{"nowTime30":1782309035865,"lyBarModerator":null,"metaSearch":{"description":"　　尿毒症是肾脏病发展的最终阶段。肾病患者发病早期如果得不到及时有效的治疗，最终就会致使病情发展到尿毒症阶段。我们说，尿毒症是肾功能衰竭发展到最严重的阶段，也就是说尿毒症的发生和发展是随着肾脏被损害程度不断加重的，&ldquo;早发现，早治疗&rdquo;所以前期发现症状就显得尤为重要，那么尿毒症早","keywords":"尿毒症的早期症状表现_洞医","title":"尿毒症的早期症状表现_洞医","channels":null},"identificate":{"id":null,"isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"realName":null,"certifiedStatus":0,"phone":null,"email":null,"hospitalId":null,"departmentId":null,"illName":null,"illId":null,"cardType":0,"cardImg":null,"idCardImg":null,"identityType":0,"stop":0,"departmentName":null,"hospitalName":null},"canEdit":null,"adList":[],"lyBar":{"id":"1937","isDel":0,"createAt":1483430801976,"createBy":"system","createName":"system","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"name":"尿毒症","type":102,"twoCode":"http://zhao01.com/zly_img/zly_wx.jpg","image":null,"provinceId":null,"cityId":null,"illId":"0476f072badb11e6a61c00163e04584d","hospitalId":null,"keyWord":null,"totleTopic":0,"barDesc":null,"discussBarType":null,"metaSearch":"{\"channels\":{\"病友社区\":{\"description\":\"为病友提供:尿毒症论坛_尿毒症论坛贴吧_病友交流平台_病友论坛，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"尿毒症论坛_尿毒症论坛贴吧_病友交流平台_病友论坛\",\"title\":\"尿毒症论坛_尿毒症论坛贴吧_病友交流平台_病友论坛\"},\"治疗\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:尿毒症治疗方法_尿毒症早期如何治疗_尿毒症怎么治疗最好等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"尿毒症治疗方法_尿毒症早期如何治疗_尿毒症怎么治疗最好\",\"title\":\"尿毒症治疗方法_尿毒症早期如何治疗_尿毒症怎么治疗最好\"},\"症状\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:尿毒症的早期表现_尿毒症早期状态_尿毒症的症状有哪些等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"尿毒症的早期表现_尿毒症早期状态_尿毒症的症状有哪些\",\"title\":\"尿毒症的早期表现_尿毒症早期状态_尿毒症的症状有哪些\"},\"并发症\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:尿毒症透析后遗症_尿毒症治愈后后遗症_尿毒症的危害等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"尿毒症透析后遗症_尿毒症治愈后后遗症_尿毒症的危害\",\"title\":\"尿毒症透析后遗症_尿毒症治愈后后遗症_尿毒症的危害\"},\"饮食\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:尿毒症吃什么食物最好_尿毒症不能吃的东西_尿毒症吃啥东西好等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"尿毒症吃什么食物最好_尿毒症不能吃的东西_尿毒症吃啥东西好\",\"title\":\"尿毒症吃什么食物最好_尿毒症不能吃的东西_尿毒症吃啥东西好\"},\"病因\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:尿毒症是怎么引起的_怎么导致尿毒症_怎么样会得尿毒症等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"尿毒症是怎么引起的_怎么导致尿毒症_怎么样会得尿毒症\",\"title\":\"尿毒症是怎么引起的_怎么导致尿毒症_怎么样会得尿毒症\"},\"病友求助\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:尿毒症是遗传病吗_尿毒症可以治愈吗_尿毒症晚期还能活多久等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"尿毒症是遗传病吗_尿毒症可以治愈吗_尿毒症晚期还能活多久\",\"title\":\"尿毒症是遗传病吗_尿毒症可以治愈吗_尿毒症晚期还能活多久\"},\"预防\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:怎样预防尿毒症的发生_怎样预防尿毒症?_平时怎么预防尿毒症等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"怎样预防尿毒症的发生_怎样预防尿毒症?_平时怎么预防尿毒症\",\"title\":\"怎样预防尿毒症的发生_怎样预防尿毒症?