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class=\"detailc list-paddingleft-2\" style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　胶质瘤的发病率位居脑瘤首位，给人们的生活造成了很大的困扰。早日康复成为所有胶质瘤患者的共同心声。疾病的康复除了正规治疗之外，同时也少不了日常饮食保健的辅助。那么，胶质瘤患者在治疗期间应该如何调整饮食结构更利于康复呢?</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　1、调整饮食结构，摄取营养丰富、全面的食物，摄取含有丰富蛋白质、氨基酸、高维生素的食物。胶质瘤患者饮食应保证每天有一定量的新鲜蔬菜，提倡摄入全谷食物，保证有足量的微量元素及饮食纤维素。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　2、胶质瘤患者饮食要多摄入有利于毒物排泄和解毒的食物，如绿豆、赤小豆、冬瓜、西瓜等，促使毒物排泄。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　3、宜进抗脑瘤的食物，如小麦，薏米，荸荠，海蜇，芦笋，炸壁虎，炸全蝎，炸蜈蚣，炸蚕蛹，鲎，海带。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　4、宜吃具有防治颅内高压作用的食物：玉米须，赤豆，核桃仁，紫菜，鲤鱼，鸭肉，石莼，海带，蟹，蛤蜊。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　5、胶质瘤患者宜吃具有保护视力的食物：菊花，马兰头，荠菜，羊肝，猪肝，鳗鲡。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　6、宜吃具有保护颅内血管作用的食物：芹菜，荠菜，菊花脑，茭白，向日葵籽，海带，海蜇，牡蛎，文蛤。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　7、宜吃具有防护化疗，效疗副作用的食物：香菇，银耳，黑木耳，黄花菜，核桃，芝麻，向日葵籽，猕猴桃，羊血，猪血，鹅血，鸡血，莲子，绿豆，薏米，鲫鱼，青豆，鲟，鲨鱼，梅，杏仁，佛手。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　　8、患者应避免食用含有致瘤因子的食物，如腌制品、发霉的食物、烧烤烟熏类食品等，同时避免使用某些食品附加剂，农药污染的农作物等。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px;\">　<strong>　温馨提示：</strong>胶 质瘤细胞破坏正常的神经功能区域，产生神经破坏症状如肢体运动障碍、言语障碍。胶质瘤细胞刺激脑神经后会产生癫痫症状，包括抽搐、口吐白沫、牙关紧闭、大 小便失禁等，这些症状可以同时出现，也可以先后出现，也可以只有一种症状出现。当出现其中一种症状时，患者应该尽早到医院进行检查。</p></ul><p><br/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":2},{"id":"7956","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"颅内胶质瘤常见的三种并发症","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span style=\"font-family:宋体\">胶质瘤是一种常见的疾病，很多家庭因为胶质瘤而失去了生活的希望，胶质瘤是一种常见的恶性颅内肿瘤，复发率很高，而且目前没有直接彻底的治愈手段，只能通过手术、放疗或化疗来延长患者的生命。很多人担心胶质瘤术后出现并发症，所以不敢手术，那<strong>脑胶质瘤术后并发症</strong>常见的有哪些呢</span>? </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1511229774768.jpg\" title=\"颅内胶质瘤常见的三种并发症\" alt=\"颅内胶质瘤常见的三种并发症\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><br/></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一、</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">脑水肿及颅内压增高：脑胶质瘤术后有可能出现脑水肿、颅内压增高的症状，可用脱水药物降低颅内压，糖皮质激素减轻脑水肿。对于病变范围广泛或恶性程度高的肿瘤可尽可能多切除肿瘤及非功能区脑组织行内减压，同时去骨瓣外减压。</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">二、</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">颅内出血或血肿：有的脑胶质瘤患者术后会出现颅内出血或血肿的情况，这与术中止血不仔细有关，随着手术技巧的提高，此并发症已较少发生。创面仔细止血，关颅前反复冲洗，即可减少或避免术后颅内出血。</span></span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">三、</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">神经功能缺失：这与术中损伤重要功能区及重要结构有关，术中尽可能避免损伤，出现后要对症处理。</span><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">有很多患者都会出现术后并发症，比如癫痫，抽搐都是很常见的。脑胶质瘤术后的并发病可分为系统性与局部性，神经系统并发病有语言、血管损伤、视觉模糊。由于水肿和感觉等。局部并发病包括创口感染、伤口脑脊液漏、癫痫与脑积水等。