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style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">胶质瘤每天的发病率约为</span>3-8/10万人，是一种源自于神经上皮的恶性肿瘤，多数学者认为是由于先天的遗传高危因素和环境致癌因素相互作用所致，如果没有癫痫病史，突然的癫痫发作一定要警惕是胶质瘤所致。一些胶质瘤特别容易被误诊为癫痫、老年痴呆、脑血管疾病等疾病而延误了最佳治疗时机，还有老人出现反应迟钝、单侧肢体麻木等症状也要及时进行排查是否是胶质瘤。</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">癫痫发作最常见的表现为突发四肢或者单侧肢体抽搐或者突发失神，这里的癫痫是因为胶质瘤导致的颅内占位效应所致，跟一般的癫痫不同，当患者有癫痫发作时，一定要把周围的危险物移走，等自行缓解，平日里可以通过抗癫痫药来进行控制，必要时需要接受医院的治疗，通过解除肿瘤病灶来从根源解决这一问题。目前脑部</span>CT和核磁共振是胶质瘤最重要的诊断手段，脑胶质瘤的治疗，手术仍是其主要治疗和术后的放化疗辅助治疗，但是近年来，随着影像学和显微外科新技术、基因免疫学的快速发展，胶质瘤的诊疗水平已经得到了明显的提高，期待有一天能彻底治愈胶质瘤！</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1539830466814.png\" title=\"癫痫突发警惕胶质瘤\" alt=\"癫痫突发警惕胶质瘤\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 32px; text-align: justify; line-height: 28px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 32px; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">上图是解放军总医院第一附属医院傅相平写的《脑胶质瘤解密》，希望能帮到更多的患者，同时胶质瘤解密总群成立，傅相平教授也会定期在群里为大家免费解答疑惑，患者或者患者家属也可以在群里互相讨论，全程不收取任何费用哦。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1539829777762.jpg\" title=\"癫痫突发警惕胶质瘤\" alt=\"癫痫突发警惕胶质瘤\" width=\"219\" height=\"300\"/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1036","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":12},{"id":"2711","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"胶质瘤病人的饮食宜忌","content":"<ul class=\"detailc list-paddingleft-2\" style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　<strong>1.食药并重</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　肿瘤的治疗是一个复杂而漫长的过程，在当前对其预防和治疗尚无特效手段的情况下，食疗、药疗以及手术等其他疗法均是肿瘤综合治疗中的重要组成部分，缺一不可，不能偏废。食疗膳食中的许多食品是药品的一部分，有一定的疗效，但不能完全取代药疗等肿瘤的常规治疗，而应在借助食疗提高机体体质和免疫力的基础上，积极进行综合治疗。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　<strong>2.合理忌口</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　忌口是指疾病期间对某些食物的禁忌，是食疗学的重要组成部分</p></ul><p><br/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"14920","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"诱发脑胶质瘤的原因","content":"<p>诱发脑胶质瘤的原因，求专家或者懂的人解答一下 非常感谢</p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1033","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":64},{"id":"25952","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"替莫唑胺胶囊吃后吐了","content":"<p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">替莫唑胺胶囊吃后吐了，麻烦说下你们的吃法？我被这个吐整得不知道如何是好，</span><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">而且是吃了止吐药也吐，</span><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">泰道一颗那么贵啊</span><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">， </span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":64},{"id":"8336","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"儿童常见的四大脑肿瘤","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1511836429309.jpg\" title=\"儿童常见的四大脑肿瘤\" alt=\"儿童常见的四大脑肿瘤\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">为什么儿童是脑肿瘤的高发人群呢，对这一原因的研究仍然在进行当中，相对来说，儿童由于年龄小，抵抗力与抗病能力不如成年人，因而有些疾病的患病率会比较高，医学界一定要重点针对儿童脑肿瘤患者做出相应措施，那么儿童常见的脑肿瘤有哪些呢？</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">小脑星形胶质细胞瘤</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">小脑星形细胞瘤最常见，占儿童脑瘤的</span>20％和后颅窝肿瘤的40％，分为原始纤维型和弥漫型。