预防
\n3、4、7型腺病毒口服减毒活疫苗经国外小规模应用已证明有预防效果，但尚未大规模生产和应用。流行期间，特别在病房，应尽力隔离，以预防交叉感染;在地段工作中多做婴幼儿上感的家庭治疗，在托幼机构要特别注意早期隔离及避免患感冒的保育员继续担任护理工作，以减少传播机会。
\n预后
\n在我国北方腺病毒肺炎的病情严重，1958年初次大流行时，住院病人病死率高达25%，经中西医结合治疗后，病死率降至5%～10%。近10年来没有明显流行，有时北方的发病数甚至降至第二位(rsv肺炎为第一位)，病情减轻，病死率为5%以下。流行时死亡大多发生在病程第10～15日，影响预后的主要因素是：①年龄幼小缺乏特异抗体，死亡多发生于6～18月儿童，2岁以上者几乎没有死亡;②如并发或继发于麻疹、一般肺炎或其他重症的过程中，病死率较高，继发金黄色葡萄球菌或大肠杆菌等感染时预后也较严重;③一般7型腺病毒与3型、11型所致肺炎比较，重症及死亡者较多。
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据统计，我国儿童哮喘发病率大约为3%，个别地区高达5%，近年其发病率及死亡率均呈上升趋势。有关专家认为，在采用药物治疗小儿哮喘的同时，重视日常生活保健对减少哮喘发作的次数与严重程度是十分重要的。
减少环境致敏因素：每天要保持居室清洁、通风。床单被褥及枕头要常清洗，避免使用鸭绒或化纤被褥，内衣裤最好采用棉制品。家中最好不要养猫、狗及小鸟等小宠物，如果肯定花草会引起孩子过敏，就不要在室内种养会致敏的花草。尽量不带孩子去人多、空气污浊的公共场所，如果每年能带小孩到农村或空气新鲜的山区度假一段时间，对哮喘的控制将大有益处。另外，在感冒流行季节，每隔2～3天用醋或艾条熏蒸居室，或加服一些抗病毒中药，可以预防流感引发哮喘。
注重饮食调整：对哮喘儿童总的饮食原则是：清淡、易消化、营养平衡。可多吃含维生素丰富的水果、蔬菜，少吃过甜、过咸、过冷或过热的食物，尤其是对辛辣、煎炸，肥腻之品要忌食，尽量不吃含添加剂、调味品太多的食品。体质较虚弱的哮喘儿，当病情稳定时，可辅以必要的食疗方法，如“核桃捣烂与蜂蜜混匀后，每日服1匙；蛤蚧去内脏及眼后与肉末蒸食，每周一次；或者食用白果炖鸭等，都可起到补虚、润肺、止喘等效果。
加强体质锻炼：加强锻炼能促进哮喘儿童的新陈代谢改善呼吸功能，从而提高机体对温度和外界环境变化的适应能力，还能促进食欲，有助保持精神愉快，加快身体的恢复。耐寒力锻炼对哮喘很有好处，但必须循序渐进，持之以恒。如夏季时参加游泳，冬天选择晨跑、晨操、打球等项目。尤其是冬季，可安排每天1～2小时耐寒力。其次是平时要常进行肺功能锻炼，如练口琴、吹气球等，再就是多唱唱歌、大声阅读也是非常有益的。当然，锻炼计划一定要循序渐进，在有关专家指导进行更好。
保持良好的情绪：因为哮喘也是一种心身疾病，其发病常与神经系统的兴奋性有关。因此家长应特别注意调节患儿的情绪状态。由于哮喘属慢性病而且易反复发作，家长应有足够的耐心，给孩子多一份关爱，少一份训斥和恐吓，不要动辄就对孩子发脾气。对较大的孩子应让他们多了解自己的病情、预后，帮助其树立信心，自觉配合治疗，以期早日康复。总之家长应尽量创造一个和睦的家庭氛围，从小培养孩子有规律的生活习惯，让孩子的心境平和、开朗，处处感到家庭的温暖，这样有助于孩子远离不必要的焦虑和恐惧，对孩子身体的康复是很有好处的。
\n
","barId":"1708","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1022","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":3},{"id":"1988","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"宝宝脸部严重湿疹怎么办","content":"