_平时怎么预防尿毒症\"}},\"description\":\"为您提供:尿毒症早期症状表现_儿童尿毒症症状有哪些症状_尿毒症有遗传吗_尿毒症病友的治疗经验等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"尿毒症早期症状表现_儿童尿毒症症状有哪些症状_尿毒症有遗传吗\",\"title\":\"尿毒症早期症状表现_儿童尿毒症症状有哪些症状_尿毒症有遗传吗\"}","adInfo":null},"isLikeThisTopic":null,"lastTopics":[{"id":"3879","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"尿毒症如何预防？","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486395535228.jpg\" title=\"1486395535228.jpg\" alt=\"11b2ceb2-4a8b-4172-9337-630370d190a7.jpg\"/></span></p><p><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">定期体检：常规的血压、血常规、尿常规、肝肾功能检测就能发现早期肾脏病的蛛丝马迹</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">多喝水：多饮水保障肾脏有效血液灌注，多排尿可以促进代谢产物的排出</span><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">该吃的药一个不能少，不该吃的“补药”一样不要碰。所谓的补药能免则免，真要补肾的话，在尿量允许的情况下多饮水，水才是“软黄金”</span><br/><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">合理饮食：低蛋白饮食和严格限盐。尿毒症患者每天每千克体重进食蛋白质0.6克加酮酸；盐每天3克</span><br/><span style=\"color: rgb(88, 88, 88); font-family: Arial, simsun; font-size: 14px; line-height: 26.6667px; text-indent: 28px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">搬走尿毒症的三座大山：高血压、蛋白尿、贫血是尿毒症的三座大山，搬走三座大山有效延缓肾功能恶化</span></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1036","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"1100","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"肾移植术后保养注意事项","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾移植是一种非常严重的疾病，肾移植疾病的发生会严重影响患者的健康，所以大家都非常重视肾移植疾病，肾移植在术后非常容易复发，为了避免肾移植疾病的复发，大家一定要非常重视肾移植术后的护理措施，本文就来为大家详细的了解一下，肾移植术后如何保养？</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　注意移植后吃、住、行</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　吃：移植肾友通常关注是肌酐的多少，饮食问题常被肾友忽视。文献报道：高脂血症又是移植术后常见并发症之一。发生率为50%-61%。因为激素可以使肝脏的胆固醇的合成增加，环孢霉素A的移植胆固醇向胆酸转化，而影响脂质代谢，激素、环孢霉素A的剂量和术后血脂水平呈正比。高脂血症是早期动脉硬化的因子，因胆固醇水平过高，容易在血管壁上形成蜡样斑块，造成管壁增厚，变硬，阻塞，导致动脉硬化、高血压、冠心病、中风及其它心血管疾病。我们要通过合理的饮食来降低心血管的危险因素。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　饮食原则：优质蛋白，高维生素，低脂肪，低糖。注意副食荤素搭配，种类要多，主食粗细搭配，数量应少。少食多餐。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　住：移植肾友免疫功能低下，有感染的危险性。平时注意保持居室清洁，注意换气通风，空气新鲜，尽量少使用空调，使用空调者，注意空调过滤罩要每周清洗一次。流感季节或佳人有感冒者，居室可用白醋熏蒸。注意早睡早起，保证充足的睡眠，以增加重要脏器的营养，贮备蛋白质，预防并发症，卧床时肝、肾血流量较站立时要增加50%。睡觉注意衣裤要宽松，它能使肌肉放松，有助于提高睡眠质量。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　行：包含二方面内容，一是适当体育锻炼，维持理想体重。理想体重的标准：男：身高-105=理想体重，女：身高-110=理想体重，超过标准的20%即为肥胖，10%为超重。另一放面是出行，外出时带上足够的口服药，以保证定时定量吃药。移植肾友免疫力低，尽量避免到人多的地方去，外出时要注意防护，不要长时间暴露在阳光下，防止发生日光性皮炎和皮肤癌。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":6},{"id":"7585","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"尿毒症可能并发哪些疾病","content":"<p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 0px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1510711039069.png\" title=\"尿毒症可能并发哪些疾病\" alt=\"尿毒症可能并发哪些疾病\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">找良医网</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">向您详细介绍尿毒症有哪些并发病症，尿毒症还会引起哪些疾病？</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">尿毒症并发症</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">尿毒症是肾功能衰竭晚期所发生的一系列症状的总称。慢性肾功能衰竭症状主要体现为有害物质积累引起的中毒和肾脏激素减少发生的贫血合骨病。早期最常见的是恶心、呕吐食欲减退等消化道症状。进入晚期尿毒症阶段后，全身系统都会受累，出现心力衰竭、精神异常、昏迷等严重情况，危及生命。