其它系统并发病有深部静脉血栓形成、肺炎等。</span></span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1034","readLevel":0,"files":"[]","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"14922","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"胶质瘤患者吃什么比较好","content":"<p>胶质瘤患者吃什么比较好</p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1033","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":65},{"id":"25960","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"胶质瘤多久复发一次","content":"<p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">胶质瘤多久复发一次，很多病友都很关心，四级胶质瘤上个月14号做了手术，现在复查核磁，不到一个月复发比原来的要复发一倍。 已经做完一期化疗，各项检查正常，就是脑里的胶质复发了，是不是意味快game&nbsp;over。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">现在在医院肿瘤科了住着院天天Q8甘露醇。从手术后不能说话不能行走，右手右脚没力，现在在肿瘤科住了两个星期院后，现在的情况&nbsp;可以说话可以扶着慢慢得走动了。肿瘤科的医生说最多还有3个月的时间就可以解脱了 </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">Q8</span><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">甘露醇+醋酸地塞米松，口服德巴金。上星期已经做完第一期化疗口服替莫唑胺胶囊&nbsp;，每次吃化疗药多要打一些胃肠道的药。</span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">放疗听说副作好大，不想放疗 </span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":65},{"id":"8341","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"儿童神经胶质瘤的临床表现有哪些","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1511836363117.jpg\" title=\"儿童神经胶质瘤的临床表现有哪些\" alt=\"儿童神经胶质瘤的临床表现有哪些\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">呕吐：是儿童颅内肿瘤最常见的症状。儿童脑瘤有呕吐者占</span>72%至73%。呕吐多数由颅内压增高引起，多数病例呕吐并伴有头痛或头晕，呕吐表现为喷射状，与饮食无关。病初呕吐常发生在清晨，以后随着病情发展则可发生在任何时间，呈间歇性和反复性发作。部分患儿呕吐可伴随有腹痛，故常被误诊为胃肠道疾患，应引起注意。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">头痛：多数头痛为颅内压增高所致，少数病例可因肿瘤直接刺激硬脑膜而出现局限性头痛。学龄儿童可以告诉家长自己头痛，而婴幼儿常不能表达头痛的情况，仅表现为阵发性烦躁和哭闹不安或用手抓头、击打头部等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">走路不稳：因为脑瘤发生在小脑或脑干者多，其功能和人体平衡有关，病儿由会走路退化为走路东倒西歪、醉汉步态，严重者可站不住、坐不稳，完全丧失活动能力，同时可见手握东西不稳，或持物左右摇晃，这都可能是小脑有肿瘤的征兆。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">视神经乳头水肿：是颅内压增高的重要征象。视神经乳头水肿是否出现及程度取决于肿瘤的性质、部位及病程的长短。因小儿颅内肿瘤恶性较多，位于中线及后路窝者多，故早期引起脑脊液循环梗阻而致颅内压的增高。脑干肿瘤的视乳头水肿不明显或在病程后期才发生。儿童视乳头水肿易伴有出血，常较快发展为继发性视神经萎缩，故儿童脑瘤到医院就诊时有视力减退者相当常见，其中有些患儿甚至近于双目失明。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">眼球不能上视：因颅压增高可使患儿出现双侧眼球内斜视，俗称</span>“对眼”或“斗鸡眼”。还有的患儿逐渐出现眼球不能往上看，也预示着脑内松果体区存在肿瘤的可能。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">眼歪口斜伴有走路不稳：常常提示可能为脑干胶质瘤。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">头颅增大：这是小儿颅压增高的特点之一。多发生在婴幼儿，因此期小儿颅缝未愈合或愈合不紧，颅内压增高可致颅缝分离而使头围增大。这种头颅增大常不如先天性脑积水明显。</span> <span style=\"font-family:宋体\">　　复视：即视物呈双影，这是因颅压增高导致外展神经不完全麻痹引起。表现为双眼内斜视，俗称</span>“斗鸡眼”。但自幼就有眼球内斜者除外。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">意识障碍或精神异常：严重意识障碍（如昏迷或半昏迷等）常为脑疝所致，而颅压增高严重的患儿可表现为淡漠、乏力及嗜睡等，需引起注意。国外资料显示，儿童脑瘤患者有人格改变者约占半数，有行为异常者约占到</span>50%左右。