{"nowTime30":1787743156632,"lyBarModerator":null,"metaSearch":{"description":"消化道出血是临床常见症候群，可由多种疾病所致。消化道是指从食管到肛门的管道，包括食管、胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠及直肠。上消化道出血是指十二指肠悬韧带以上的食管、胃、十二指肠、上段空肠以及胰管和胆管的出血。十二指肠悬韧带以下的肠道出血统称为下消化道出血。随着内镜技术的发展,新名词“中消化道","keywords":"消化道出血的常见病因_洞医","title":"消化道出血的常见病因_洞医","channels":null},"identificate":{"id":null,"isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"realName":null,"certifiedStatus":0,"phone":null,"email":null,"hospitalId":null,"departmentId":null,"illName":null,"illId":null,"cardType":0,"cardImg":null,"idCardImg":null,"identityType":0,"stop":0,"departmentName":null,"hospitalName":null},"fj":[],"canEdit":null,"adList":[],"lyBar":{"id":"1932","isDel":0,"createAt":1483430800497,"createBy":"system","createName":"system","updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"name":"消化道出血","type":102,"twoCode":"http://zhao01.com/zly_img/zly_wx.jpg","image":null,"provinceId":null,"cityId":null,"illId":"0864dad6badb11e6a61c00163e04584d","hospitalId":null,"keyWord":null,"totleTopic":0,"barDesc":null,"discussBarType":null,"metaSearch":"{\"channels\":{\"病友社区\":{\"description\":\"病友您提供:消化道出血论坛_病友交流平台_病友论坛，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"消化道出血论坛_病友交流平台_病友论坛\",\"title\":\"消化道出血论坛_病友交流平台_病友论坛\"},\"治疗\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:消化道出血如何治疗_消化道出血的治疗方法等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"消化道出血如何治疗_消化道出血的治疗方法\",\"title\":\"消化道出血如何治疗_消化道出血的治疗方法\"},\"症状\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:消化道出血的症状_下消化道出血伴随症状等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"消化道出血的症状_下消化道出血伴随症状\",\"title\":\"消化道出血的症状_下消化道出血伴随症状\"},\"并发症\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:消化道出血对身体的危害_消化道出血的后遗症等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"消化道出血对身体的危害_消化道出血的后遗症\",\"title\":\"消化道出血对身体的危害_消化道出血的后遗症\"},\"饮食\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:消化道出血吃什么饮食_消化道出血能吃水果吗等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"消化道出血吃什么饮食_消化道出血能吃水果吗\",\"title\":\"消化道出血吃什么饮食_消化道出血能吃水果吗\"},\"病因\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:消化道出血的原因_消化道出血什么引起的等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"消化道出血的原因_消化道出血什么引起的\",\"title\":\"消化道出血的原因_消化道出血什么引起的\"},\"病友求助\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:消化道出血会死人吗_消化道出血严重吗等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"消化道出血会死人吗_消化道出血严重吗\",\"title\":\"消化道出血会死人吗_消化道出血严重吗\"},\"预防\":{\"description\":\"为您提供:消化道出血怎么预防_如何预防消化道出血等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"消化道出血怎么预防_如何预防消化道出血\",\"title\":\"消化道出血怎么预防_如何预防消化道出血\"}},\"description\":\"为您提供:上消化道出血的原因_上消化道出血禁食多久_上消化道出血怎么治疗_上消化道出血病友的治疗经验等相关信息，让病友在便捷的求医路上不花一分冤枉钱。\",\"keywords\":\"上消化道出血的原因_上消化道出血禁食多久_上消化道出血怎么治疗\",\"title\":\"上消化道出血的原因_上消化道出血禁食多久_上消化道出血怎么治疗\"}","adInfo":null},"isLikeThisTopic":null,"lastTopics":[{"id":"1381","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"肝硬化上消化道出血治疗及预防","content":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486365960679.jpg\" title=\"1486365960679.jpg\" alt=\"timg (1).jpg\"/></p><p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　2016年10月初的一天，刘师傅让妻子给煮了几颗鸡蛋，第一颗鸡蛋吃到最后一口被噎住，他便很自然地使劲往下咽了咽。