{"nowTime30":1782524983128,"lyBarModerator":null,"metaSearch":{"description":"低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症病因学进展：\n低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症指下丘脑分泌神经元的缺失或功能损害，导致垂体分泌FSH和LH障碍，引起的性腺功能减退症；其临床表现，根据发病的时间不同而有所差异：在胎儿期，如果雄激素不足，导致婴幼儿小阴茎、尿道下裂、隐睾、两性畸形等表现；在青春期，如果雄激素不足","keywords":"低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症的诊断与治疗效果_洞医","title":"低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症的诊断与治疗效果_洞医","channels":null},"identificate":{"id":"0300b4bddfaf11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484985344390,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","realName":"赵玉","certifiedStatus":2,"phone":"111111111111","email":"2276635444@qq.com","hospitalId":"31c19c1b453011e69d4700163e005165","departmentId":"2000","illName":"","illId":"793a72a2bb5f11e6a61c00163e04584d","cardType":1,"cardImg":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985951761.jpg","idCardImg":"","identityType":2,"stop":0,"departmentName":"儿科","hospitalName":null},"canEdit":null,"adList":[],"lyBar":{"id":"1699","isDel":0,"createAt":1483439342990,"createBy":"system","createName":"system","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"name":"北京协和医院内分泌科","type":101,"twoCode":"http://zhao01.com/zly_img/zly_wx.jpg","image":null,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110101","illId":null,"hospitalId":"15009","keyWord":null,"totleTopic":0,"barDesc":null,"discussBarType":null,"metaSearch":"{\"description\":\"洞医为您提供:协和内分泌科专家门诊、北京协和医院 内分泌科相关信息、北京协和内分泌科病友的治疗经验等相关信息，让您在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"北京协和医院 内分泌科_北京协和内分泌科_协和内分泌科专家门诊_洞医\",\"title\":\"北京协和医院 内分泌科_北京协和内分泌科_协和内分泌科专家门诊_洞医\"}","adInfo":null},"isLikeThisTopic":null,"lastTopics":[{"id":"3558","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"甲亢患者平时应该注意哪些饮食","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; text-align: left;\">　　养成一个良好的生活习惯对我们的身体是非常重要的，尤其是得病后，更加要注意饮食方面的知识。甲亢是一种什么样的疾病呢?相信很多人都很关心，在平时治疗不及时更会引起多种并发症的产生，甲亢性突眼就是其中的一种，在平时甲亢的患者都要做什么相应的注意呢?合理安排饮食是甲亢治疗中的一个重要组成部分。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　得了甲亢以后，由于机体新陈代谢较正常时旺盛，能量消耗较正常人多，故应当安排营养较为丰富的高热量、高蛋白质、高纤维素饮食。比如可以多吃些瘦肉、河鱼、鸡、鸭和蛋等热量、蛋白质含量较高的食物;适当增加米饭、面条等碳水化合物的摄入;注意吃些水果和各种新鲜蔬菜。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　不少人得了甲亢后，常常会听到一些热心人建议多吃些含碘丰富的食物，如海鱼、海虾、海带和紫菜等海产品。然而这种建议是不正确的，是缘于对甲亢发病 原因的误解，把甲亢和地方性甲状腺肿(大脖子病)混为一谈。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　地方性甲状腺肿的病因是由于环境中缺少碘，居住在这种地区的居民就会出现碘缺乏。一些居住在非碘缺乏地区的居民，尤其是青春期和生育期女性，由于机体对碘的需要增加，也会有相对的碘不足。碘缺乏或不足，就会产生甲状腺肿大，所以需要补充碘。而甲亢的发病并不是由于缺碘，而是由于体内甲状腺激素过多引起的。碘是制造甲状腺激素的原料。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　得甲亢时，甲状腺合成甲状腺激素的功能增强，这时吃了含碘的食物后， 就会使甲状腺合成更多的甲状腺激素，使病情加重。同时，大量的碘还可阻止甲状腺激素从甲状腺向血液释放，导致已经制造好的甲状腺激素存留在甲状腺内。而抗 甲状腺药物是通过抑制甲状腺激素产生的方式来治疗甲亢的，对于已经制造好的过多的甲状腺激素，只能由其从甲状腺排向血中，经代谢而消除。因此，由于碘的作用，已经合成的甲状腺激素会较长时间滞留在甲状腺内，使甲亢病情控制时间拖长。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　再者，甲亢用碘后，甲状腺的血液供应会减少，甲状腺变得很硬。这样，经过口 服吸收到血液中的抗甲状腺药物，通过血液循环运送到甲状腺去发挥治疗作用的比率就会减少，药物的效果会有所减弱。我们曾经遇过一些来自汕头的病人，由于经 常吃海鱼，结果甲亢症状控制和甲状腺缩小的时间明显延长。因此，甲亢病人，应该不吃含碘丰富的食物，以及含碘多的西药和中药。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　患甲亢后是否要和烟酒断绝关系也是不少烟酒嗜好者所十分关心的问题。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　甲亢时病人体内的甲状腺激素过多，可影响全身各个系统的功能，而产生一系列功能亢进、兴奋的临床表现。由于烟和酒同样会对身体的许多系统产生明显的 兴奋、刺激作用，所以在吸烟、饮酒后，病人会出现心率加快、手抖加重等现象，使原来的一些轻微的甲亢症状变得明显起来。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　得了甲亢后，一方面通过用抗甲状腺 药物的特殊治疗来减少甲状腺激素的产生;另一方面，还要让病人适当休息、避免激动，减少刺激，这样才能迅速有效地控制症状，使甲亢早日治愈。而烟酒的刺激 作用，无论是对甲亢本身的病情变化，还是药物治疗效果，都会产生不利的影响。另外，甲亢病人常常有眼睛的改变，如突眼等，这称为&ldquo;甲亢眼病&rdquo;。吸烟会对甲 亢眼病造成不良影响，可使突眼加重。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1699","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1022","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":5},{"id":"2091","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"打生长激素有副作用吗","content":"<p><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: 'Hiragino Sans GB', Helvetica, 'microsoft yahei', simsun, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px; background-color: #fcfcfc;\">女,8岁6个月。女孩现在8岁5个月，最近发现孩子乳房有硬块，已经发育，做b超发现有卵泡，骨龄拍片后医生说骨龄9岁6个月，身高125.5厘米，体重60斤，性激素六项结果，医生说正常，暂不考虑性早熟，身高偏矮让打生长激素，请问我们这种情况用打生长激素吗？孩子以前很少运动，通过增加运动，改善饮食，先观察一段时间可以吗？打生长激素有什么副作用吗？谢谢。