多数表现为呆滞，对玩耍不感兴趣，易疲劳，沉默寡言或易激怒。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">颈部抵抗或斜颈：如果在头痛的基础上发现小儿颈部僵硬，或颈部斜在某一姿势，这是由于位于后颅窝肿瘤向下延伸或小脑扁桃体下疝致颈椎管内压迫或刺激上颈神经根所致。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">癫痫发作：儿童神经系统疾病的癫痫发生率是相当高的，但相对于颅内肿瘤来说，它的发生率较成人低。但在不发热的情况下发生癫痫时也应考虑有肿瘤的可能性。生长发育迟缓或加速：颅内肿瘤可以影响儿童内分泌功能。颅咽管瘤的病例多数表现为发育迟缓（身材矮小及外生殖器不发育等）</span>;松果体区畸胎瘤的部分患儿可有生长发育加快，90%以上为男孩，7至8岁时体重可接近百斤及外生殖器发育如成人。还有，垂体瘤的生长激素腺瘤可致巨人症，有的患儿10岁身高可达1.8米以上。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">多饮多尿：经常在门诊看到长期诊为</span>“中枢性尿崩症”的患儿，最后因为视力减退甚至失明才确诊为鞍上生殖细胞瘤。患儿烦渴，不停地喝水，有时甚至每日喝水、排尿达到8000至10000毫升，尿的颜色像自来水一样。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">性早熟：有人统计，婴幼儿的性早熟有</span>1/3表现为第二性征发育，半岁即来月经或生殖器勃起等。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":7},{"id":"28852","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"脑胶质瘤注意防范以下几件事","content":"<p style=\"margin-left:0;text-indent:0;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体;font-size:19px\">1.&nbsp;</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">一，水肿，水肿是一个长期需要控制并易反复的事。尤其是放疗期间容易加大水肿的严重性。所以要长期的控制，一般水肿严重后，病人会有头疼，头晕，严重的会导致肢体无法行动，脑汕等症状。控制水肿药物，一线：甘露醇，甘油果糖穿插使用。二线：地塞米松，甲强龙等激素类药物，不可长期使用。三线：贝伐珠单抗。也有战友用中药控制水肿很好的可以作为参考和借鉴。</span></span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><br/></span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">二，癫痫，癫痫是一个猝不及防又极其伤脑和身体的事情。一般脑部做开颅手术的都建议用预防癫痫类药物来预防癫痫。平时查血电解质的血中钾，钠的含量。如果是低了，可以使用氯化钾缓释片来增加钾的含量。食补：香蕉，橙子，深海鱼类，海藻。药物控制癫痫：左乙拉西坦，德巴金，丙戊酸钠，卡玛西平片等。可以单独用药控制也可联合控制。如果吞咽困难的病人，可以用点滴药物，丙戊酸钠。大癫痫发作时，应打电话</span>120，医生来之前应该防止病人咬舌头。医生来了后，需先打安定镇静剂后及时送往医院，再用药丙戊酸钠。到医院查脑ct查看是否脑出血，查血指标及电解质。病人稳定后需要到神经内科医生处咨询癫痫的控制用药情况。减癫痫药正确的做法是一片癫痫药每天用刀片划掉一点。因为一片癫痫药是以mg为单位，一天减掉一片，就是几百毫克，对于病人体制来说，并不是很稳定的。</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><br/></span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">三，血指标，长化过程中，血指标是很难控制的，一般长化前都会验血。一般查血常规，定期复查血电解质和肝肾功能。血常规只看三个指标。</span>1，白细胞不低于3就可以长化。2，血小板正常值一般在126，我家的大夫跟我说不低于80可以不打升血小板针。具体可咨询自家大夫。3，血红蛋白，低不多的话，食补即可。升白细胞，血小板的食补及时药物很多，再次不详细介绍了。</span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><br/></span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">四，肺炎，肺炎一般多发生于胶质瘤后期或长期卧床的病人。往往不是胶质瘤夺走了家人的生命，而是器官衰竭和肺炎夺走的生命。所以长期卧床的病人一般建议买气垫，定时按摩腿脚手及手臂，可预防静脉血栓。定时翻身可预防压疮和褥疮。空心手拍打后背，辅助病人吐痰，侧身按摩后背，让病人后背肌肉得到放松。</span></span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><br/></span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">五，脑积液，一般脑积液会导致颅压过高，头疼。可腰椎埋管分压或做腹腔分流手术来缓解。也可手术去骨瓣来降颅压。</span></span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><br/></span><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">六，药物副作用，建议吃一些护肝，胃，肾的药物。止吐药昂单司琼有便秘的副作用，可在吃昂单司琼的当天做菜用灰油。（猪油）有助于便秘的缓解。地塞米松片与昂单司琼联合用药，有增强止吐的功效。地塞米松片是激素类药物，不可长期服用单独服用有去水肿的作用，所以家中可以常期备用两个药物。