没想到这使劲一咽，造成上消化道大量出血，家人及时把刘师傅送到太原市传染病医院中西医结合肝病一科，郭秀平主任和医护人员立即对刘师傅进行抢救，把他从死亡线上拉了回来。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"color:#ffffff\">中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/6/view-2652506.htm</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　针对肝硬化上消化道出血的患者，郭秀平主任提醒：平常不要吃硬的、刺激性的食物，饮食勿过饱、过快，看似简单的习惯，如果不注意，还很易诱发出血的。另外，千万不要饮酒。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　上消化道出血是肝硬化晚期常见并发症&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　太原市传染病医院中西医结合肝病一科郭秀平主任告诉记者，肝硬化在我国是常见病，上消化道出血是肝硬化晚期常见并发症。在肝硬化上消化道出血的患者中，大多数是食管――胃底静脉曲张破裂导致的出血。食管静脉曲张的形成是门静咏高压下侧枝循环压力增高后所致，而门静脉高压又是各种原因所导致的肝硬化的必然结果。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　虽然肝硬化上消化道出血病人大多数是由于食管――胃底静脉曲张破裂所引起，但其他一些因素也很重要，如并发消化性溃疡、门脉高压性胃病、急性出血糜烂性胃炎等相关性疾病也是出血诱因之一(发生率大约是50％)。静脉曲张破裂出血也可因粗糙食物，化学性刺激及腹内压增高等因素而引起(发生率大约30％)。上消化道出血的主要表现为呕血与黑粪，若出血量不多，可仅有黑便，大量出血则可致休克，并诱发腹水和肝性脑病，甚至死亡，出血后原来肿大的脾脏可缩小，甚至不能触及。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　肝硬化合并上消化道出血的治疗&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　以前，在肝硬化合并上消化道出血的治疗中，生长抑素及其类似物具有降低门脉压力和减少侧枝循环血流量的作用，在治疗曲张静脉破裂出血时有很好的作用。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　肝硬化上消化道出血时，往往病情凶险，出血量大，因病情危重给予输血，虽然暂时纠正贫血、休克，补充凝血因子，但不利于门脉压力的降低，易再次出血而加重病情，此期病人状态差亦很难耐受手术。生长抑素收缩内脏血管，可明显减少血流量，使门脉压力降低，而不引起血压的变化，抑制胃泌素和胃酸及胃蛋白酶的分泌，抑制胰、胆、肠消化酶的分泌，直接针对病因。临床应用证实：肝硬化上消化道出血及时，应用生长抑素，疗效确切、显著。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　另外，现在内镜治疗静脉出血已经比较成熟，是常规治疗措施，有很好的安全性。急性出血时，内镜治疗的效果类似于药物治疗。但要注意，内镜止血对食管静脉曲张效果较好，对贲门区和胃底静脉曲张出血效果欠佳。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　如果内科止血治疗效果差，可以考虑急诊断流手术，但死亡率较高。如果无手术条件，可行TIPS，即“经颈静脉肝内门体分流术”，这是一种治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的有效方法，能有效降低门脉压，控制食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血，部分缓解脾功能亢进症。但中、远期分流道易发生狭窄和阻塞，其疗效有待进一步提高。此方法易发生肝性脑病和支架堵塞。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　预防：不要吃硬的、刺激性的食物&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　肝硬化食管――胃底大的静脉曲张一旦形成，如不经处理，两年内发生破裂出血大约为8～35％。第一次出血后。短期内再出血(6周内)概率为35％左右，在出血最初5天内再出血风险为40％左右，在最初48小时至72小时之内再出血风险最高。超过6周后，再出血发生率逐渐降低。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　预防措施包括：1，早期使用内窥镜治疗，防止肝硬化出血贵在平常预防。患者在诊断肝硬化后，需要定期做胃镜检查，看有没有胃食管静脉曲张。轻度静脉曲张患者1～2年内需复查；重度曲张者应每年复查。2，预防性口服药物治疗，主要为β－阻滞剂：代表药物普萘洛尔、萘多洛尔。目前认为普萘洛尔(心得安)是最佳预防静脉曲张破裂出血的药物。国内也有临床研究证实长期服螺内酯，可以起到预防出血的作用。&nbsp;</span><br/><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">　　生活习惯的改变也很重要。肝硬化患者平常不要吃硬的、刺激性食物，饮食勿过饱、过快。千万不要饮酒，还要预防便秘，过度用力排便增加腹压，可能诱发出血。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1036","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"4620","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"消化道出血如何饮食注意事项有哪些","content":"<p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　</p><p style=\"text-align:center\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364822937.jpg\" title=\"1486364822937.jpg\" alt=\"timg (1).jpg\"/></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　消化道出血疾病的发生和人们日常的生活饮食是息息相关的，这样的疾病发生之后再如得不到有效的控制，那么也有可能会危及到患者的生命，所以对于消化道出血我们不要忽视，要及时正确地采取治疗措施，争取早日得到康复，一起来了解消化道出血疾病的食疗方法有什么?</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">消化道出血如何食疗一、红烧龟肉：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　食材：乌龟1只，约250～500克重，葱、姜、冰糖适量。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　制作方法：乌龟去头和内脏，洗净，切块。