典型原始纤维型星形细胞瘤从小脑半球长出，早期表现为一侧的小脑受累症状，肿瘤可累及中线、四脑室，阻塞脑脊浓通路，引起脑积水，表现为颅高压征。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">髓母细胞瘤</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">髓母细胞瘤是一种儿童后颅窝恶性胶质瘤，其是儿童常见的颅内肿瘤，也是颅内恶性程度最高的胶质瘤。其多发生于青少年和儿童，约占儿童脑肿瘤的</span>30%。肿瘤术后平均生存0.9年，成人的预后较儿童为好。目前多数统计5年存活率均在30%以上，最高统计达80%。但是仅个别的可生存达十年以上。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">室管膜瘤</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">室管膜瘤可以发生于任何年龄和任何部位，但是多见于</span>3岁以下的儿童，其好发部位是后颅窝第四脑室周围。室管膜瘤总的预后与肿瘤切除程度、术后放疗剂量、肿瘤生长部位以及患者发病年龄有关。据文献报道室管膜瘤的5年生存率为40%-80%，而5年无进展存活率则为25%-50%。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">脑干胶质瘤</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">脑干肿瘤占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的</span>10%-15%，其发病高峰年龄层主要集中在10-20岁的青少年。而且不同位置的胶质瘤预后情况也是不尽相同的。桥脑较大的弥漫性病变难于手术，预后也较差。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":6},{"id":"25353","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"质子治疗胶质瘤效果","content":"<p style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: Arial, sans-serif\"></span><strong><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体;color:red;background:white\">一、质子的物理学和生物学特征</span></strong></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">1.</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">质子的物理学特征：</span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">质子是一个带正电荷的粒子，其质量是电子质量的1836倍[1]。目前，可通过回旋加速器和直线加速器获得高速运动的质子束。当质子束照射于胶质瘤靶区时，能释放大量的能量，形成一个窄高尖的峰，即布勒格峰（Bragg峰）。单能质子束产生的Bragg峰比较窄，临床上通常需要通过调制不同能量的质子束来产生一个扩展的Bragg峰，从而使照射剂量更加均匀地覆盖于整个胶质瘤靶区[2]。质子束在胶质瘤靶区的能量沉积较大，而在周围组织中的能量沉积较小，这有利于在精准杀死胶质瘤细胞的同时最大限度地保护周围正常组织。质子束的LET与每单位距离的能量沉积有关[3]。当质子束能量在0~0.1 MeV时，LET随着质子束能量的增加而增加；而当质子束能量在0.1~1000 MeV时，LET随着质子束能量的增加而降低。这说明质子束能量在0.1 MeV时LET达到最大值[4]。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">2.</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">质子的生物学特征：</span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">相对生物学效应是光子达到特定效应所需剂量与粒子达到同等生物效应剂量的比值[5]。目前，大多数质子治疗中心将质子的相对生物学效应假定为常数1.1[6]。对大量的试验数据进行分析发现，质子的相对生物学效应值是可变的，并且受到LET、剂量水平以及组织类型等多种因素的影响[7-8]。例如，同一个细胞系中质子的相对生物学效应值随着LET的增加而增加，并且在100~200 keV/μm时达到最大值[9]。而且，质子的相对生物学效应值随着其运行轨迹深度的增加而增加，并且在Bragg峰的末端达到最大值[10]。临床上，质子放疗技术的照射剂量一般用钴等效剂量来表示，即质子的物理剂量Gray值乘以相对生物学效应[11]。关于质子氧增比的相关报道较少，氧增比值的大小尚不明确。Kanemoto等[12]研究发现，氧增比在扩展的Bragg峰的4个不同位置的值分别为2.84、2.60、2.63和2.76。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%\">总之，质子的相对生物学效应值具有复杂性和不确定性，需在今后的工作中进一步深入了解。</span></span></p><p style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;min-height: 1em\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></strong></p><p><section><section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\">二、质子与光子生物学特征的区别</strong><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></strong></p></section></section></section><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\">1.</strong><strong><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体;color:#3E3E3E;letter-spacing:0;background:white\">分子水平</span></strong></p><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（1）活性氧：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">Zhang</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">等[13]比较了在不同的细胞系以及不同剂量下，质子和光子照射后活性氧（ROS）产生的区别。