过去认为尿毒症是不治之症，自本世纪</span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;\">0年代之后开展了透析方法及肾移植手术，使尿毒症病人的寿命的以明显延长。</span><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">在尿毒症期，除上述水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱、贫血、出血倾向、高血压等进一步加重外，还可出现各器官系统功能障碍以及物质代谢障碍所引起的临床表现，兹分述如下。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">(一)神经系统症状</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">神经系统的症状是尿毒症的主要症状。在尿毒症早期，患者往往有头昏、头痛、乏力、理解力及记忆力减退等症状。随着病情的加重可出现烦躁不安、肌肉颤动、抽搐</span>;最后可发展到表情淡漠、嗜睡和昏迷。这些症状的发生与下列因素有关：</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">①某些毒性物质的蓄积可能引起神经细胞变性;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">②电解质和酸碱平衡紊乱;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">③肾性高血压所致的脑血管痉挛，缺氧和毛细血管通透性增高，可引起脑神经细胞变性和脑水肿。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">(二)消化系统症状</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">尿毒症患者消化系统的最早症状是食欲不振或消化不良</span>;病情加重时可出现厌食，恶心、呕吐或腹泻。这些症状的发生可能与肠道内细菌的尿素酶将尿素分解为氨，氨剌激胃肠道粘膜引起炎症和多发性表浅性小溃疡等有关。患者常并发胃肠道出血。此外恶心、呕吐也与中枢神经系统的功能障碍有关。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">(三)心血管系统症状</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">慢性肾功能衰竭者由于肾性高血压、酸中毒、高钾血症、钠水潴留、贫血及毒性物质等的作用，可发生心力衰竭，心律失常和心肌受损等。由于尿素</span>(可能还有尿酸)的剌激作用，还可发生无菌性心包炎，患者有心前区疼痛;体检时闻及心包摩擦音。严重时心包腔中有纤维素及血性渗出物出现。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">(四)呼吸系统症状</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">酸中毒时患者呼吸慢而深，严重时可见到酸中毒的特殊性</span>Kussmaul呼吸。患者呼出的气休有尿味，这是由于细菌分解睡液中的尿素形成氨的缘故。严重患者可出现肺水肿，纤维素性胸膜炎或肺钙化等病变，肺水肿与心力衰竭、低蛋白血症、钠水潴留等因素的作用有关。纤维素性胸膜炎是尿素剌激引起的炎症;肺钙化是磷酸钙在肺组织内沉积所致。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">(五)皮肤症状</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">皮肤瘙痒是尿毒症患者常见的症状，可能是毒性产物对皮肤感受器的剌激引起的</span>;有人则认为与继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进有关，因为切除甲状旁腺后，能立即解除这一痛苦的症状。此外，患者皮肤干燥、脱屑并呈黄褐色。皮肤颜色的改变，以前认为是尿色素增多之故，但用吸收分光光度计检查，证明皮肤色素主要为黑色素。在皮肤暴露部位，轻微挫伤即可引起皮肤淤斑。由于汗液中含有较高浓度的尿素，因此在汗腺开口处有尿素的白色结晶，称为尿素霜。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">(六)物质代谢障碍</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">1.糖耐量降低</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">尿毒症患者对糖的耐量降低，其葡萄糖耐量曲线与轻度糖尿病患者相似，但这种变化对外源性胰岛素不敏感。造成糖耐量降低的机制可能为：</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">①胰岛素分泌减少;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">②尿毒症时由于生长激素的分泌基础水平增高，故拮抗胰岛素的作用加强;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">③胰岛素与靶细胞受体结合障碍，使胰岛素的作用有所减弱;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">④有关肝糖原合成酶的活性降低而致肝糖原合成障碍。目前认为引起上述变化的主要原因可能是尿素、肌酐和中分子量毒物等的毒性作用。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">2.负氮平衡</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">负氮平衡可造成病人消瘦、恶病质和低白蛋白血症。低白蛋白血症是引起肾性水肿的重要原因之一。引起负氮平衡的因素有：</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">①病人摄入蛋白质受限制或因厌食、恶心和呕吐而致蛋白质摄入减少;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">②某些物质如甲基胍可使组织蛋白分解代谢加强;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">③合并感染时可导致蛋白分解增强;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">④因出血而致蛋白丢失;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">⑤随尿丢失一定量的蛋白质等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">尿毒症时大量尿素可由血液渗入肠腔。