先以素油煸炒，加姜、葱、冰糖等调料，然后再烹酱油、黄酒，加水适量，以小火煨炖，直至烧烂即可。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　疗效：本方具有益阴补血功效，适用于便血之阴虚患者。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">消化道出血如何食疗二、藕粉糕：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　食材：藕粉、糯米粉、白糖各25克。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　制作方法：藕粉、糯米粉、白糖以水和成面团，入笼蒸熟，任意煮食或煎食均可。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　疗效：本方有补中益气、凉血止血之效，适用于气虚血滞者。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">消化道出血如何食疗三、甜咸小白菜汁：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　食材：小白菜250克，食盐、白糖少许，</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　制作方法：小白菜洗净，切碎，以食盐腌拌10分钟，用清洁纱布绞取汁液，加白糖适量。一日三次，空腹饮用。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　疗效：本方具有温胃制酸、凉血止血之功，适用于胃、十二指肠溃疡的出血。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">消化道出血如何食疗四、三七藕蛋羹：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　食材：鲜藕汁1小杯，三七粉5克，生鸡蛋1个</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　制作方法：鲜藕汁加水适量煮沸，三七粉与生鸡蛋调匀入沸汤中，加少量油盐。每日两餐佐食用。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　疗效：本方止血功效在于凉血化瘀，治胃热出血。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　<strong style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51);\">消化道出血如何食疗五、酒炖鳗鱼：</strong></p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　食材：鳗鱼500克，黄酒500毫升</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　制作方法：鳗鱼去鳃肠内脏，洗净，放入锅中加黄酒，水适量，小火煮至熟烂。少加食盐、蘸醋食用。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　疗效：本方具有补虚劳、退虚热之效，适用于阴虚内热血便患者。</p><p style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 26px; padding: 8px 0px; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: normal;\">　　上面的文章内容已经为大家总结了消化道出血疾病的食疗方法，希望了解了这些可以帮助消化道出血疾病患者早日远离这样的疾病摆脱疾病的困扰。一旦出现这样的疾病后一定要重视起来，积极的治疗此病，这样才是最为关键的。</p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1035","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"5870","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"从一个麻醉意外致死案件来看医疗事故技术鉴定与司法鉴定的区别","content":"<h3 style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;background:white\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-weight:normal\">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-weight:normal\">许多有医疗纠纷朋友对<span style=\"color:#333333\">医疗事故技术鉴定与司法鉴定的区别不太清楚，现在我们就通过一个网友的案例来看了两者的相关性：</span></span></h3><h3 style=\";margin-bottom:0;line-height:200%;background:white\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-weight:normal\">&nbsp;</span></h3><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">我爸去医院做肠镜检查，刚打麻醉不久就心跳呼吸骤停然后抢救</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">22</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">天无效身亡，医院给出的死因是麻醉意外导致的多器官功能衰竭而死，据此而言麻醉意外医院几乎没有什么责任的。但我们拿到复印的麻醉记录单，发现多处修改，特别是剂量上，很明显是</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">300</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">改成为</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">150</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">的，怀疑是打超量了，前一天打麻醉打</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">200</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">没有事；我爸很冤，必须要个说法。