他们发现接受质子照射后的胶质瘤干细胞样细胞会产生更高水平的活性氧。Giedzinski等[14]研究亦得出相同的结论。质子照射产生的活性氧能诱导更强的DNA损伤，这也是质子照射比光子照射具有更高的细胞杀伤效果的原因之一[15]。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（2）复杂性DNA损伤与修复：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">质子照射诱导DNA损伤的机制类似于光子照射损伤DNA的机制，即能量直接沉积于DNA分子或诱导DNA分子周围水分子的分解[16-17]。DNA损伤主要是碱基损伤[18]和链断裂[17]。链断裂包括单链断裂和双链断裂[17]。双链断裂的修复比较困难，且链断裂的数量与质子照射能量有关，照射能量越低DNA损伤越大[18]。DNA损伤还包括簇集损伤，其可导致细胞死亡和突变，修复时间长而且十分困难。与光子照射相比，质子照射诱导产生的双链断裂和簇集损伤数量庞大[19]。即使在相同的情况下，质子照射和光子照射导致的DNA损伤的修复途径也不相同，质子照射导致的DNA损伤的修复途径以同源重组为主[20]，而光子照射以非同源末端连接为主[21]。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（3）DNA甲基化：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">DNA</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">甲基化是一种表观遗传机制，甲基化水平的改变可调节基因的表达，从而使后代表现出表观遗传方面的变化，因此又被称为表观遗传现象。Kim等[22]采用质子束照射乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7和正常细胞系MCF-10A，发现2种细胞系均发生超甲基化改变。Goetz等[23]研究也得出类似的结果。但Kumar等[24]研究发现，光子照射可降低细胞的DNA甲基化水平，导致低甲基化改变。同时，有学者发现基因组的不稳定性与DNA低甲基化水平有关[25]，这可能是光子照射更易导致DNA突变和诱发第二肿瘤的原因之一。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; background: white; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1556112796199.jpg\" title=\"质子治疗胶质瘤效果\" alt=\"质子治疗胶质瘤效果\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\"/>&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（4）修复蛋白的表达：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">质子照射或光子照射均可导致DNA的双链断裂，早期磷酸化组蛋白H2AX（γ-H2AX）的形成标志着DNA损伤修复开始[26]，而且磷酸化组蛋白p53结合蛋白1（53BP1）也是DNA损伤修复的指标之一[27]。有研究采用质子照射不同细胞系0.5 h后，分别在扩展的Bragg峰的不同位置检测γ-H2AX的数量，发现并无明显差异，但24 h后在扩展的Bragg峰远侧端检测到更多的γ-H2AX[26]。有研究发现，与低LET辐射相比，高LET辐射会增加γ-H2AX的数量[28]。近期的研究结果表明，与光子照射相比，质子照射检测到的γ-H2AX数量不仅明显增多，而且γ-H2AX形成的焦点也更大[29-30]。这说明质子照射致DNA损伤的能力高于光子照射。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">2.</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">细胞水平</span></strong></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（1）细胞凋亡：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">Pietro</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">等[31]采用质子与光子分别照射不同的细胞系，发现质子照射导致更高水平的细胞凋亡，且凋亡细胞比率与照射剂量和照射后的观察时间均有明显的相关性。Gerechiuun等[30]也得到类似结论。在细胞凋亡的过程中，可观察到mRNAs在质子照射后的表达明显增加[31]。PC3细胞在质子照射后ATM、p73、p21、SOD2以及Bcl-2/Bax-α等mRNA表达明显增高；而在光子照射后Bax-α、ATM、Bcl-2以及Bcl-2/Bax-α等mRNA表达明显增高。进一步的研究结果证实，质子照射后p38、JNK和MAP等蛋白呈高表达[32]，而光子照射后ERK蛋白呈高表达[33]。综合上述文献，我们发现质子照射与光子照射后细胞凋亡水平的不同可能与激活不同的凋亡信号通路有关。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（2）细胞周期：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">Narang</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">等[34]通过PCR分析发现，与光子照射相比，质子照射引起的细胞周期阻滞相关基因表达水平显著上调，诱导产生更高更长的G2/M期阻滞。有研究发现，质子照射与光子照射24h后，质子照射在S+G2/M期的细胞周期停滞显著升高；照射剂量相同的情况下，质子照射在48 h和72 h后引起的细胞周期停滞分别为44%和32%，而光子照射为20%和17%。Pietro等[31]研究发现，质子照射剂量为10 Gy时分别照射PC3细胞和CA301D细胞，细胞周期G2/M期阻滞显著。因此，质子照射与光子照射对细胞周期的调控是不同的，这可能是导致胶质瘤细胞生长在不同程度上受抑制的原因之一。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">3.