神经类止吐药阿瑞匹坦，止吐效果不错，但药物价格不低。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1578301014018.jpg\" title=\"脑胶质瘤注意防范以下几件事\" alt=\"脑胶质瘤注意防范以下几件事\" width=\"250\" height=\"343\"/></span></span></p><p><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"></span></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">欢迎扫描二维码加入</span>QQ群，听听病友们怎么说，听听医生怎么说</span></p><p><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:19px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"></span></span><br/></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":66},{"id":"23862","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"手机对于得胶质瘤的影响","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">随着社会的发展，我们的生活质量也在逐步提高，但是很多胶质瘤患者不知道为什么会得这个可怕的病！关于手机对于得胶质瘤的概率也是存在的，尤其是青少年更加容易因手机的电离辐射导致胶质瘤。经调查研究表明在一群每天连续接打电话三十分钟以上，并且连续使用十年以上的人中，发现得脑瘤的概率是比正常人高出来一点的，所以还是会有一定影响的，尤其是青少年的耳朵，颅骨比成年人要薄要小，所以接受手机的电离辐射量会比成年人多</span>50%以上，对于青少年还是建议使用手机的时间短些，以避免得脑瘤胶质瘤的风险！</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">当然除了手机对胶质瘤的影响外还会有一些生活习惯的改善，比如不要过多吃过咸过辣的食物，过期变质、腌制的食物都是不要吃的好，平时工作学习要劳逸结合，不过度劳累，不熬夜，尽量避免一些被污染的食物、空气等等，多吃绿色无机食品，防止病从口入。多参与体育活动锻炼身体，增强自身体质，提高免疫力，平时在阳光下多运动出汗将身体酸性物质排出体外，使身体保持在一个不至于呈酸性体质的情况下就能很好的预防得脑瘤。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">以上都是关于胶质瘤的一些知识，社会在进步，我们的生活也在时刻发生着改变，而胶质瘤发病率也在相应提高，这也给我们敲响了警钟，需要通过我们生活的点滴习惯来预防！</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1539830466814.png\" title=\"手机对于得胶质瘤的影响\" alt=\"手机对于得胶质瘤的影响\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-indent: 32px; text-align: justify; line-height: 28px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 32px; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">上图是解放军总医院第一附属医院傅相平写的《脑胶质瘤解密》，希望能帮到更多的患者，同时胶质瘤解密总群成立，傅相平教授也会定期在群里为大家免费解答疑惑，患者或者患者家属也可以在群里互相讨论，全程不收取任何费用哦。</span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1539829777762.jpg\" title=\"手机对于得胶质瘤的影响\" alt=\"手机对于得胶质瘤的影响\" width=\"219\" height=\"300\"/></p>","barId":"1337","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":14}],"pageObj":{"list":[],"list4Map":null,"pageBegin":0,"pageSize":5,"pageNumber":0,"totalPage":0,"totalRow":0},"loginUser":null,"replies":[],"forumUserFans":null,"herfList":[],"only":"0","topic":{"id":"25353","isDel":0,"createAt":1556112672785,"createBy":"84404015eff611e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"13911686944","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"84404015eff611e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"质子治疗胶质瘤效果","content":"<p style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: Arial, sans-serif\"></span><strong><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体;color:red;background:white\">一、质子的物理学和生物学特征</span></strong></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">1.