</span></p>","barId":"1699","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1019","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":4},{"id":"1767","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"甲亢并发症都有哪些","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal; text-align: left;\">　　当甲亢发生了以后要是治疗不及时的话会有很多危害的并发症存在着，而生活中很多的人认识不到甲亢疾病的危害性，所以在患病的时候，也没能及时的做好应对，导致耽误了治疗，错过了治疗的最佳时机，给他们带去了更多的危害，所以为了帮助人们正确看待这个疾病，小编来讲述甲亢并发症都有哪些?</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong style=\"color: #333333;\">甲亢的并发症</strong></p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　1.甲状腺危象(thyrotoxic crisis，thyroid storm)：也称甲亢危象，或迅速发展的甲亢或甲状腺风暴，是甲状腺毒症在病情的极度加重、危及患者生命的严重合并症。本病不常见，却是甲亢严重的合并症，病死率很高。在Graves病和毒性多结节性甲状腺肿时可发生。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　2。甲亢性心脏病：甲状腺功能亢进性心脏病是指在甲状腺功能亢进症时，甲状腺素对心脏的直接或间接作用所致的心脏扩大、心功能不全、心房纤颤、心绞痛甚至心肌梗死、病态窦房结综合征和心肌病等一系列心血管症状和体征的一种内分泌代谢紊乱性心脏病。年龄15～73岁，病程长短不一，最长达34年，最短仅有半个月，平均病程10.26年，男性平均病程6.65年，女性平均疗程9.15年。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　3.甲状腺眼病：甲状腺眼病是伴有甲状腺功能异常的浸润性和炎症性眼部疾病，主要发生于Graves病人中，也可见于甲状腺功能正常患者及原发甲减和桥本甲状腺炎患者。在后者仅有3%病例伴有甲状腺眼病。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　4.甲亢性慢性肌病：甲状腺功能亢进性慢性肌病是甲亢时神经肌肉的一种常见的合并症。在甲亢突出的表现体重减轻表现中，甲状腺功能亢进性慢性肌病是起决定性作用的。本症发生于70 %-80%Graves病患者中，女性居多。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　5.甲亢合并周期性麻痹：甲亢合并周期性麻痹时，血钾常降低。周期麻痹可以出现在甲亢之前，也可发生在甲亢症状明显时或缓解以后，本病在欧美澳等国家少见，而中国和日本均是容易发病的国家。国内报告本症占甲亢病人的3%左右，中年男性更常见。通常在对症治疗及用抗甲状腺药以后病情可以缓解。随甲亢病的复发，周期麻痹可能再度发生。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　6.甲亢合并妊娠：本病发病可达0.8%，以Graves病最常见。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　7.血白细胞减少：甲亢本身，由于末梢血管的扩张，或甲状腺激素对骨髓的影响，可以出现末梢血中白细胞相对或绝对的数量减少，临床可见血清白细胞在正常值的低限，在治疗后，随着甲亢病情的好转可上升到正常水平。</p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　8.其它并发症：重症肌无力、恶性贫血、白癜风、Addison病、糖尿病、斑秃、类风湿关节炎、肾小球肾炎、硬皮病、红斑狼疮、干燥综合征、特发性血小板减少性紫癜、其与自身免疫性甲状腺炎，其与自身免疫性甲状腺疾病伴随的疾病不完全相同。这些并发症在临床上均不常见。</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1699","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1016","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":3},{"id":"5434","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"听专家为您解读：什么是性发育异常疾病，性发育异常疾病的诊断和治疗手段有哪些","content":"<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">性发育异常</span></strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">的定义和概述：</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;性发育异常疾病是指，患者的外生殖器、性腺和染色体的性别不一致。性发育异常的外阴表现是一个连续的谱系，在临床需重点描述以下方面：有无睾丸及睾丸大小；阴茎长度；阴囊发育；尿道开口</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">/</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">位置；阴道开口</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">/</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">深度；阴蒂大小。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">染色体性别，决定性腺性别，而性发育异常的性腺类型多样，包括一侧卵巢</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">/</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">一侧睾丸，双侧卵巢，单侧卵睾，无卵巢或睾丸等不同表现。性反转（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">Sex Reversal</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）的原因分述如下：如果染色体为</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">46,XX</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">而表现为睾丸和阴茎，可能原因为：染色体含有</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">SRY</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">基因或</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">SOX9</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">重复（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">duplication</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）；如果染色体为</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">46,XY</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">而表现为卵巢和阴道的可能原因为：</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">SRY</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">基因丢失、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">DAX1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">重复、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">SOX9</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">单倍体不全、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">SF1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">缺陷等。约</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">30%</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">的性发育异常疾病患者病因不明。</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;DSD</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">具有以下特点：（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）多重效应：决定睾丸形成的基因有很多，在基因性别－性腺性别－外生殖器性别－社会性别等不同层面互相影响。