</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">组织水平</span></strong></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（1）血管生成：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">胶质瘤血管的生成在胶质瘤的发生发展中具有重要的作用。大量的研究结果表明，质子照射和光子照射对胶质瘤血管的作用表现不同。质子照射可抑制胶质瘤血管的形成[35]，而光子照射可促进胶质瘤血管的生成[36]。质子照射可显著降低VEGF、IL-6、IL-8和HIF-1A等促血管生成因子的表达[37]，同时也可降低MMP-9等促血管生成蛋白的表达[4]；而光子照射可提高VEGF、IL-6、HIF-1A和bFGF等促血管生成因子的表达[38]。质子照射对胶质瘤血管生成的影响机制有待今后深入探讨。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"> <p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（2）侵袭与远处转移：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">侵袭和远处转移是胶质瘤发生发展过程的重要特征之一，与患者的预后密切相关。有研究结果表明，质子照射后胶质瘤细胞的侵袭与远处转移能力降低，而光子照射后胶质瘤细胞的侵袭与远处转移能力增强[36]。Ogata等[36]分别使用质子和光子照射高转移性纤维肉瘤细胞系HT1080,发现接受照射剂量为2 Gy的质子照射后，胶质瘤细胞的侵袭能力较未照射组降低了1/2；而接受照射剂量为2 Gy的光子照射后，胶质瘤细胞的侵袭能力较未照射组增强了2倍。侵袭和远处转移的机制可能与细胞表面糖蛋白和基质金属蛋白酶有关。质子照射后导致MMP-2、MMP-3以及MMP-9降低[39]，而光子照射后导致aVb3整合素蛋白增高[36]。Wang等[40]发现，质子照射可促进上皮细胞间质转化，而上皮细胞间质转化与胶质瘤侵袭和远处转移密切相关。质子照射与胶质瘤侵袭和远处转移间的关系尚需进一步的研究。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">4.</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">胶质瘤复发与诱发第二胶质瘤</span></strong></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">Stick</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">等[41]研究发现，接受质子照射和光子照射的乳腺癌患者，预计10年后复发的绝对风险分别为0.02%（0.0%~0.07%）和0.10%（0.0%~0.9%）。同时，他们还发现质子照射可将患者心脏毒性预测风险降低2.9%，而光子照射在多数患者中仍产生有限的心脏毒性。Caujiolle等[42]对质子照射后胶质瘤复发与预后关系的研究发现，边缘型复发的生存率明显优于其他类型。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">人们普遍认为，即使是在治疗剂量范围内，电离辐射也可导致胶质瘤[43]。Chung等[44]分别对558例接受质子放疗的患者和558例接受光子放疗的患者进行了匹配队列研究，他们发现接受质子放疗的患者中有29例（5.2%）出现了第二胶质瘤，而接受光子放疗的患者中有42例（7.5%）出现了第二胶质瘤。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%\">Stokkevåg</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%\">等[45]研究也得到类似的结论。这提示，质子放疗较光子放疗在抑制第二胶质瘤发生率方面可能具有一定优势，但有待高证据等级的研究来证实。</span></span></p><p style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;background:white\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;min-height: 1em\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></span></strong></p><section><section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\">三、质子放疗技术的临床应用</span></strong><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></span></p></section></section></section>1946</span><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#3E3E3E;letter-spacing:0;background:white\">年，Wilson[46]首次提出了质子放疗治疗胶质瘤的理论。1954年，首位患者成功接受了质子放疗[47]。质子放疗具有可显著提高胶质瘤区域的照射剂量，并降低周围正常组织的照射剂量的物理剂量分布优势。迄今为止，全球已有30多个医疗中心正积极开展质子放疗工作。目前，我国也在积极建设质子放疗治疗中心。有研究结果表明，截至2015年底已有超13万例胶质瘤患者接受了质子放疗[48]。</span></p><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\"><br/> <br/> </span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">一方面，质子放疗在葡萄膜黑色素瘤[49]、儿科肿瘤[50]、脊索瘤和软骨肉瘤[51]、早期非小细胞肺癌[52]、肝细胞癌[53]以及前列腺癌[54]等恶性肿瘤的治疗中已取得了令人满意的效果；另一方面，质子放疗作为治疗胶质瘤的一种新兴技术，给传统常规放疗效果差的恶性肿瘤患者提供了另外一种选择。Greenfield等[50]分别对9例生殖细胞肿瘤和11例非生殖细胞肿瘤患者进行了质子放疗，发现生殖细胞肿瘤的5年局部控制率、无进展生存率及总生存率均在89%以上（89%、89%和100%），非生殖细胞肿瘤均在82%左右（82%、82%和82%）。近年来的研究结果表明，质子放疗在脉络膜黑色素瘤[55]、胸腺瘤或胸腺癌[56]以及鼻腔黏膜或鼻旁窦黏膜黑色素瘤[57]等方面也展现出一定的效果，但其具体疗效尚需进一步临床验证。