</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">质子的物理学特征：</span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">质子是一个带正电荷的粒子，其质量是电子质量的1836倍[1]。目前，可通过回旋加速器和直线加速器获得高速运动的质子束。当质子束照射于胶质瘤靶区时，能释放大量的能量，形成一个窄高尖的峰，即布勒格峰（Bragg峰）。单能质子束产生的Bragg峰比较窄，临床上通常需要通过调制不同能量的质子束来产生一个扩展的Bragg峰，从而使照射剂量更加均匀地覆盖于整个胶质瘤靶区[2]。质子束在胶质瘤靶区的能量沉积较大，而在周围组织中的能量沉积较小，这有利于在精准杀死胶质瘤细胞的同时最大限度地保护周围正常组织。质子束的LET与每单位距离的能量沉积有关[3]。当质子束能量在0~0.1 MeV时，LET随着质子束能量的增加而增加；而当质子束能量在0.1~1000 MeV时，LET随着质子束能量的增加而降低。这说明质子束能量在0.1 MeV时LET达到最大值[4]。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">2.</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">质子的生物学特征：</span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">相对生物学效应是光子达到特定效应所需剂量与粒子达到同等生物效应剂量的比值[5]。目前，大多数质子治疗中心将质子的相对生物学效应假定为常数1.1[6]。对大量的试验数据进行分析发现，质子的相对生物学效应值是可变的，并且受到LET、剂量水平以及组织类型等多种因素的影响[7-8]。例如，同一个细胞系中质子的相对生物学效应值随着LET的增加而增加，并且在100~200 keV/μm时达到最大值[9]。而且，质子的相对生物学效应值随着其运行轨迹深度的增加而增加，并且在Bragg峰的末端达到最大值[10]。临床上，质子放疗技术的照射剂量一般用钴等效剂量来表示，即质子的物理剂量Gray值乘以相对生物学效应[11]。关于质子氧增比的相关报道较少，氧增比值的大小尚不明确。Kanemoto等[12]研究发现，氧增比在扩展的Bragg峰的4个不同位置的值分别为2.84、2.60、2.63和2.76。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%\">总之，质子的相对生物学效应值具有复杂性和不确定性，需在今后的工作中进一步深入了解。</span></span></p><p style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;min-height: 1em\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></strong></p><p><section><section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\">二、质子与光子生物学特征的区别</strong><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></strong></p></section></section></section><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\">1.</strong><strong><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体;color:#3E3E3E;letter-spacing:0;background:white\">分子水平</span></strong></p><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（1）活性氧：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">Zhang</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">等[13]比较了在不同的细胞系以及不同剂量下，质子和光子照射后活性氧（ROS）产生的区别。他们发现接受质子照射后的胶质瘤干细胞样细胞会产生更高水平的活性氧。Giedzinski等[14]研究亦得出相同的结论。质子照射产生的活性氧能诱导更强的DNA损伤，这也是质子照射比光子照射具有更高的细胞杀伤效果的原因之一[15]。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（2）复杂性DNA损伤与修复：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">质子照射诱导DNA损伤的机制类似于光子照射损伤DNA的机制，即能量直接沉积于DNA分子或诱导DNA分子周围水分子的分解[16-17]。DNA损伤主要是碱基损伤[18]和链断裂[17]。链断裂包括单链断裂和双链断裂[17]。双链断裂的修复比较困难，且链断裂的数量与质子照射能量有关，照射能量越低DNA损伤越大[18]。DNA损伤还包括簇集损伤，其可导致细胞死亡和突变，修复时间长而且十分困难。与光子照射相比，质子照射诱导产生的双链断裂和簇集损伤数量庞大[19]。即使在相同的情况下，质子照射和光子照射导致的DNA损伤的修复途径也不相同，质子照射导致的DNA损伤的修复途径以同源重组为主[20]，而光子照射以非同源末端连接为主[21]。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（3）DNA甲基化：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">DNA</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">甲基化是一种表观遗传机制，甲基化水平的改变可调节基因的表达，从而使后代表现出表观遗传方面的变化，因此又被称为表观遗传现象。