾功能衰竭时肾脏调节水及电解质的功能减退或紊乱引起一系列症状，如水肿，高血压，肺水肿、脑水肿，尤其是高血钾可直接导致病人死亡。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　酸中毒　这是慢性肾功能衰竭的典型症状，主要是肾小管的排酸功能下降所致。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　其他中毒症状&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　消化道症状：由于消化道水肿、贫血、氨产生的过多，都可以引起恶心、呕吐、间断腹泻，严重者可引起消化道出血。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　心血管系统：高血压、尿毒症性心包炎、尿毒症性心肌病等都可以引起心衰。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　呼吸系统：由于肺淤血、水肿导致肺毛细血管通透性增加，出现呼吸困难、咳泡沫痰、可听到湿罗音，有时咳血痰。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　血液系统：骨髓抑制引起造血功能障碍，表现为贫血、出血倾向、常有牙龈出血、皮下淤血、呕血便血等。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　神经系统：大部分尿毒症病人有神经系统的病变，表现为双下肢感觉异常，如针刺感、麻木、不适、肌力下降、晚期可有惊厥或癫痫。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　骨骼及运动系统：由于钙、磷和维生素D代谢障碍，肠道吸收减少，引起肾性骨病，如骨软化、病理性骨折及骨硬化症等。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　皮肤表现：皮肤瘙痒是最常见的症状，另外还有皮肤干燥，少数病人可见皮肤有白色尿素霜。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　性腺功能障碍：女性可有月经减少、月经不规则甚至闭经，男性可有阳痿、少精、血浆睾酮降低。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　免疫系统：免疫功能低下，感染及肿瘤发病率高于其他人群。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　代谢异常：蛋白质，碳水化合物及脂肪代谢均不正常。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　那么，患了慢性尿毒症又将如何治疗呢?&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　一般治疗延缓肾功能损害和对症治疗。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　饮食　低蛋白、低磷、适当的热量供给。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　控制高血压　目的是延缓肾功能衰竭速度、保护残存的肾功能。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　口服药物　氧化淀粉可在肠道吸附降低尿素氮达30％。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　治疗肾性骨病　控制高血磷，纠正低血钙、补充维生素D。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　纠正肾性贫血　适当补充造血物质如叶酸、铁剂，必要时肌注促红细胞生成素。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　透析治疗　有腹膜透析和血液透析两种，前者操作简单，对医院及医生要求低，安全，经济，但效果不如血液透析。而血液透析对医院和医生均有较高要求，设备相对复杂，治疗费用高，但效果好。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　肾移植　这是治疗慢性肾功能衰竭比较有效的方法之一，而且随着近来抗排斥药物的改进，效果越来越好，但是此手术对医院要求更高，并且受到肾源的限制，目前能及时得到肾移植手术的病人是慢性尿毒症病人中的极少数。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　如何预防慢性尿毒症?&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　及时治疗原发病，如肾小球肾炎、高血压、糖尿病等可以有效地预防或减少慢性功能衰竭的发生。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　总之，慢性尿毒症是一种慢性病，不能自愈，治疗方法相对少，效果相对差。目前国内外还没有治愈的具体措施，所以慢性尿毒症的预防也就尤其关键。</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1397,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486394662782,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486394662781,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1595","isDel":0,"createAt":1486394588649,"createBy":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"期缘","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"623d560be20c11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症怎么回事","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\"><img title=\"1486395156522.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395156522.jpg\" alt=\"11b2ceb2-4a8b-4172-9337-630370d190a7.jpg\" /></span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　前段时间看到一篇报道：28岁的王小姐在北京大学就读博士，近一年来偶有恶心、呕吐等症状，以为是患了胃肠疾病，配些胃药来服，也未引起重视，此次放假回家时因突发气喘、呕吐而送医院急救，经检查后被确诊为尿毒症，只得接受透析治疗和等待肾移植。读后我觉得非常可惜，如果王小姐对尿毒症的一些基础知识有所了解，能够及早发现，及早治疗，就有可能避免这样的结果。