肠腔细菌可将尿素分解而释放出氨，氨被血液运送到肝脏后，可再合成尿素，也可合成非必需氨基酸，后者对机体是有利的。因此有人认为，尿毒症病人蛋白质的摄入量可低于正常人，甚至低于每天</span>20g即可维持氮平衡，但必须给予营养价值较高的蛋白质，即含必需氨基酸丰富的营养物质。近年来有人认为。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">为了维持尿毒症病人的氮平衡，蛋白质摄入量应与正常人没有明显差异</span>;而且认为，单纯为了追求血液尿素氮的降低而过分限制蛋白质的摄入量，可使自身蛋白质消耗过多，因而对病人有害而无益。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">3.高脂血症</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">尿毒症病人主要由于肝脏合成甘油三酯所需的脂蛋白</span>(前β-脂蛋白)增多，故甘油三酯的生成增加;同时还可能因脂蛋白脂肪酶(lipoprotein lipase)活性降低而引起甘油三酯的清除率降低，故易形成高甘油三酯血症。此种改变可能与甲基胍的蓄积有关。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1034","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"13922","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"尿毒症是怎么造成的","content":"<p style=\"margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:28px;padding:0 0 0 0 ;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(75, 75, 75);letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">我的一个大学同学检查出患有尿毒症了，看着他平时挺正常的，很健康的，没想这就突然住院了，我对这个病不是很了解，平时我们经常一起吃饭，我很纳闷他怎么会得尿毒症。尿毒症</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(75, 75, 75);letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">这个病</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(75, 75, 75);letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">是怎么造成的</span></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(75, 75, 75);letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">？</span></span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1033","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":6},{"id":"9298","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"医生病人肝脏签名 “S B”被起诉","content":"<p style=\"white-space: normal; widows: 1; line-height: 32px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 32px;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">听过米上刻字，纹身纹名字，可你听过在活生生的肝脏上签名吗？据英媒报道，</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px;\">13</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">日在伯明翰皇家法院的一次庭审中，英国外科医生</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px;\">Simon Bramhall</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">承认，在做肝脏移植手术过程中，他曾两次用氩气刀在患者的肝脏上签下自己的名字缩写“</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px;\">S B</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">”。但他坚称，这一做法并未造成实际的身体伤害。据悉，此案将于</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px;\">1</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">月</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px;\">12</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">日宣判。检察官托尼称，“这是一起极为罕见和复杂的案件，到目前为止在刑法中还没有过先例。”