Kim等[22]采用质子束照射乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7和正常细胞系MCF-10A，发现2种细胞系均发生超甲基化改变。Goetz等[23]研究也得出类似的结果。但Kumar等[24]研究发现，光子照射可降低细胞的DNA甲基化水平，导致低甲基化改变。同时，有学者发现基因组的不稳定性与DNA低甲基化水平有关[25]，这可能是光子照射更易导致DNA突变和诱发第二肿瘤的原因之一。</span></span></p><p style=\"text-align: center; line-height: 200%; background: white; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1556112796199.jpg\" title=\"质子治疗胶质瘤效果\" alt=\"质子治疗胶质瘤效果\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\"/>&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（4）修复蛋白的表达：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">质子照射或光子照射均可导致DNA的双链断裂，早期磷酸化组蛋白H2AX（γ-H2AX）的形成标志着DNA损伤修复开始[26]，而且磷酸化组蛋白p53结合蛋白1（53BP1）也是DNA损伤修复的指标之一[27]。有研究采用质子照射不同细胞系0.5 h后，分别在扩展的Bragg峰的不同位置检测γ-H2AX的数量，发现并无明显差异，但24 h后在扩展的Bragg峰远侧端检测到更多的γ-H2AX[26]。有研究发现，与低LET辐射相比，高LET辐射会增加γ-H2AX的数量[28]。近期的研究结果表明，与光子照射相比，质子照射检测到的γ-H2AX数量不仅明显增多，而且γ-H2AX形成的焦点也更大[29-30]。这说明质子照射致DNA损伤的能力高于光子照射。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">2.</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">细胞水平</span></strong></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（1）细胞凋亡：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">Pietro</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">等[31]采用质子与光子分别照射不同的细胞系，发现质子照射导致更高水平的细胞凋亡，且凋亡细胞比率与照射剂量和照射后的观察时间均有明显的相关性。Gerechiuun等[30]也得到类似结论。在细胞凋亡的过程中，可观察到mRNAs在质子照射后的表达明显增加[31]。PC3细胞在质子照射后ATM、p73、p21、SOD2以及Bcl-2/Bax-α等mRNA表达明显增高；而在光子照射后Bax-α、ATM、Bcl-2以及Bcl-2/Bax-α等mRNA表达明显增高。进一步的研究结果证实，质子照射后p38、JNK和MAP等蛋白呈高表达[32]，而光子照射后ERK蛋白呈高表达[33]。综合上述文献，我们发现质子照射与光子照射后细胞凋亡水平的不同可能与激活不同的凋亡信号通路有关。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（2）细胞周期：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">Narang</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">等[34]通过PCR分析发现，与光子照射相比，质子照射引起的细胞周期阻滞相关基因表达水平显著上调，诱导产生更高更长的G2/M期阻滞。有研究发现，质子照射与光子照射24h后，质子照射在S+G2/M期的细胞周期停滞显著升高；照射剂量相同的情况下，质子照射在48 h和72 h后引起的细胞周期停滞分别为44%和32%，而光子照射为20%和17%。Pietro等[31]研究发现，质子照射剂量为10 Gy时分别照射PC3细胞和CA301D细胞，细胞周期G2/M期阻滞显著。因此，质子照射与光子照射对细胞周期的调控是不同的，这可能是导致胶质瘤细胞生长在不同程度上受抑制的原因之一。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">3.</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">组织水平</span></strong></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（1）血管生成：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">胶质瘤血管的生成在胶质瘤的发生发展中具有重要的作用。大量的研究结果表明，质子照射和光子照射对胶质瘤血管的作用表现不同。质子照射可抑制胶质瘤血管的形成[35]，而光子照射可促进胶质瘤血管的生成[36]。质子照射可显著降低VEGF、IL-6、IL-8和HIF-1A等促血管生成因子的表达[37]，同时也可降低MMP-9等促血管生成蛋白的表达[4]；而光子照射可提高VEGF、IL-6、HIF-1A和bFGF等促血管生成因子的表达[38]。质子照射对胶质瘤血管生成的影响机制有待今后深入探讨。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"> <p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（2）侵袭与远处转移：</span></span></strong><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">侵袭和远处转移是胶质瘤发生发展过程的重要特征之一，与患者的预后密切相关。