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/6/view-2877765.htm</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　我们在介绍尿毒症之前先来了解一下肾脏，肾脏是人体最主要的排泄器官，它以尿形成的方式排除体内的代谢废物，同时对人体的水盐代谢和离子平衡起调节作用，以维持机体内环境理化性质的相对稳定，此外，肾还有分泌多种生物活性物质的功能。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　如果因各种原因造成慢性进行性肾实质的损害，致使肾脏不能维持其基本功能，从而呈现氮质血症、代谢紊乱和各系统受累等一系列临床症状的综合征，称为慢性肾功能衰竭。根据肾功能损害程度，一般分为四期，肾功能代偿期：这时肾储备能力虽已丧失，但对于排泄代谢产物，调节水、电解质及酸碱平衡能力尚好，患者无特殊感觉；肾功能检查，内生肌酐清除率大于50%，血肌酐小于133微摩尔/升。氮质血症期：患者出现夜尿或多尿，轻度的贫血，感到乏力、食欲减退、恶心及全身轻度不适等。严重者也会出现呕吐、腹泻。肾功能检查，内生肌酐清除率在25%~50%，血肌酐133~221微摩尔/升。肾功能衰竭期，亦称尿毒症早期：患者可能有明显贫血及胃肠道症状，如恶心、呕吐、食欲下降；同时也有乏力、注意力不集中、精神不振等症状。肾功能检查，内生肌酐清除率在10%~25%，血肌酐221~442微摩尔/升。肾功能衰竭终末期，亦即尿毒症晚期：这时患者表现为全身脏器功能衰竭，如血压增高、心慌、胸闷、恶心、呕吐、烦躁不安、不能平卧、呼吸困难、严重贫血、抽搐，严重者可发生昏迷，需要依靠透析维持生命，常可因脑水肿、肺水肿、心功能衰竭而突然死亡。肾功能检查，内生肌酐清除率小于10%，血肌酐大于442微摩尔/升。由此可知，由于早期症状不是很明显，常常难以发觉，当症状严重时，已经发展成尿毒症晚期，从而错过了最佳的治疗时机。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　那么，尿毒症是如何产生的呢？据资料介绍，我国半数以上尿毒症患者是由慢性肾小球肾炎发展而来。这部分病人常有肾炎病史及慢性疾病过程。另有五分之一的慢性肾功能衰竭患者是由慢性肾盂肾炎发展而来。以女性患者居多，常有反复的泌尿系感染史。亦有部分患者以慢性肾功能衰竭为首先出现的症状而来就诊。此外，日前在沪召开的有关肾脏保护研究最新进展研讨会上公布的最新统计资料显示，每三个尿毒症病人中就有一人是由糖尿病肾病发展而来的，糖尿病肾病已成为导致尿毒症的重要因素。我国是亚洲糖尿病高发的国家之一，目前约有3000余万糖尿病患者，其中90%以上为2型糖尿病。由于2型糖尿病没有典型的&ldquo;三多一少&rdquo;症状，即喝水多、吃得多、小便多、体重减少，从而使多达67%的糖尿病患者没有得到诊断。即便是被确诊的糖尿病人中，在治疗时也只有不到四分之一的患者进行尿微量白蛋白的检测，因此许多患者未能及早发现糖尿病肾病这一致命性并发症的发生。与此同时，由于半数以上的糖尿病患者合并有高血压，而有资料介绍，15%的高血压会发展为尿毒症，而血压控制得好坏，直接影响着尿毒症的发生、发展、疗效和预后。目前还存在着选用降压药物时也极少关注对肾脏、心脏等靶器官的保护的问题。除上述情况外，全身系统性疾病如系统性红斑狼疮、过敏性紫癜、痛风、多发性骨髓瘤等均可造成肾损害，最终导致肾功能衰竭。先天性多囊肾及一些少见病如结节性多动脉炎、巨球蛋白血症以及可引起下尿路慢性梗阻如前列腺肥大等均可造成慢性肾功能衰竭。艾滋病病毒感染引起的尿毒症也呈上升趋势，现已占到尿毒症诱因的1%。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　鉴于以上情况，及时发现，及早治疗是非常关键和重要的，因此我们平时应该做到以下几点：①每半年或1年做1次健康体检，体检项目应包括肾功能（血肌酐、尿素氮、肌酐清除率）、肾B超、血尿常规等。②预防那些能导致肾功能损害疾病的发生，已经发生的疾病，要积极治疗，控制其发展，并密切监测肾功能，最敏感的指标是肌酐清除率，每3到6个月检查1次。③避免使用肾毒性的药物，避免接触有毒物质。④尿毒症早期患者应积极治疗，增强其他脏腑对肾功能进行代偿的能力，从而减轻肾脏负担，促进受损肾功能恢复，使肾功能长期稳定在正常范围。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　得了尿毒症以后，大家首先想到的是血液透析，那么是不是所有的尿毒症患者均需要血液透析呢？一般来说，血肌酐在500微摩尔/升以下，自身感觉无大碍及没有其它合并症的病人是可以不作血透的，采用积极的药物治疗，但药物治疗的患者千万不可性急，因肾脏肾单位就有100万多个，患者肾功能损伤后，再好的医疗技术也需要一个过程，肾功能的修复也是逐渐进行的，好象身上的刀伤，修复痊愈是需要时间的。如尿毒症病人体内毒素过多或自身感觉差并伴有合并症时，那么此时病人应积极地作血透，否则随时会有生命危险，应在无生命危险的前提下再作其它方面的积极治疗。当然也应该了解到，透析作为一种辅助性手段，可以及时将这些毒素排出体外，起到快速的缓解症状的作用，对酸中毒、心力衰竭等症状起到较快的调节作用。但这种治疗不过是代替肾脏行使其功能，通过外力将毒素排出，它只能起到暂时的缓解，依然解决不了根本的问题。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　总而言之，早期发现，早期治疗，是预防尿毒症发生的关键所在。</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1634,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486394588651,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486394588649,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1383","isDel":0,"createAt":1486485617611,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"什么程度才能够做肾移植手术","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾病，发展到一个最严重的程度就是尿毒症，治疗尿毒症，最好的方法就是肾移植，谁移植手术，风险非常大，而且费用也是很高的，所以说肾病不是说发展到一个最严重的程度是不会做肾移植手术，那么，肾病到底发展到了什么程度才会做肾移植手术呢!</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: #333333;\">什么是肾移植?</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　所谓肾移植，就是把一个健康的肾脏植入患者左下腹的髂窝内。肾移植前是否一定要把病肾切除呢?目前的肾移植手术仅需完成健康肾植入腹腔的程序，已不主张移植前先作双肾切除了，除非十分必要。即是指原有的肾脏病继续存在，会直接危害病人的健康，或使疾病进一步扩散。