男,6个月。我家宝宝刚出生就吃奶粉，是韩国的经典名作，之前都很正常。上个月突然患了湿疹，现在两边脸上都是，可以看图片，感觉很严重，反复结痂，然后再变红发作，豆豆破了后有白色液体。去医院检查，过敏源不是牛奶，对鸡蛋白过敏，也没让他吃过鸡蛋，一直是奶粉。那里医生说孩子大点就会好，可是现在给他换氨基酸奶粉，仍然不见好转，偶尔给他涂抹婴宝，也不见效果。我们该怎么办？
","barId":"1708","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1020","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":3},{"id":"3678","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"小儿感冒初期症状类型有什么？","content":"感冒无论是对孩子还是大人来说都是比较常见的，由于这种疾病的常见性所以很多人可能会忽视了它给孩子带来的危害了，小儿感冒的发生会导致孩子有鼻塞咳嗽的症状，这样的疾病也有可能会引发孩子出现高烧，总之在孩子出现了小儿感冒的时候要及时的去应对，不要错过了治疗的最佳时机，所以我们有必要多去了解相关常识，一起来了解小儿感冒初期症状类型有什么？
\n小儿急性上呼吸道感染系由各种病原引起的上呼吸道炎症，简称上感，俗称“感冒”，是小儿最常见的疾病。该病主要侵犯鼻、鼻咽和咽部，如上呼吸道某一局部炎症特别突出，即按该炎症处命名，如急性鼻炎、急性咽炎、急性扁桃体炎等。急性上感主要用于上呼吸道局部感染定位并不确切者。鼻咽部感染常出现并发症，累及邻近器官如喉、气管、支气管、肺、口腔、鼻窦、中耳、眼及颈部淋巴结等，有时鼻咽部症状已经好转或消失，而其并发症可以迁延或加重。
\n由于年龄大小、体质强弱及病变部位的不同，病情的缓急、轻重程度也不同。年长儿症状较轻，婴幼儿则较重。
\n1.一般类型上感
\n(1)症状①局部症状鼻塞、流涕、喷嚏、干咳、咽部不适和咽痛等，多于3～4天内自然痊愈。②全身症状发热、烦躁不安、头痛、全身不适、乏力等。部分患儿有食欲不振、呕吐、腹泻、腹痛等消化道症状。腹痛多为脐周阵发性疼痛，无压痛，可能为肠痉挛所致;如腹痛持续存在，多为并发急性肠系膜淋巴结炎。
\n婴幼儿起病急，全身症状为主，局部症状较轻。多有发热，体温可高达390C～400C，热程2～3天至1周左右，起病1～2天可因高热引起惊厥。年长儿以局部症状为主，全身症状较轻，可仅轻度发热。
\n(2)体征体检可见咽部充血，扁桃体肿大。有时可见下颌和颈淋巴结肿大。肺部听诊一般正常。肠道病毒感染者可见不同形态的皮疹。
\n2.两种特殊类型上感
\n(1)疱疹性咽峡炎病原体为柯萨奇A组病毒。好发于夏秋季。起病急骤，临床表现为高热、咽痛、流涎、厌食、呕吐等。体检可发现咽部充血，在咽腭弓、软腭、悬雍垂的黏膜上可见数个至十数个2～4mm大小灰白色的疱疹，周围有红晕，1～2日后破溃形成小溃疡，疱疹也可发生于口腔的其他部位。病程为1周左右。
\n(2)咽结合膜热以发热、咽炎、结膜炎为特征。病原体为腺病毒3、7型。好发于春夏季，散发或发生小流行。临床表现为高热、咽痛、眼部刺痛，有时伴消化道症状。体检发现咽部充血、可见白色点块状分泌物，周边无红晕，易于剥离;一侧或双侧滤泡性眼结合膜炎，可伴球结合膜出血;颈及耳后淋巴结增大。病程1～2周。
\n其实感冒也是可以分为很多种类型的，我们要根据孩子的症状来判断是什么类型的感冒，能够在生活当中去了解小儿感冒疾病患病症状类型是很必要的，因为对于不同的类型需要不同的治疗措施，这样才能够帮助患者早一些减轻病痛早一些远离疾病摆脱困扰，希望上面介绍的小儿感冒的这些症状类型能够给你们提供帮助。