</span></span></p><p style=\";margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;line-height:200%;background:white\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;min-height: 1em\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></strong></p><p><section><section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\">四、质子放疗技术存在的问题与展望</strong><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></strong></p></section></section></section><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\">质子放疗技术由于其技术特点日益受到关注，但仍有以下问题值得思考：</strong></p><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（1）基于大量的体内外实验研究所得出的结论，目前多数的质子治疗中心采用常数为1.1的相对生物学效应值[6]。但实际上相对生物学效应值是可变的，其随着质子的LET、剂量水平以及组织类型等变化[7-8]。在扩展的Bragg峰入口区域相对生物学效应值接近于1.0，随着深度的增加相对生物学效应值显著增加，并在扩展的Bragg峰末端达到最大值[7,10]。目前暂无关于使用不同水平放射敏感性人类肿瘤细胞系对相对生物学效应值评估的报道[26]。常数为1.1的相对生物学效应值可能并不适用于所有情况。因此，在临床工作中制定治疗计划时，一定要考虑到相对生物学效应值是可变的这一情况，让质子放疗达到最佳的生物学效应并且严格进行质量控制管理。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（2）由于特征性的Bragg峰存在的物理剂量优势，质子放疗较光子放疗在适形性方面优势显著，但其具体的临床应用优势还需进一步探讨。质子治疗中心的建造成本高且质子放疗设备昂贵，在一定程度上限制了其的推广应用。另外有学者统计发现，2003年质子放疗的总费用约是光子放疗总费用的2.4倍。随着越来越多的质子治疗中心的建立，这一比值可能会降低，预计10年后将降低至1.7倍[58]。但是综合考虑患者的需求和经济负担，目前质子放疗尚无法完全取代光子放疗的地位。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（3）近期的一项研究对质子和光子在治疗生殖细胞肿瘤和非生殖细胞肿瘤的效果进行比较，发现质子放疗后患者5年总生存率以及无进展生存率并无明显提高[50]。而且有研究发现，脉络膜黑色素瘤患者在接受质子治疗后数年诱发了恶性脑膜瘤的案例[58]。因此，医生在临床治疗中不能忽视和夸大质子放疗的适应证。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">综上所述，基于质子放疗的技术特色、成本效益和适应证等方面考虑，质子放疗的价值需要进一步深入探讨，包括全面深入了解其放射生物学效应，以便更好地服务于大众。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\"></span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1554739907474.png\" title=\"质子治疗胶质瘤效果\" alt=\"质子治疗胶质瘤效果\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">下载二维码微信识别，观看傅相平教授主讲</span><strong style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体;\">《脑胶质瘤解密》</span></strong><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;\">，看完对这个病就完全明白了</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; line-height: 28px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: 宋体;\"></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: 宋体;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1551715760198.jpg\" title=\"质子治疗胶质瘤效果\" alt=\"质子治疗胶质瘤效果\" width=\"250\" height=\"343\"/></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: 宋体;\"></span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 28px; font-family: 宋体;\">欢迎扫描二维码加入</span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 28px;\">QQ</span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 28px; font-family: 宋体;\">群，群里没有广告诈骗，非常干净</span></p><p><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 28px; font-family: 宋体;\"><br/></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\"><br/></span></span><br/></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":65},{"id":"23493","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"引起胶质瘤的因素有哪些","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"></span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">引起胶质瘤的因素有哪些？也成为了很多胶质瘤患者朋友不明了的问题，但目前为止还是没有一个明确的定论，大部分学者认为引起胶质瘤的因素是多方面的，综合的结果导致。