</span></p><p style=\"white-space: normal; widows: 1; line-height: 32px; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1513257243881.jpg\" title=\"医生病人肝脏签名 “S B”被起诉\" alt=\"医生病人肝脏签名 “S B”被起诉\" width=\"595\" height=\"369\"/></p><p style=\"white-space: normal; widows: 1; line-height: 32px;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">关于此事，相关网友评论如下：</span></p><p style=\"white-space: normal; widows: 1; line-height: 32px;\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"></span></p><p style=\"white-space: normal; widows: 1; line-height: 32px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">点亮橘子：要是这医生知道，这俩字母在中国的意思</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px;\">....</span></p><p style=\"white-space: normal; widows: 1; line-height: 32px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">咸鱼也想要奇遇</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px;\">_</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">：只看了一眼，我第一反应居然是以为这人辱骂病人才被起诉</span></p><p style=\"white-space: normal; widows: 1; line-height: 32px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">聋子说您好：我竟然第一反应</span>&nbsp;<span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">国骂已经传向海外了吗</span></p><p style=\"white-space: normal; widows: 1; line-height: 32px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">紫衣罗衫</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px;\">6350827057</span><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">：没刻上自己的二维码已经不错了</span></p><p style=\"white-space: normal; widows: 1; line-height: 32px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">土味二狗子：有可能这个医生是中国留学回去的</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"[]","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":6},{"id":"2049","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"尿毒症的症状是什么","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　尿毒症是肾脏疾病的后期表现，是一种比较严重的病症，它的发病不仅给患者的肾脏健康带来影响，还严重影响患者的身体健康。此病的发作可以带来一些全身性的疾病，所以在治疗的时候会很困难。此病治疗的最佳时间在早期，大家可以根据早期症状判断此病。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　1、困倦、乏力。这可能是很早的表现，但最容易被忽略，因为引起困倦、乏力的原因的确太多了。特别是那些在事业上&ldquo;全力搏杀&rdquo;的人，大多将之归咎于工作紧张和劳累。若稍加休息而症状好转，则更易被忽视。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　2、面色泛黄。这是由于贫血所致，由于这种表现发生和发展十分缓慢，因而在一段不太短的时间内不会出现明显的&ldquo;反差&rdquo;，就像人们在早晚见面难以发现各种缓慢发展的变化一样。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　3、浮肿。这是一个比较易觉察的现象。是因肾脏不能清除体内多余的水分而导致液体滞留在体内组织间隙，早期仅在踝部及眼睑部浮肿，休息后消失，若发展到持续性或全身性浮肿时，已病不轻矣。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　4、尿量改变。由于肾脏滤过功能下降，部分病人随病程进展尿量会逐渐减少。即便是尿量正常，由于尿液中所排除的毒素减少，质量下降，不能排出体内过多的废物，所以在一定程度上尿量并不能完全说明您肾脏功能的好坏。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　5、高血压。因为肾脏有排钠、排水的功能，肾功能受损时体内会发生钠和水的蓄留，另外，此时肾脏会分泌一些升高血压的物质。因此，尿毒症病人早期会有不同程度的高血压。若有高血压加之凝血机制差易致鼻或齿龈出血，要引起注意。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　6、胃口不佳。这是由于尿毒素潴留，影响消化功能所致，多数人不以为然。待病情发展，将会出现腹部闷胀不适、恶心、呕吐，甚至大便次数增多或便质稀烂，此时，病已较重，这也往往是病人不得不就医的重要原因。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":7},{"id":"4608","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"儿童肾移植的注意事项有哪些","content":"<p><br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　肾脏是人们一个非常重要的器官，如果肾脏出现了问题，那我们的身体就会受到非常严重的影响，患者也会非常的痛苦，很多患者进行了肾移植，那么，儿童进行的是移植手术后会有哪些注意事项呢?