（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">2</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）剂量效应：表现在基因表达的剂量效应，如</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">SOX9</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">和</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">DAX1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">的表达。另外，雄激素水平越高，男性化表现也越明显。（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">3</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）受体效应：如不同程度的雄激素抵抗，可产生完全不同的临床表型；（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">4</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）时间效应：在女性胎儿</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">8</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">周之前，如果受到较高浓度的雄激素影响，尿道开口在阴茎的顶端；否则表现为阴蒂增大或尿道下裂。（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">5</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）广谱效应：外生殖器的畸形从正常男性－尿道下裂－阴蒂增大－正常女性，表现呈连续性变化。（</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">6</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">）复合效应：在某些患者，体内存在两套性腺器官，各自发挥作用。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\"><img title=\"听专家为您解读：什么是性发育异常疾病，性发育异常疾病的诊断和治疗手段有哪些\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1500690423208.jpg\" alt=\"听专家为您解读：什么是性发育异常疾病，性发育异常疾病的诊断和治疗手段有哪些\" width=\"550\" height=\"344\" /></span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">正常性发育的模式：受到染色体性别</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">-</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">性腺性别</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">-</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">外生殖器性别</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">-</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">社会性别的层层调控；</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">其中很多转录因子，如</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">GATA4</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">ZFPM2</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">WT1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">DAX1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">和</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">SOX9/DAX1/SF1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">等，在性分化中发挥重要的作用。任何一个转录因子的单倍体剂量不足或重复（三倍体），都可能导致性别分化异常。性别的正常分化，还需要依靠</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">AMH</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">及受体、睾酮及受体、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">5a</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">还原酶等综合作用。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">性发育异常疾病的诊断和治疗：对于染色体为</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">XX</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">的男性化患者，可能的病因有：</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">CAH</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">，妊娠期高雄激素血症（外源，内源），</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">SRY</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">异位，</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">SOX9</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">重复，卵睾等；对于染色体为</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">XY</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">，但男性化不足的患者，可能的病因有：睾丸功能不全，性腺不发育，睾丸消失综合征，</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">LH</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">受体失活突变，</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\"> M</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">&uuml;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">llerian</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">管永存综合征，睾酮合成障碍疾病，</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">5</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">&alpha;还原酶缺陷，雄激素受体功能缺陷（完全雄激素抵抗和部分雄激素抵抗）等。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;性分化异常疾病的处理受到很多因素的影响，需要多学科干预，需要包括心理师、整形医生、内分泌医生、患者本人、重要家属成员等的综合讨论；尤其需要关注患者男性化的程度（阴茎大小）、对雄激素的反应、社会的文化、患者将来的性生活质量等。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">协和医院内分泌科还提供了雄激素抵抗、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">5</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">&alpha;还原酶缺陷症、真两性畸形、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">CAH</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">、</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">PORD</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">病例的治疗经验分享，引起了良好的反响和热烈的讨论。