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">电离辐射：长期暴露在有辐射的环境中，如</span></span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">X</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">射线、</span></span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">Y</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">射线、核辐射等，患脑胶质瘤的机会就会增加。遗传因素：这里所说的胶质瘤遗传因素并不是说胶质瘤是一种遗传病，特别是存在某些抑癌基因的缺陷，在外界因素的作用下，得胶质瘤的可能性就会增加。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">化合物随着现代工业化的发展，已经广泛存在于我们生存的环境中，特别是产生于食物的加工过程中，污染的空气，已经证实不仅长期工作在有空气污染环境中的劳动者发生脑肿瘤的几率明显增加，也就是说他的孩子比其他孩子得脑肿瘤概率要高，还有一些职业主要与造纸、磨粉、手工业、印刷、化工、炼油、金属冶炼等等有关的，空气中含有的大量有毒物质，都是引起胶质瘤的因素之一。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">还有研究表明，一些感染性病毒诱发脑肿瘤，特别是在宝妈怀孕期间的病毒对胎儿的致病威胁是最大的！所以综合考虑它是由多种因素综合作用的结果，包括先天的遗传高危因素，环境的致癌因素，以及相互作用所导致的结果最基本的致病原因，还是由于基因的突变导致胶质瘤的发生和发展。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1539830466814.png\" title=\"引起胶质瘤的因素有哪些\" alt=\"引起胶质瘤的因素有哪些\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 32px; text-align: justify; line-height: 28px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 32px; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">上图是解放军总医院第一附属医院傅相平写的《脑胶质瘤解密》，希望能帮到更多的患者，同时胶质瘤解密总群成立，傅相平教授也会定期在群里为大家免费解答疑惑，患者或者患者家属也可以在群里互相讨论，全程不收取任何费用哦。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1539829777762.jpg\" title=\"引起胶质瘤的因素有哪些\" alt=\"引起胶质瘤的因素有哪些\" width=\"219\" height=\"300\"/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"[]","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":13}],"pageObj":{"list":[],"list4Map":null,"pageBegin":0,"pageSize":5,"pageNumber":0,"totalPage":0,"totalRow":0},"loginUser":null,"replies":[],"forumUserFans":null,"herfList":[],"only":"0","topic":{"id":"25185","isDel":0,"createAt":1554910813055,"createBy":"84404015eff611e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"13911686944","updateAt":1554910878765,"updateBy":"84404015eff611e6a61c00163e04584d","updateName":"13911686944","userId":"84404015eff611e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗","content":"<p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗，这是许多患者朋友经常问到的一个话题，今天，大家就跟着小编来看看这些靠谱的解答，希望能帮助大家更好地做选择！</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">一、基因检测是什么？</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">基因检测是一种实验室生物学检测技术，可以通过组织、血液、唾液、其他体液、或细胞对DNA进行检测。它可以在疾病的临床症状未发生之前进行早期诊断，为临床疾病尤其是致死性疾病的预防和治疗提供了有利的条件。疾病易感基因检测如同一本个人健康说明书，它告诉我们生命该如何正确使用。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">人的DNA是遗传物质的载体，而基因就是DNA中真正有含义的片段。癌友之所以会得肿瘤，归根结底是由于身体内累积了许多有害的基因突变，千奇百怪的变异，最终导致了癌症。基因检测就根据基因检测的结果再选择哪一种化疗药物或分子靶向治疗药物，从而实现癌症的个性化治疗。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">基因是生命体的遗传物质。癌细胞与正常细胞，有很多不同；其中，最重要的不同就是癌细胞中不少基因是变异的：有的基因缺失了，有的基因重复了，有的基因长歪了……利用各种方法，把这些变异的基因找出来，仔细分析，可以协助临床诊断、指导治疗选择、辅助监测疾病复发和耐药、预估生存期等。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">二、癌症患者一定要做基因检测吗？</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">广义上讲，所有肿瘤患者均可以接受基因检测；狭义上讲，根据指南推荐，不同的病种、不同的分期、出于不同的目的，不同的患者，适合做不同的基因检测。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">比如，一个晚期肺腺癌患者，尚未接受任何治疗，家庭经济情况一般，只是为了看看，是否有合适的已经在内地上市的靶向药可用，那么只要测一下最常见的那几个基因就可以了。再比如，一个超级土豪，是一个肉瘤，其他药物治疗都失败了，但是依然想碰碰运气，看看是不是自己还有靶向药可用：不管是已经上市还是处于临床试验研究阶段的，不管是国内还是国外，都想知道。那么，他或许可以选择做一下跨癌种的、尽可能多的、几十上百甚至全部的基因。