例如严重的肾结核，肾脏本身的功能已失去，结核病灶的存在，还会向各处扩散;又如多发性铸型结石的存在，伴发顽固的细菌感染，容易引发败血症、肾盂积脓、肾周脓疡等危及生命的并发症;此外，还有肾脏肿瘤、巨大的多囊肾、多量的尿血等情况，也考虑先作肾切除，复原后再做肾移植，并非两种手术同时进行。除了上述疾病，均不主张处理原来的肾脏。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: #333333;\">肾病发展到什么程度需要做肾移植?</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　1、自体肾移植的主要适应证为肾动脉起始部具有不可修复的病变者。在复杂肾内结石或畸形采用一般办法难以解决的时候，亦可行离体肾脏修复后，再移植至髂窝(即Bench手术)。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　2、同种肾移植适于每个患有不可恢复的肾脏疾病并有慢性肾功能不全的患者。常见的有肾小球肾炎、间质性肾炎、肾盂肾炎、肾血管硬化症和多囊肾。此外还有外伤所致双肾或孤立肾丧失者。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　<strong style=\"color: #333333;\">　什么情况下不能进行肾移植?</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　1、全身严重感染、肺结核、消化性溃疡和恶性肿瘤患者，不能考虑肾移植。因在移植后应用免疫抑制剂和类固醇时，疾病将迅速恶化。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　2、当肾脏疾病是由全身疾患所引起的局部表现时，不能考虑肾移植，因为那一疾病将蔓延到移植的肾脏。如淀粉样变性、结节性动脉周围炎和弥漫性血管炎等。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1586,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1486485617613,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1486485617611,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null}],"type0":[{"id":"10061","isDel":0,"createAt":1514519790431,"createBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"海绵宝宝","updateAt":1514520003947,"updateBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","updateName":"海绵宝宝","userId":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"尿毒症瞒母14年 尿毒症能治好吗","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1514520898264.jpg\" title=\"尿毒症瞒母14年 尿毒症能治好吗\" alt=\"尿毒症瞒母14年 尿毒症能治好吗\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">2002年，内江市东兴区新店乡金鼓村的曾庆能刚退伍回来不久，就患上了肾病综合症，虽然一直接受药物治疗，可是，依然发展成了<strong>尿毒症</strong>。为了不让患冠心病的母亲担心，曾庆能让所有亲人朋友帮他一起隐瞒了母亲14年。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">在成都工作期间，曾庆能也只有过年才回家，在家里吃药得躲在卧室里，偷偷地吃。肾病患者的一日三餐有很多禁忌，为了不让母亲察觉，曾庆能就只有挑自己能吃的吃，实在不行，就趁着母亲外出时单独开伙煮点。不仅如此，他还跟亲朋打招呼，不准跟母亲说他患病的实情。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">2009 年，曾庆能与妻子结婚，第二年，他们有了一个可爱的女儿。也就是在那年，曾庆能的病情加重，最终还是不幸患上了尿毒症。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">去年，曾庆能邀请母亲到成都照顾女儿，住在一起后，曾庆能说的善意谎言就更多了。每次头痛得青筋突起，曾庆能就</span>“骗”母亲说是感冒了;身体日渐消瘦，他“骗”母亲说工作太累了;夏天无法隐藏的左手內瘘显现出来时，他“骗”母亲说是前些年骨折留下的印迹。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">今年</span>5月1日，曾庆能和妻子回了趟老家，帮母亲干重活，临走时，曾庆能还是没有将秘密说出来，只对母亲说：“妈，你要注意保重身体，我们过得挺好的，明年还回来看你。”</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">如今，曾庆能的<strong>尿毒症</strong>已拖到了末期，一周需要透析</span>3次。而为了挣钱治病，他还在坚持上班，帮人卖电器，平时也需要搬货。40万的换肾费用，对他来说是天文数字，曾庆能说：“我最放不下的还是母亲、女儿和妻子。”</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">这样的孝心不禁让人落泪，母亲的辛苦，曾庆能的隐忍都是一种美，这种美让我们感觉到了温度，真心希望曾庆能能够早日恢复健康，与母亲共享天伦。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">尿毒症其实就是慢性肾衰的终末期，<strong>尿毒症</strong>不是一个独立的疾病，而是各种晚期的肾脏病共有的临床综合征，是慢性肾功能衰竭进入终末阶段时出现的一系列临床表现所组成的综合征。在日常生活中<strong>尿毒症</strong>又被人们称为</span>“第二癌症”，可见其危害、其治疗难度。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">肾病的本质就是细胞损坏，即固有细胞被损坏，而损坏了的细胞是难以修复的。其实得了尿毒症就说明你的肾脏细胞有损坏或死亡，而死亡的细胞是不能复活的，所以对于尿毒症可以治好吗这个问题我们就有了答案，尿毒症是治不好的，只能是使尿毒症得到控制不往坏里的发展了，顶多就是摆脱透析，这种几率也不是百分之百的，这是一个漫长的过程，不是十天半月、一两个月就能做到的，所以请广大<strong>尿毒症</strong>患者调整好自己的心态，这是最最关键的。