现在还没有起诉，因为手头上只有一些不知道能不能证明医院过错的证据（麻醉记录单多处修改，麻醉师不面谈，抢救不力，抢救不及时）准备做鉴定，司法或者医学鉴定，准备做完鉴定再次协商一下，不行就起诉…请您给点意见</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;<img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1505551246976.jpg\" title=\"医疗事故技术鉴定与司法鉴定的区别\" alt=\"医疗事故技术鉴定与司法鉴定的区别\" width=\"444\" height=\"333\"/></span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height: 200%;font-family:宋体\">关于上述问题我们不妨从网友几个关心点进行剖析：</span></strong></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;</span></strong></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">相同点：二者鉴定的核心是一致的，都是围绕医疗机构及其医务人员在医疗活动中是否存在过错以及该过错与人身损害后果之间是否存在因果关系、责任程度进行的鉴定。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><strong><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height: 200%;font-family:宋体\">医疗事故技术鉴定与司法鉴定的区别一：</span></strong><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">司法鉴定可以直接去申请吗</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">　　医疗事故技术鉴定要先于医疗过错司法鉴定，只有经医疗事故技术鉴定不构成医疗事故的才可以进行医疗过错司法鉴定。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><strong><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height: 200%;font-family:宋体\">医疗事故技术鉴定与司法鉴定的区别二：</span></strong><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">从鉴定的委托形式上看</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">　　首次医疗事故技术鉴定只能委托当地设区的市级医学会，再次鉴定只能委托所属省的省级医学会；必要时，中华医学会可以组织疑难、复杂并在全国有重大影响的医疗事故争议的技术鉴定工作。医疗事故技术鉴定具有明显的地域性及层级性。而医疗过错司法鉴定不受地域范围的限制，各鉴定机构之间也没有隶属关系。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><strong><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height: 200%;font-family:宋体\">医疗事故技术鉴定与司法鉴定的区别三：</span></strong><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">从鉴定的委托形式上看，鉴定项目有什么不同吗？可以鉴定麻醉记录单涂改的时间吗，或者是同一支笔写的吗</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">　　医疗事故技术鉴定时，医学会应当根据医疗事故争议所涉及的学科专业，确定专家鉴定组的构成和人数。专家鉴定组进行医疗事故技术鉴定，实行合议制。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">　　而司法鉴定是由鉴定机构指定或者选择二名司法鉴定人共同进行鉴定；司法鉴定机构在进行鉴定的过程中，遇有特别复杂、疑难、特殊技术问题的，可以向本机构以外的相关专业领域的专家进行咨询，但最终的鉴定意见应当由本机构的司法鉴定人出具。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">　　<strong>医疗事故技术鉴定与司法鉴定的区别四</strong>、从证据的形式上看</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">　　医疗事故技术鉴定书只盖医学会医疗事故技术鉴定专用印章，专家鉴定组成员并不在鉴定书上签字，所以鉴定组成员不可能出庭接受当事人质询，这是医疗事故技术鉴定书作为证据使用的明显缺陷。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">　　而医疗过错司法鉴定实行鉴定人负责制，司法鉴定应当由司法鉴定人签名或者盖章；司法鉴定人经人民法院依法通知，应当出庭作证，回答与鉴定事项有关的问题。</span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p><p style=\"line-height: 200%\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%\">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:宋体\">相信通过上述几点对比，相信相关网友已经有了明确的答案，找良医网真切期望正义永存。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1034","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"1879","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"肝硬化并发症消化道出血","content":"<p><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: 'Hiragino Sans GB', Helvetica, 'microsoft yahei', simsun, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px; background-color: #fcfcfc;\">2016年1月4日突然吐血，有意识，经120车转送医院后转入消化内科并打止血点滴三或四天后，吐血情况好转（期间先吐几次黑血后吐了两次鲜血）至今医生同意出院疗养。</span><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: 'Hiragino Sans GB', Helvetica, 'microsoft yahei', simsun, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px; background-color: #fcfcfc;\">此次消化道出血已见好，但仍有再次出血的情况。