因为儿童与成人不同，儿童进行肾移植也有其特殊性。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　1、儿童肾移植的年龄范围较大，最小年龄者可到几个月。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　2、儿童肾移植的手术操作方法与成人有些不同，体重超过20公斤者，手术方法与成人相似;体重在20公斤以下或不足5岁者，手术多数经腹部进行，供肾动静脉分别与受体的腹主动脉和下腔静脉吻合，移植肾置于腹腔内或腹膜后间隙，输尿管的吻合与成人相同。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　3、儿童肾移植后的免疫反应比成人强，比较肾移植住院期间排斥反应的发生率，在1-10岁的儿童中有30%发生排斥反应，而在大于50岁的患者中仅15%发生排斥反应。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　4、儿童患尿毒症会明显影响生长发育和青春期发育，肾移植后这一问题仍然存在着。所以选择合适的年龄进行肾移植和采用恰当的免疫抑制治疗方案，才能最大限度地促进儿童的生长发育，减少药物对儿童的生长发育的影响。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">　　5、手术后早期及恢复期(术后一个月内)的饮食：这时需要摄取足够的蛋白质及热量以维持正氮平衡，促进伤口愈合，降低感染的危险。肠蠕动恢复后可进流质饮食如：米汤、藕粉、蛋花汤等。但不要过早饮牛奶，避免引起腹胀。继而可改为半流质饮食，如：汤面条、鸡蛋羹、黑鱼汤等，并逐渐过渡到普食。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><br/></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":6},{"id":"1039","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"浙大一院医疗技术新突破 治疗万名尿毒症患者","content":"<p class=\"f_center\" style=\"margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; white-space: normal; text-align: left; background-color: #ffffff;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em;\">30多年前，&ldquo;尿毒症&rdquo;是一个可以和&ldquo;死亡&rdquo;划上等号的名词。1990年6月30日，被尿毒症&ldquo;判了&ldquo;死刑&rdquo;的老王在浙大一院接受了肾移植手术。25年过去了，他的生活和患病前几乎没什么两样，&ldquo;就是每天要吃一颗抗排异的药，运动、吃饭也不需要有什么顾虑。&rdquo;对老王以及另两位在1990年接受肾移植的病友来说，这25年来的每一天，都是一个&ldquo;赚到&rdquo;的日子。</span></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">上周五下午，刚刚获得国家科技进步二等奖的浙大一院陈江华团队从北京人民大会堂赶回杭州，陈江华教授向大家介绍了团队的工作成果，&ldquo;以后我们不仅要做治病的&lsquo;下医&rsquo;，更要做&lsquo;中医&rsquo;、做能有效预防的&lsquo;上医&rsquo;。&rdquo;在陈江华看来，患病率高达10.8%的慢性肾脏病，怎么防治才是关键。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">本周四，陈江华团队也将坐诊钱报微信&ldquo;浙江名医馆&rdquo;的空中诊室，为大家解答与肾病有关的各种问题。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>一项名称很长的技术</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>让肾病患者多活了很多年</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">陈江华教授的获奖项目为&ldquo;终末期肾病肾脏替代治疗关键技术创新与推广应用&rdquo;，这个技术对肾脏病人意味着什么？</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">浙江大学附属第一医院党委副书记、肾脏病中心主任陈江华告诉钱江晚报记者，终末期肾病是严重威胁人类健康的重大疾病，患者主要依赖肾移植、血液透析和腹膜透析三种肾脏替代治疗手段，&ldquo;由于这三种方法均存在技术局限和瓶颈，通过单一替代治疗的患者，长期生存率均不理想。要进一步提高患者的长期生存率，亟需技术突破和体系创新。&rdquo;</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">&ldquo;我们团队历经31年系列研究，取得了一系列治疗技术突破，建立了一体化治疗体系，极大地延长了患者的生命，提高了他们的生活质量。&rdquo;陈江华教授介绍说。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">简单地说，肾病病人被送到医院后，往往被用于一套固定的治疗方案，可是每个人的病情都有差异，技术的适合性也各不相同，如果仅用单一的技术手段来治疗，不能保证每个病人都能获得良好的治疗效果。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">在综合患者病情、家庭状况、卫生医疗可行性等因素后，通过技术创新，陈江华团队在国际上率先提出并建立了以肾移植为核心，以血液透析和腹膜透析为辅助的肾脏替代一体化治疗体系，实现了从单一技术为治疗手段的医疗模式，转变为以病人利益和疗效最大化为目的的个体化医疗模式，显著提高了患者的长期生存率。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">陈江华团队迄今共完成终末期肾病肾脏替代治疗10447例，患者10年生存率达到82.2%，达到国际领先水平。