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":1,"files":"[]","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1322,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1514519790432,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1514519790432,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"10060","isDel":0,"createAt":1514519134891,"createBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"海绵宝宝","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"一名13岁的学霸少女患上尿毒症","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1514519830034.jpg\" title=\"一名13岁的学霸少女患上尿毒症\" alt=\"一名13岁的学霸少女患上尿毒症\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">学霸少女患</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">尿毒症</span></strong></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">孙梦怡，德阳什邡市方亭慈济初级中学初一学生，今年</span>13岁。小学五年级，她就患上</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">尿毒症</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">，两年来一直靠每周三次的透析治疗来维持生命。但是即便在这样艰难的学习条件下，她还能在初中考出年级第一的好成绩。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">今年</span>2月16日，这个不幸的女孩受到了命运的眷顾——像中500万大奖似的非亲属肾源配型成功，接受了肾移植手术。但医生表示即使她恢复良好，终身也将面临每月数千元的医药费。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">这种透析治疗只能维持她的生命，唯一的治疗方法只有进行肾移植手术，但肾移植配型谈何容易。梦怡妈妈本打算把自己的肾移植给她，但配型结果并不理想，他们一家只有抱着渺小的希望等待匹配的肾源。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">肾源配型成功</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">终身服用无法报销药物</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">仿佛这个小女孩的坚强感动了上天，今年</span>2月16日凌晨，孙梦怡幸运地和一位器官捐献者的肾脏配型成功。得到这个好消息，父母连夜向亲戚朋友借钱，最终筹到15万元手术费。当天下午，孙梦怡接受了肾移植手术。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">医生说，每年有成千上万人在等待肾移植，但能等到非亲属肾源的不过百人。在医院里，绝大多数接受肾移植手术的都是直系亲属捐赠。小梦怡能等到匹配的肾源，是如中</span>500万大奖一样幸运的事。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">这位器官捐献者的两个肾脏都十分健康，一个肾脏给了梦怡，另一个肾脏移植给了一位中年女士。医生说，梦怡的手术十分成功，但问题是，即使她能奇迹般的恢复良好，她也将终身服用医保无法报销的抗排异药物，每月费用数千元。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1374,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1514519134893,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1514519134893,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"10059","isDel":0,"createAt":1514517249145,"createBy":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"海绵宝宝","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"db869ccaaef711e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"人为什么会得尿毒症呢","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1514517788394.png\" title=\"人为什么会得尿毒症呢\" alt=\"人为什么会得尿毒症呢\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">看到这个病名就会有一种不寒而栗的感觉，虽然这个疾病可能不会像猝死那样瞬间结束你的生命，也不像脑中风一样让你瘫痪在床，也不会像癌症一样最后折磨成皮包骨，但是，这种疾病确实非常的折磨人，而且，在金钱上需要付出巨大的代价，如果，一个普通家庭的人得了</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">尿毒症</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">，基本上想要治疗好，几乎不大可能，因为</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">尿毒症</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">最后得治疗方法只有两种可以维持生命，一种就是血液透析，一种就是换肾。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">血液透析每周都要进行。一个月下来费用可想而知，而换肾的话，一个肾就要几十万，而且换肾以后还要终身吃抗排斥的药物，因此，这种高昂的费用不是一般家庭可以承受的。所以，</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">尿毒症</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">的死亡率还是很高的。