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;</span></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1699","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1015","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":13},{"id":"4915","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"每月改掉一个坏习惯 成功的事业从好的身体开始","content":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 虽然知道晚睡不好，但每天熬夜；书到用时方恨少，但宁愿躺着也不阅读；抱怨&ldquo;游泳圈&rdquo;日渐丰满却从不运动&hellip;梦想从来不是靠空想就能实现，想要得到最好的，先要把自己做到最好。你想成功吗，今天开始，从改变一个个坏习惯做起，每月改掉一个坏习惯可有胆量？（人民日报）</p>\n<header>&nbsp;</header>\n<p>关于每月改掉一个坏习惯，且看网友如何评论：</p>\n<p>ARES周瑜：早睡早起成为现在所有人都难做到的事</p>\n<p>maomaoclever：事以密成，语以泄败，大张旗鼓下的决心 基本都会草草收尾</p>\n<p>StephenHC：早点休息别熬夜，对手机不好[二哈]</p>\n<p>_小港子_Zz-：早睡早起是不可能的 这辈子不可能早睡早起的，干活又不会做，就是熬夜这种，才能维持得了生活这样子</p>\n<p>中二病控：改变太多太累了 我还是就这样吧</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1699","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1013","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":4}],"pageObj":{"list":[],"list4Map":null,"pageBegin":0,"pageSize":5,"pageNumber":0,"totalPage":0,"totalRow":0},"loginUser":null,"replies":[],"forumUserFans":null,"herfList":[],"only":"0","topic":{"id":"5433","isDel":0,"createAt":1500689573431,"createBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","createName":"小海螺","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","title":"低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症的诊断与治疗效果","content":"<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症病因学进展：</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症指下丘脑分泌神经元的缺失或功能损害，导致垂体分泌</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">FSH</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">和</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">LH</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">障碍，引起的性腺功能减退症；其临床表现，根据发病的时间不同而有所差异：在胎儿期，如果雄激素不足，导致婴幼儿小阴茎、尿道下裂、隐睾、两性畸形等表现；在青春期，如果雄激素不足，导致青春不发育或发育延迟；</span> <span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">在成年期，可导致男性不育症、少精子症或性功能障碍；在老年人，表现为男性更年期（成年男性部分雄激素缺乏症）。对低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症的治疗，主要包括睾酮替代治疗和促进精子生成。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\"><img title=\"低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症的诊断与治疗效果\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1500689891958.jpg\" alt=\"低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症的诊断与治疗效果\" width=\"400\" height=\"331\" /></span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">病因方面的研究显示，部分转录因子包括</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">FGFR1, KAL-1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">，</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">PROKR2</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">，</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">Kiss1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">等在</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">GnRH</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">神经元的迁徙和成熟中发挥重要作用。但仍有约</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">70%</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">的低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症患者病因不详；新近发现，</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">Kiss-1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">敲除小鼠表现为低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症。</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">Kisspeptin</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">蛋白是</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">Kiss-1</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">基因表达的一种蛋白，其受体</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">GRP54</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">失活突变也可导致低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症。</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">GnRH</span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">&alpha;兴奋试验在诊断中的作用</span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">:</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp; GnRHa</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">兴奋试验可用于正常青春发育、青春发育延迟和低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症的鉴别诊断，对评价各类疾病对垂体</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">-</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">下丘脑</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">-</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">性腺轴的功能的影响具有重要的临床参考意义。