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">国家卫健委之前颁布的《新型抗肿瘤药物临床应用指导原则（2018 年版）》，明确指出：抗肿瘤药物临床应用需在病理组织学确诊后或基因检测后方可使用。其中也罗列了需要和不需要癌症基因检测的常用的小分子靶向药物和大分子单克隆抗体类药物。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1554910847521.jpg\" title=\"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗\" alt=\"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗\" width=\"530\" height=\"539\"/><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1554911174786.jpg\" title=\"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗\" alt=\"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗\" width=\"525\" height=\"541\"/><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1554911660248.jpg\" title=\"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗\" alt=\"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗\" width=\"525\" height=\"324\"/></span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\"><img width=\"32\" height=\"32\" src=\"http://www.zhao01.com/resources/ueditor/themes/default/images/spacer.gif\" class=\"rich_pages \"/></span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">但是，在癌症的治疗过程当中，有一部分人在接受靶向治疗前，选择不做基因检测，而这种治疗方法就叫做盲试。对比基因检测，盲试也有自己的优势，比如即能省钱又能节省时间。那么，到底什么情况才可以跳过基因检测，直接进行靶向治疗呢？</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">情况一：靶向药单一</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">一些种类的癌症，可能突变类型比较单一，对于靶向药也没有可选余地，这种情况下，可以选择盲试，一旦发现没有效果，就需要更他疗法。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">情况二：生存期不乐观</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">对于一些癌友，可能医生的预估不足6个月，并且经济条件也不好，这种情况，如果拿半个月等一个不确定的结果的话，就显得太冒险，所以不如直接进行盲试，把钱用在刀刃上，挑选概率最大的进行尝试，俗称“闯大运”。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">当然盲试也有着自己的短板，在没有基因检测之前，用药基本靠“猜”，而效果也基本靠“经验”，所以在治疗的过程中，对于是否进行靶向治疗，大家可以在咨询主治医生后慎重决定。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">三、是不是所有靶向药，都要做基因检测？</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">当然不是。有些抗血管生成为主的靶向药，目前并不知道，哪个或者哪几个基因变异，与这些药物的疗效有相关性。比如：索拉非尼、阿帕替尼、舒尼替尼、贝伐珠单抗等靶向药，并不一定需要做基因检测，如表1。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">四、基因检测，选择什么标本最合适？</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">做基因检测，是检测肿瘤细胞的突变，因此需要获取肿瘤细胞。临床上通常有3种方式：</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">① 术中肿瘤样品</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">②&nbsp;穿刺活检样品</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">通常是在局部麻醉下，使用很细的针刺入疑似肿瘤，来获取少量细胞用于分析。这样创伤很小，可以避免不必要的手术，对患者影响小。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">③ 液体活检</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">液体活检，主要是指通过分析血液里的癌细胞或者癌细胞释放的DNA进行分析，判断癌症突变类型。这之所以能成功，是因为晚期癌细胞，或者癌细胞的DNA，会经常跑到血液里面，现代技术有可能把它们捕获，进行分析。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">“液体活检”是目前最热门的技术之一，最大的优点是无创，风险小，而且可以反复多次取样，但目前依然以组织病理切片的基因检测，准确度最高，是业内公认的金标准。虽然它也不是100%完美（比如还有空间、时间、异质性的问题）。但是，常常能遇到病友无法取得足够的组织，或者组织标本年代久远，这类情况下，也可以考虑用血液标本代替。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">我们一般推荐的优劣顺序是：</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">最近手术或活检新取的组织标本&gt;1-2年内的组织标本&gt;最新的血标本&gt;2年以上的旧的组织标本。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">五、基因检测有很多方法，这些方法可信吗？