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">那究竟什么是</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">尿毒症</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">？人为什么会得</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">尿毒症</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">呢？我们一起来分析一下。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">尿毒症其实就是慢性肾衰竭，它是指各种肾脏病导致肾脏功能渐进性不可逆性减退，直至功能丧失所出现的一系列症状和代谢紊乱所组成的临床综合征。慢性肾衰的终末期即为人们常说的</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">尿毒症</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">。尿毒症并不是一个独立的疾病，而是各种晚期的肾脏病共有的临床综合征，是慢性肾功能衰竭进入终末阶段时出现的一系列临床表现所组成的综合征。也就是说它是一系列的临床症状的综合表现。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">肾脏是人体的重要器官，心肝脾肺肾哪个器官出问题都是大问题，那么肾脏是负责过滤身体的毒素排出毒素的，如果这些毒素不能够排出体外，就会滞留在体内，通过血液又重新回到身体里，伤害身体的五脏六腑，为什么成为</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">尿毒症</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">，就是说是因为肾脏丧失排毒功能，尿液中的毒素引起的一系列症状。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">因为肾脏失去排毒的功能，导致血液中毒素过多，影响正常的运输和功能，因此，想要维持生命就要进行换血，也就是我们通常说的血液透析，其实就是通过体外循环，先将身体的血液全部放出来，通过体外一种机器，将血液中的毒素清理干净，这个机器就相当于人的体外的肾脏，将过滤干净的血液再重新输送到身体里，这样就完成了一次血液透析，但是，因为人每天都是要吃食物的，毒素就会不断的产生，因此，血液透析就要一直做下去，知道这个人离开这个世界。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">那引起</span><strong><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;font-size: 16px\">尿毒症</span></strong><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">的主要原因有哪些？</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">1、各种肾脏的疾病和炎症，最主要的就是肾小球肾炎。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">2、继发于全身性疾病：如高血压及动脉硬化、系统性红斑狼疮、过敏性紫癜性肾炎、糖尿病、痛风等，可引发尿毒症。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">3、肾结石、尿路结石。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">4、先天性的肾脏疾病。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">5、服用一些药物导致。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1548,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1514517249147,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1514517249147,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"5561","isDel":0,"createAt":1503153512503,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症女孩拒父亲割肾 ","content":"<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;山东东营，</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">15</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">岁女孩李明月患尿毒症，透析</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">237</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">次，被扎</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">500</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">针，护士说她很坚强，从来不喊疼。她听说父亲决定割肾救治自己时，表示拒绝，因为&ldquo;爸爸要是出事，我家没法过了，要是我出事就没事了，就不用花钱了&rdquo;。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\"><img title=\"尿毒症女孩拒父亲割肾 \" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1503153779604.jpeg\" alt=\"尿毒症女孩拒父亲割肾 \" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" /></span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">关于此事相关网友评论如下：</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">芷于流沙：想起来我</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">13</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">岁第一次来大姨妈时，以为得了尿毒症，</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">[</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">悲伤</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">]</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">自己在被窝里痛哭了两三天，还写好了遗书，当时也懂一点这方面的知识了，以前以为月经都是红色，我当时前两天都是黑不拉几的一点点的血，过了三天变成红色的血了，才知道来了月经，说实话当我以为得了尿毒症时候，那种心情。。。