有研究结果表明，质子照射后胶质瘤细胞的侵袭与远处转移能力降低，而光子照射后胶质瘤细胞的侵袭与远处转移能力增强[36]。Ogata等[36]分别使用质子和光子照射高转移性纤维肉瘤细胞系HT1080,发现接受照射剂量为2 Gy的质子照射后，胶质瘤细胞的侵袭能力较未照射组降低了1/2；而接受照射剂量为2 Gy的光子照射后，胶质瘤细胞的侵袭能力较未照射组增强了2倍。侵袭和远处转移的机制可能与细胞表面糖蛋白和基质金属蛋白酶有关。质子照射后导致MMP-2、MMP-3以及MMP-9降低[39]，而光子照射后导致aVb3整合素蛋白增高[36]。Wang等[40]发现，质子照射可促进上皮细胞间质转化，而上皮细胞间质转化与胶质瘤侵袭和远处转移密切相关。质子照射与胶质瘤侵袭和远处转移间的关系尚需进一步的研究。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">4.</span></span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 宋体;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">胶质瘤复发与诱发第二胶质瘤</span></strong></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">Stick</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">等[41]研究发现，接受质子照射和光子照射的乳腺癌患者，预计10年后复发的绝对风险分别为0.02%（0.0%~0.07%）和0.10%（0.0%~0.9%）。同时，他们还发现质子照射可将患者心脏毒性预测风险降低2.9%，而光子照射在多数患者中仍产生有限的心脏毒性。Caujiolle等[42]对质子照射后胶质瘤复发与预后关系的研究发现，边缘型复发的生存率明显优于其他类型。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">人们普遍认为，即使是在治疗剂量范围内，电离辐射也可导致胶质瘤[43]。Chung等[44]分别对558例接受质子放疗的患者和558例接受光子放疗的患者进行了匹配队列研究，他们发现接受质子放疗的患者中有29例（5.2%）出现了第二胶质瘤，而接受光子放疗的患者中有42例（7.5%）出现了第二胶质瘤。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%\">Stokkevåg</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%\">等[45]研究也得到类似的结论。这提示，质子放疗较光子放疗在抑制第二胶质瘤发生率方面可能具有一定优势，但有待高证据等级的研究来证实。</span></span></p><p style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;background:white\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;min-height: 1em\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></span></strong></p><section><section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\">三、质子放疗技术的临床应用</span></strong><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></span></p></section></section></section>1946</span><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#3E3E3E;letter-spacing:0;background:white\">年，Wilson[46]首次提出了质子放疗治疗胶质瘤的理论。1954年，首位患者成功接受了质子放疗[47]。质子放疗具有可显著提高胶质瘤区域的照射剂量，并降低周围正常组织的照射剂量的物理剂量分布优势。迄今为止，全球已有30多个医疗中心正积极开展质子放疗工作。目前，我国也在积极建设质子放疗治疗中心。有研究结果表明，截至2015年底已有超13万例胶质瘤患者接受了质子放疗[48]。</span></p><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\"><br/> <br/> </span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">一方面，质子放疗在葡萄膜黑色素瘤[49]、儿科肿瘤[50]、脊索瘤和软骨肉瘤[51]、早期非小细胞肺癌[52]、肝细胞癌[53]以及前列腺癌[54]等恶性肿瘤的治疗中已取得了令人满意的效果；另一方面，质子放疗作为治疗胶质瘤的一种新兴技术，给传统常规放疗效果差的恶性肿瘤患者提供了另外一种选择。Greenfield等[50]分别对9例生殖细胞肿瘤和11例非生殖细胞肿瘤患者进行了质子放疗，发现生殖细胞肿瘤的5年局部控制率、无进展生存率及总生存率均在89%以上（89%、89%和100%），非生殖细胞肿瘤均在82%左右（82%、82%和82%）。近年来的研究结果表明，质子放疗在脉络膜黑色素瘤[55]、胸腺瘤或胸腺癌[56]以及鼻腔黏膜或鼻旁窦黏膜黑色素瘤[57]等方面也展现出一定的效果，但其具体疗效尚需进一步临床验证。