会不会存在误差？</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">任何一种生物学检测方法，准确率都不可能达到100%。但是，目前国际、国内共识中推荐使用的基因检测方法，都是经过大量实验数据验证和临床评估的，都能很好地表现肿瘤的基因状态。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">所以，虽然不同的基因检测方法敏感性、特异性之间稍有差别，但总体而言，只要是通过了国家官方认证的检测技术，都可以使用。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">六、血液基因突变动态监测，有什么用？</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">血液中基因突变的浓度变化，很大程度上可以反映病情的变化，甚至有时候比影像学更提前，比肿瘤标志物更准确。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">因此，对于一些携带非常常见的基因突变的病人，如果碰巧肿瘤标志物又不敏感，那么利用血液基因检测（就检测那一两个最常见的基因突变即可，价格可承受），每隔2-3个月测一次，通过基因突变的浓度变化和性质改变，可以提前发现疾病复发、提前预警药物耐药等。对于携带EGFR突变且口服靶向药治疗的病人，如果每隔2个月测一次血液中EGFR相应突变的浓度变化，国内外的众多研究提示，可以比影像学平均提前4-6个月发现耐药。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">七、治疗一段时间后，要不要重新做基因检测？</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">事实上，肿瘤组织内的基因，每时每刻都在发生新的突变，过程是完全随机的。各种治疗手段可能会影响突变发生的频率，也就是说原来是平均每10万个细胞每天突变1次，现在变成了平均每1万个细胞每天都要突变1次。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">因此，我们一般仅推荐接受了靶向治疗的病友，在药物耐药、疾病进展以后，酌情考虑再次行基因检测——因为靶向药用了一段时间以后，耐药了，有一部分病人会富集出有更新的靶向药可用的新的突变。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">八、有基因突变，是不是一定有靶向药可用？</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">不是。基因突变的类型太多，绝大多数基因突变，目前无法明确是不是和肿瘤有关；大多数能明确和肿瘤一定相关的基因突变（比如P53突变、KRAS突变、MYC扩增等），目前尚无已经上市的靶向药。因此，经常发生测了基因突变，但是依然没有合适的、已经上市的靶向药可以选择。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">九、用PD-1抑制剂，为何也要做基因检测？</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">① 肿瘤突变负荷（TMB）高的患者，PD-1抑制剂的有效率更高，生存期更长，更适合接受PD-1治疗。因此，在接受PD-1抑制剂治疗前，做一些TMB的检测，意义重大。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">② 携带JAK1、JAK2、BM2、HLA、STK11等基因突变的患者，可能对PD-1抑制剂天然耐药，所以要提前检测一下。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">③ 携带EGFR突变、MDM2扩增的病友，使用PD-1抑制剂，可能发生爆发进展，所以也要提前检测一下。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">④ 携带PBRM1、POLE基因突变的患者，使用PD-1抑制剂，疗效很好。有时候，也可以测一下碰一碰运气。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1554739907474.png\" title=\"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗\" alt=\"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; line-height: 28px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: 宋体;\">下载二维码微信识别，观看傅相平教授主讲</span><strong style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体;\">《脑胶质瘤解密》</span></strong>，看完对这个病就完全明白了</p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\"></span><br/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: 宋体;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1551715760198.jpg\" title=\"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗\" alt=\"肿瘤患者需要做基因检测吗\" width=\"250\" height=\"343\"/></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: 宋体;\"></span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 28px; font-family: 宋体;\">欢迎扫描二维码加入</span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 28px;\">QQ</span><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 28px; font-family: 宋体;\">群，群里没有广告诈骗，非常干净</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\"></span><br/></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 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