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">你贝爷还是你贝爷：尿毒症救不了</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">现实就是这么残忍</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">我姑妈</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">05</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">年患尿毒症整个病房的患者全部死了</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">她还活着</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">原因就是我姑爹有钱</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">但是这</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">12</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">年来</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">就是活死人</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">生不如死</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp; </span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">只要你有钱医院可以抱住生命的延续</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">不能让人好起来</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">啥意义都没有</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">鱼悸草：我舅就有尿毒症，真的觉得他很痛苦，每周都得做透析</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">(</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">就是把体内有毒的血液抽掉，因为无法自己更换血液，肾的排毒解毒作用发挥不了</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">)</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">，换肾代价太高，而且风险也大</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">[</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">悲伤</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">]</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">患上这种病，不能出去工作</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">(</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">连走路都走不了太久</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">)</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">，因为整个人特难受，一些情况下真的走一步都是一种艰难</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1337,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1503153512505,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1503153512505,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},{"id":"1039","isDel":0,"createAt":1486798250840,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"浙大一院医疗技术新突破 治疗万名尿毒症患者","content":"<p class=\"f_center\" style=\"margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; white-space: normal; text-align: left; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em;\">30多年前，&ldquo;尿毒症&rdquo;是一个可以和&ldquo;死亡&rdquo;划上等号的名词。1990年6月30日，被尿毒症&ldquo;判了&ldquo;死刑&rdquo;的老王在浙大一院接受了肾移植手术。25年过去了，他的生活和患病前几乎没什么两样，&ldquo;就是每天要吃一颗抗排异的药，运动、吃饭也不需要有什么顾虑。&rdquo;对老王以及另两位在1990年接受肾移植的病友来说，这25年来的每一天，都是一个&ldquo;赚到&rdquo;的日子。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">上周五下午，刚刚获得国家科技进步二等奖的浙大一院陈江华团队从北京人民大会堂赶回杭州，陈江华教授向大家介绍了团队的工作成果，&ldquo;以后我们不仅要做治病的&lsquo;下医&rsquo;，更要做&lsquo;中医&rsquo;、做能有效预防的&lsquo;上医&rsquo;。