</span></span></p><p style=\";margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;text-justify: inter-ideograph;line-height:200%;background:white\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important;min-height: 1em\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></strong></p><p><section><section><section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><section></section><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\">四、质子放疗技术存在的问题与展望</strong><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"></strong></p></section></section></section><strong style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\">质子放疗技术由于其技术特点日益受到关注，但仍有以下问题值得思考：</strong></p><p><br/></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（1）基于大量的体内外实验研究所得出的结论，目前多数的质子治疗中心采用常数为1.1的相对生物学效应值[6]。但实际上相对生物学效应值是可变的，其随着质子的LET、剂量水平以及组织类型等变化[7-8]。在扩展的Bragg峰入口区域相对生物学效应值接近于1.0，随着深度的增加相对生物学效应值显著增加，并在扩展的Bragg峰末端达到最大值[7,10]。目前暂无关于使用不同水平放射敏感性人类肿瘤细胞系对相对生物学效应值评估的报道[26]。常数为1.1的相对生物学效应值可能并不适用于所有情况。因此，在临床工作中制定治疗计划时，一定要考虑到相对生物学效应值是可变的这一情况，让质子放疗达到最佳的生物学效应并且严格进行质量控制管理。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（2）由于特征性的Bragg峰存在的物理剂量优势，质子放疗较光子放疗在适形性方面优势显著，但其具体的临床应用优势还需进一步探讨。质子治疗中心的建造成本高且质子放疗设备昂贵，在一定程度上限制了其的推广应用。另外有学者统计发现，2003年质子放疗的总费用约是光子放疗总费用的2.4倍。随着越来越多的质子治疗中心的建立，这一比值可能会降低，预计10年后将降低至1.7倍[58]。但是综合考虑患者的需求和经济负担，目前质子放疗尚无法完全取代光子放疗的地位。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">（3）近期的一项研究对质子和光子在治疗生殖细胞肿瘤和非生殖细胞肿瘤的效果进行比较，发现质子放疗后患者5年总生存率以及无进展生存率并无明显提高[50]。而且有研究发现，脉络膜黑色素瘤患者在接受质子治疗后数年诱发了恶性脑膜瘤的案例[58]。因此，医生在临床治疗中不能忽视和夸大质子放疗的适应证。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size:19px;line-height:200%;color:#333333;letter-spacing:0\">&nbsp;</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\">综上所述，基于质子放疗的技术特色、成本效益和适应证等方面考虑，质子放疗的价值需要进一步深入探讨，包括全面深入了解其放射生物学效应，以便更好地服务于大众。</span></span></p><p style=\";text-align: justify;line-height: 200%;background: white;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;word-wrap: break-word !important\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;color: rgb(62, 62, 62);letter-spacing: 0\"></span></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1554739907474.png\" title=\"质子治疗胶质瘤效果\" alt=\"质子治疗胶质瘤效果\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; line-height: 28px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体;\">下载二维码微信识别，观看傅相平教授主讲</span><strong style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: 宋体;\">《脑胶质瘤解密》</span></strong><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;\">，看完对这个病就完全明白了</span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(46, 46, 46); font-family: &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; line-height: 28px;\"><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 19px; line-height: 38px; font-family: 宋体;\"></span></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; 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