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">光看这些数字可能感觉还不深，可是和美国的数字做一下对比，就厉害了，在美国，终末期肾脏病接受透析的患者5年生存率还不到50%。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>在国际上率先实现</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>一滴尿液诊断鉴别急性排斥</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">治疗肾病，血液透析、腹膜透析并不是长久之计，肾移植才是最理想的治疗方法。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">可是肾移植的难度很大，移植后排异、特异性感染等都是棘手的问题。怎么尽早甄别出排异易感人群和移植后急性排异？陈江华团队在国际上率先实现了仅用一滴尿液来诊断和鉴别诊断急性排斥，准确率分别达到94.1%和96.9%。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">这样一来，陈江华团队就利用预警平台甄别出低危和高危人群，并针对性地制订了个体化免疫干预方案。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">针对高危人群，团队建立了去敏治疗和强化干预方案，使高危受者的急性排斥发生率从53.7%下降到14.6%。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">针对低危人群，团队建立了优化免疫抑制方案，使肾移植受者平均减少了30.1%的免疫抑制剂用量，显著降低了毒副作用和治疗费用，使这些患者的急性排斥发生率保持在5%以下。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">除此之外，陈江华和他的团队还找到了一个导致肾移植病人一年内死亡的原因，这个原因叫做卡氏肺孢子虫感染，找到了原因，预防方案的建立则水到渠成了。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">而在肾移植方面，还有一个难题是乙肝患者肾移植术后易发生重症肝炎，病死率高，甚至一度成为肾移植禁忌症。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">陈江华和团队的做法是建立乙肝病毒复制和变异监测技术，在国际上率先制定了术前抢先抗病毒结合低肝毒性优化免疫抑制技术，使乙肝携带者安全地接受肾移植治疗。团队随后将该技术应用于接受乙肝表面抗原阳性供肾的受体，安全地扩大了供肾来源。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>改良透析技术</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\"><strong>实现长期透析&ldquo;零感染&rdquo;</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">经过长期的研究和临床实践，陈江华团队在国内最早开展了自体大隐静脉移植血管内瘘术、异体动脉移植血管内瘘术和带袖套（CUFF）的长期导管髂外静脉的植入术，解决了保障血透患者血管通路这一技术难题。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">团队还在亚太地区第一个解决了无菌无热源透析用水问题，显著改善了血透患者的微炎症状态及相关并发症。针对血透患者的心脑血管疾病，团队建立了预防异位钙化、继发性甲旁亢防治和&beta;阻滞剂药物干预综合防治技术，使长期血透患者的心脑血管疾病年病死率下降至0.55%~1.04％。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">为防止血液透析交叉感染，团队研发了一次性血透上下机护理包、穿刺针和改良的密闭式血透管路，迄今连续42.3万余人次血透无一发生乙肝、丙肝交叉感染。</p>\n<p style=\"text-indent: 2em; margin-top: 26px; margin-bottom: 26px; color: #252525; font-family: 宋体, sans-serif; line-height: 28px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">针对不同患者的腹膜特性、临床状况和残余肾功能水平，陈江华团队制定了递增式腹膜透析治疗技术，使残余肾功能年下降速率降至1.0&plusmn;1.1 ml/min，同时使治疗费用大幅降低。针对农村偏远地区终末期肾病患者就医困难的局面，团队创建了腹膜透析分级网络管理技术，建立了腹膜透析远程会诊和网络数据库，使一流的医疗技术直接覆盖到县区和乡镇，极大地惠及了终末期肾病患者。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1937","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1}],"pageObj":{"list":[],"list4Map":null,"pageBegin":0,"pageSize":5,"pageNumber":0,"totalPage":0,"totalRow":0},"loginUser":null,"replies":[],"forumUserFans":null,"herfList":[],"only":"0","topic":{"id":"1621","isDel":0,"createAt":1486486074256,"createBy":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"茉莉花","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"6aad1b12ea7211e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"尿毒症的早期症状表现","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　尿毒症是肾脏病发展的最终阶段。肾病患者发病早期如果得不到及时有效的治疗，最终就会致使病情发展到尿毒症阶段。我们说，尿毒症是肾功能衰竭发展到最严重的阶段，也就是说尿毒症的发生和发展是随着肾脏被损害程度不断加重的，&ldquo;早发现，早治疗&rdquo;所以前期发现症状就显得尤为重要，那么尿毒症早期症状到底有哪些？