&rdquo;在陈江华看来，患病率高达10.8%的慢性肾脏病，怎么防治才是关键。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">本周四，陈江华团队也将坐诊钱报微信&ldquo;浙江名医馆&rdquo;的空中诊室，为大家解答与肾病有关的各种问题。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>一项名称很长的技术</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>让肾病患者多活了很多年</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">陈江华教授的获奖项目为&ldquo;终末期肾病肾脏替代治疗关键技术创新与推广应用&rdquo;，这个技术对肾脏病人意味着什么？</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">浙江大学附属第一医院党委副书记、肾脏病中心主任陈江华告诉钱江晚报记者，终末期肾病是严重威胁人类健康的重大疾病，患者主要依赖肾移植、血液透析和腹膜透析三种肾脏替代治疗手段，&ldquo;由于这三种方法均存在技术局限和瓶颈，通过单一替代治疗的患者，长期生存率均不理想。要进一步提高患者的长期生存率，亟需技术突破和体系创新。&rdquo;</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">&ldquo;我们团队历经31年系列研究，取得了一系列治疗技术突破，建立了一体化治疗体系，极大地延长了患者的生命，提高了他们的生活质量。&rdquo;陈江华教授介绍说。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">简单地说，肾病病人被送到医院后，往往被用于一套固定的治疗方案，可是每个人的病情都有差异，技术的适合性也各不相同，如果仅用单一的技术手段来治疗，不能保证每个病人都能获得良好的治疗效果。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">在综合患者病情、家庭状况、卫生医疗可行性等因素后，通过技术创新，陈江华团队在国际上率先提出并建立了以肾移植为核心，以血液透析和腹膜透析为辅助的肾脏替代一体化治疗体系，实现了从单一技术为治疗手段的医疗模式，转变为以病人利益和疗效最大化为目的的个体化医疗模式，显著提高了患者的长期生存率。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">陈江华团队迄今共完成终末期肾病肾脏替代治疗10447例，患者10年生存率达到82.2%，达到国际领先水平。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">光看这些数字可能感觉还不深，可是和美国的数字做一下对比，就厉害了，在美国，终末期肾脏病接受透析的患者5年生存率还不到50%。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>在国际上率先实现</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>一滴尿液诊断鉴别急性排斥</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">治疗肾病，血液透析、腹膜透析并不是长久之计，肾移植才是最理想的治疗方法。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">可是肾移植的难度很大，移植后排异、特异性感染等都是棘手的问题。怎么尽早甄别出排异易感人群和移植后急性排异？陈江华团队在国际上率先实现了仅用一滴尿液来诊断和鉴别诊断急性排斥，准确率分别达到94.1%和96.9%。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">这样一来，陈江华团队就利用预警平台甄别出低危和高危人群，并针对性地制订了个体化免疫干预方案。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">针对高危人群，团队建立了去敏治疗和强化干预方案，使高危受者的急性排斥发生率从53.7%下降到14.6%。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">针对低危人群，团队建立了优化免疫抑制方案，使肾移植受者平均减少了30.1%的免疫抑制剂用量，显著降低了毒副作用和治疗费用，使这些患者的急性排斥发生率保持在5%以下。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">除此之外，陈江华和他的团队还找到了一个导致肾移植病人一年内死亡的原因，这个原因叫做卡氏肺孢子虫感染，找到了原因，预防方案的建立则水到渠成了。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">而在肾移植方面，还有一个难题是乙肝患者肾移植术后易发生重症肝炎，病死率高，甚至一度成为肾移植禁忌症。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">陈江华和团队的做法是建立乙肝病毒复制和变异监测技术，在国际上率先制定了术前抢先抗病毒结合低肝毒性优化免疫抑制技术，使乙肝携带者安全地接受肾移植治疗。团队随后将该技术应用于接受乙肝表面抗原阳性供肾的受体，安全地扩大了供肾来源。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>改良透析技术</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>实现长期透析&ldquo;零感染&rdquo;</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">经过长期的研究和临床实践，陈江华团队在国内最早开展了自体大隐静脉移植血管内瘘术、异体动脉移植血管内瘘术和带袖套（CUFF）的长期导管髂外静脉的植入术，解决了保障血透患者血管通路这一技术难题。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">团队还在亚太地区第一个解决了无菌无热源透析用水问题，显著改善了血透患者的微炎症状态及相关并发症。针对血透患者的心脑血管疾病，团队建立了预防异位钙化、继发性甲旁亢防治和&beta;阻滞剂药物干预综合防治技术，使长期血透患者的心脑血管疾病年病死率下降至0.55%~1.04％。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">为防止血液透析交叉感染，团队研发了一次性血透上下机护理包、穿刺针和改良的密闭式血透管路，迄今连续42.3万余人次血透无一发生乙肝、丙肝交叉感染。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; 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