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新生儿颅内出血是新生儿围生期死亡的主要原因之一，也是一个重要的致残因素。缺氧型出血是因缺氧造成毛细血管渗透性增加使血液渗出，此型可发生在出生前、出生时和出生后。而损伤型则都发生在出生时，当然在缺氧的基础上更易出现损伤。不可忽视的是剖宫产儿亦可发生颅内出血，且多为缺氧型。
新生儿颅内出血会影响智力
损伤型颅内出血见于臀位牵引，臀位助产和产钳，胎头负压吸引的颅内出血略少于产钳分娩。损伤型颅内出血都是体重偏大儿，且随体重的增加发生率增高，难产者发生损伤的机率明显大于自然分娩者。而体重越小发生缺氧型机率越多，而体重越大则损伤型越多。故防宫内生长迟缓及早产，防出生巨大儿，以及防胎位不正，头盆不称等，均是防新生儿颅内出血的关键，这就要求做好围生期保健。
轻型颅内出血儿几乎全都存活，后遗症较少，发生率0～10%；中型死亡率5～15%，后遗症发生率15～25%；重型则死亡率高达50～65%，几乎都有后遗症。颅内出血的常见后遗症有脑积水、脑穿通性囊变、留有智力落后、运动障碍、癫痫等，多为重残儿。故预防新生儿颅内出血应是防残工作的重点之一。
对胎儿宫内窒息，新生儿窒息及颅内出血等脑部损害性疾病，目前国内外除遵循既往的积极治疗外，还可采用高压氧舱治疗。我国已有优质婴儿舱投产和临床应用，疗效较为可靠，且越早得到进舱治疗，对脑缺氧缺血改善越早，疗效越好，后遗症越少，为防残提供了一个新的途径，应推广应用。
\n
北京协和医院儿科的PICU，主要收治各种儿童危重症如呼吸衰竭、心力衰竭、休克、多器官功能衰竭、免疫功能低下儿的重症感染，疑难术后监护等患儿。依靠协和综合医疗的高水平优势，在为脑外科、脊柱外科、心脏外科、基本外科、泌尿外科等提供术后监护治疗；与妇科联合治疗儿童妇科肿瘤方面积累了丰富的经验。具备了包括重症监护，多种模式的机械通气（无创通气，压力控制，压力支持，高频通气等），经皮中心静脉置管，全肠内外营养、床旁血液净化、有创压力监测、床边头颅、心脏及胸腹B超监测等重症抢救监护技术。
\n心血管专业对新生儿先天性心脏病、小儿心律失常、心力衰竭、心肌病变（包括感染性心肌炎，自身免疫病相关心肌病，心内膜弹力纤维增生症，扩张型、限制型、肥厚型等各型心肌病等）、川崎病、心包炎、儿童原发性或继发性高血压、小儿肺动脉高压的诊治方面有着丰富的成功经验。
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基于协和儿科周华康教授等老专家的传承，自中华医学会全国儿科消化学组成立至今，协和儿科一直是学组成员单位。依托协和医院的消化内科医教研学术能力和检测设备（均处于国际、国内领先水平），自上世纪九十年代就开设儿科消化专业门诊，并开展了关于小儿消化系统疾病的诊治和发病机制研究，包括早产儿胃肠动力和胃肠喂养、幽门螺杆菌感染和消化性溃疡、功能性胃肠病（功能性腹痛、消化不良、周期性呕吐综合征、功能性便秘）等。消化系统疾病是小儿最常见的病症，其病因涉及多系统、多因素。
\n近二十余年随着对各种疑难杂症患儿诊治经验的积累，及儿科学科建设的发展、科研能力的提高及涉及胃肠功能和病变的各专业间紧密联系，不仅对常见的胃肠道疾病的诊治积累了丰富的临床经验，并与科室风湿免疫专业、遗传代谢专业、早产儿专业等专业紧密合作，对以往较少认识的病症如食物蛋白过敏性胃肠病、小儿炎症性肠病及各系统疾病所致的胃肠病症等病因研究和诊治，对疑难的超低出生体重儿的胃肠喂养和营养管理等均已达到国际前沿和国内领先水平，并在国内外率先开展新生儿和早产儿食管高分辨测压、24小时pH阻抗监测，逐步提高对儿童的食管动力功能的检测水平。已在国内外儿科核心期刊发表研究论文数十篇，多次在国内外学术会议上进行专题讲座及大会发言，并有专著出版。
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