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">雄激素替代的开始时间、疗效及安全性评价</span></strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">:</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">关于雄激素治疗的开始时间，既往认为一般在年龄＞</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">16</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">岁并且确诊低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症后开始睾酮替代治疗；目前认为，阴茎对雄激素存在一个敏感期，此后雄激素促进阴茎生长的作用就会减弱。因此，对于小阴茎患者，可以考虑间断小剂量雄激素治疗，但治疗时必须综合考虑并注意随访并定期监测相关指标。无生育需求的低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症患者选择长期的睾酮替代治疗。短期雄激素替代治疗，可改善代谢与胰岛素敏感性，降低</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">hsCRP</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">水平，增加肌肉含量。短期和长期雄激素替代治疗，均可明显改善患者的骨骼密度。长期（平均</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">22</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">年）雄激素替代治疗，可显著改善患者的生活质量和机体代谢状态，可能的不良反应包括红细胞增多症、肥胖和前列腺增生等。在雄激素替代治疗时，需要充分评估患者的可能获益和风险。</span></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">促进精子生成的治疗方案和疗效：</span></strong></p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 200%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症患者在有生育需求的时候，可以从睾酮替代治疗方案，切换到基于模拟</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">FSH</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">和</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">LH</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">对睾丸的刺激作用的生精治疗方案。我院内分泌科在近半年对</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">30</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">余例不同病因导致的低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症患者进行了生精治疗，结果显示垂体瘤术后的患者在生精治疗后精子生成的成功率接近</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">100%</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">，</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\"> I</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症患者为</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%;\">10-20%</span><span style=\"font-size: 19px; line-height: 200%; font-family: 宋体;\">，而先天性的全垂体前叶功能减退症患者成功率则更低。</span></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","barId":"1699","topicTypeId":"1","topicThemeId":"1015","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":1796,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":1,"publishTime":1500689573432,"isCream":0,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":1,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":1500689573432,"metaSearch":null,"rn":null},"userAllInfo":{"id":null,"isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":null,"password":null,"level":0,"nickName":null,"realName":null,"signName":null,"head":null,"phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":null,"address":null,"identityType":0,"userType":0,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":0,"provinceId":null,"cityId":null,"userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":0,"forumUser":{"id":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":1484984778320,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"username":"小海螺","password":"yiren2921","level":0,"nickName":"小海螺78","realName":null,"signName":"开心每一天","head":"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/1484985295689.jpg","phone":null,"mobile":null,"wechat":null,"qq":null,"email":"2276635444@qq.com","address":null,"identityType":6,"userType":2,"isPhoneBind":0,"status":0,"accountSource":0,"isStrangerMsg":0,"departmentId":null,"departmentName":null,"sex":1,"provinceId":"110000","cityId":"110108","userLevel":0,"modifyNameCount":1},"forumUserActiveInfo":{"id":"b1ba5254dfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":1705892489293,"updateBy":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","updateName":"小海螺","userId":"b1a5ca4ddfad11e6a61c00163e04584d","topicCount":2201,"replayCount":900,"favorteCount":0,"beFavorteCount":0,"creamCount":2,"focusCount":1,"fansCount":4,"integralCount":2357,"foodCouponCount":0,"lastLoginTime":0,"lastLoginIp":null,"downloadCount":0,"uploadCount":0},"newPass":null,"focusBar":null,"counter":null,"forumUserIdentificateDto":null},"theme":{"id":"1015","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"topicTypeId":"1","topicTypeName":"资讯","themeName":"专家观点","barType":"101","schemaName":2,"reward":0},"page":1,"favorties":true,"isSelf":false,"order":"asc"}