</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; text-align: left;\">　　尿毒症的早期症状</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　1、胃口不佳，厌食，恶心</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　长期的毒素在体内潴留会影响到消化系统功能，早期患者常见于胃口不佳，不思饮食或者吃点就饱。随着病情的发展这一症状会更严重，会出现呕吐，恶心，腹部闷胀等等情况。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　2、经常性的感觉疲劳，乏力、头疼</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　由于细胞功能受到影响致使代谢失衡，长期有害物质在体内滞留会引起神经细胞病变、酸碱代谢失衡、电解质杂乱以及肾性高血压等。这些并发性的疾病常常会造成患者头昏、头疼、乏力、疲劳、记忆力减退等症状。而这些症状对于年轻人来说往往觉得是头一天没睡好，或者是工作劳累，生活压力大造成的。以为只要好好休息就可得到缓解，所以特别容易被忽视。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　3、高血压</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　如果有经常头晕、眼花、耳鸣还伴有高血压的朋友就一定要引起重视了。因为我们都知道肾脏的主要功能是排钠、排尿。而当肾功能受到损伤的时候，体内就会出现水钠潴留，致使血容量增大导致高血压。另外，由于肾脏自身的缺血缺氧致使肾素的分泌增多，进而导致肾脏分泌的升高血压的物质增多，降低血压的物质减少。因此，尿毒症病人早期会有不同程度的高血压。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　4、面色泛黄</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　这点的主要原因是由于贫血导致的。由于处于尿毒症期的患者体内的有毒代谢产物潴留，致使红细胞被破坏或寿命缩短，加之生成红细胞的数量减少和各种出血症状导致了患者贫血症状的发生。这一点较为不明显，很多患者在短期内并不会太注意这个症状。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　5、尿量减少，上厕所次数变少</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　很多人觉得喝水多了自然上厕所次数就多，喝水少了，尿量就少。因此不会刻意的注意尿量的多少，其实不然。一般情况下，正常人尿量应该保持在1000mL&mdash;2000mL，而上厕所次数一般白天为4-6次，晚上为0-2次。尿毒症患者由于肾脏的滤过功能下降，一部分患者会出现随着病情加重尿量逐渐减少的情况。还有一部分患者尿量是正常的，但是由于肾脏的功能下降了，所以尿的质量也就下降了，尿液中排出的毒素减少，体内过多的废物由于排不出去潴留在体内进而导致了患者体质和病情的进一步恶化。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　6、身体出现浮肿</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　这个症状虽然容易察觉，但是也可能被忽视。浮肿也是由于肾脏不能排除体内多余的水分，致使水分滞留在组织间隙内。早期患者经常表现为起床后的眼睑浮肿，脚踝处浮肿，但是经过休息后又消失了。严重的患者表现为小腿浮肿或全身性的浮肿。很多人觉得是第一天太过劳累或者睡觉姿势不对所致，不会特别在意。当然，浮肿的原因是很多的，这点还需要患者仔细辨别。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　预防尿毒症要注意这些问题</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　1、增强体质</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　预防肾脏病的最主要措施，是加强身体锻炼，增强机体的抗病能力。锻炼身体的方式有多种，散步、长跑、跳舞、登山、划船、武术、气功、太极拳等，皆有利于增强体质，提高机体抵抗力，防止感染细菌病毒后免疫反应性损害的发生。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　2、预防感染</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　肾炎的发生常与上呼吸道感染等有关，常以外受风寒、风热、风湿、湿热、热毒之邪为始因。因此，要预防肾炎的发病，就应注意天气寒暖的变化，应避免阴雨天外出，避免汗出当风，涉水冒雨，穿潮湿衣服，时刻警惕外邪的侵袭。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　3、有病早治</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　皮肤的疮疖痒疹，上呼吸道感染，扁桃体炎反复发作，有发生肾炎的可能。因此，有病早治非常必要。保持下阴的清洁，勤换衣裤，可防止泌尿系感染；保持大便的通畅，定时排便，有利于代谢废物的排除。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　4、慎用肾毒药物</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　氨基糖苷类抗生素如庆大霉素、卡那霉素、链霉素以及丁胺卡那霉素、多粘菌素、四环素、万古霉素、二性霉素B、先素2号等抗生素，均有一定肾毒性，或容易引起肾损害，所以尽量不用。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　5、起居有常</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　养成良好的生活习惯，对身体健康非常重要。因为生活不规律，睡眠不充足，暴饮暴食，酒色过度，劳逸无度，均可降低人体对外邪的抵抗力，增加患病的机会。所以，日常生活中，应劳逸结合，定时作息，以维持人体阴阳平衡，气血调畅。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: 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