</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333; font-family: 'Hiragino Sans GB', Helvetica, 'microsoft yahei', simsun, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px; background-color: #fcfcfc;\">想请求给予出院后饮食指导及改善、治疗肝硬化方面的建议。</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1033","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"2366","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"如何能控制门静脉高压，防止呕血黑便","content":"<p><span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;microsoft yahei&#39;, simsun, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);\">肝硬化消化道出血门静脉高压，胃切除手术，胆囊手术</span>，<span style=\"color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Hiragino Sans GB&#39;, Helvetica, &#39;microsoft yahei&#39;, simsun, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 32px; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252);\">如何能控制门静脉高压，防止呕血黑便</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1032","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"1251","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"食管癌术后早期上消化道出血的原因","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486364603540.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486364603540.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\" /></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　食管癌术后上消化道出血是食管癌手术后的严重并发症之一，死亡率很高，但目前国内外文献报道不多。现就食管癌术后围手术恢复期上消化道出血的原因分析如下：&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1 吻合器或闭合器使用不当导致的吻合口或残胃小弯闭合端出血&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　这种情况的出血多为早期的急性出血，比较容易发现，但前提是必须保证胃肠减压管引流通畅。如果没有短期出现大出血导致血压下降的情况，通过给予输血、补液，止血药和洛赛克静脉应用，经胃管内注入去甲肾上腺素冰盐水间断灌洗胃腔等保守治疗多数可以治愈，保守治疗期间一定要密切观察血压和胃肠减压量，监测血红蛋白和红细胞压积，并做好手术准备，保守治疗6～8 h后效果不佳者，提示有小血管活动性出血，应行急诊手术，手术宜采取原切口，拆开已闭合的胃小弯残端。对于吻合口出血部位采取经吻合口外全层间断缝合几针达到止血目的即可，闭合胃小弯残端主张手工缝合，以免应用闭合器再次钉破血管。多数专家不主张一经发现上消化道出血，积极采取手术的态度，因为再次手术不仅增加患者负担，也增加感染和吻合口瘘的机会。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　原因：1、胃和食管血供丰富而且食管可能存在静脉曲张。手术者激发吻合器手柄时用力不当，钛钉回弯脚未紧扣到位未形成B型而形成Ⅱ型，不能嵌闭1mm直径内的动脉，或吻合器钛钉正好定在血管上，部分血管未完全闭合导致出血。2、术者使用吻合器时对安全窗调节不当，吻合器挤压过紧，可能发生钛钉缝闭过紧，组织被压榨或被切割，而过松时吻合口粘膜回流血管未被有效嵌闭也会导致术后出血。3、组织嵌顿在吻合口周围，导致吻合口不牢固或较大的血管从缝合钉间隙绕行未闭合而导致出血。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　预防：1、器械吻合前常规检查钛钉是否完整，底座垫圈是否漏装或反装，完全窗调节是否合适。2、吻合完毕后常规检查吻合口内粘膜对合情况及腔外缝钉排列完整性，吻合口近端、食管腔内远端、胃腔加全层缝合一周即可达到止血效果，也可弥补组织对合不严形成的缺陷。3、吻合完毕后有必要在吻合口外四周特别是靠近大小弯血管弓�区寻找发现进入吻合口的较大血管支，该血管很有可能进入胃粘膜而未被钛钉嵌闭紧引起出血，针对该血管缝合两针可达到止血效果。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　再次剖胸止血指征：1、胃管内持续有大量的血性液体引流出，每小时大于150ml，特别是引流液体颜色为鲜红色，经保守治疗无效时，应考虑为小动脉出血，不易止血。2、胃管内液体引流量少或无液体引流，但患者为急性失血表现，并且不能以胸管的引流量来解释3、X线胸片检查显示胸腔胃影明显增大时。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2 应激性溃疡出血&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　应激性溃疡曾被命名为出血性胃炎，表现为机体应激性胃十二指肠粘膜充血水肿、糜烂、坏死或溃疡和上消化道出血糜烂性胃炎等，其原因一般是机体遭受严重创伤、感染、外科手术或某些药物等因素导致，约占上消化道出血的5-10%。应激性溃疡好发于术后 3～10 d，原因目前不十分清楚，多发生于严重的创伤、低氧血症和重度全身感染情况下，主要症状为呕血和黑便，很少有腹痛症状。行胃镜检查可以确诊，镜下主要表现为胃黏膜广泛性糜烂、出血。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　食管癌术后应激性溃疡治疗困难，死亡率高， 与多种因素有关，分析其原因：1、食管癌发现时多为中晚期肿瘤，患者平均年龄大，全身营养状况差。2、多数患者有吸烟史，损害肺功能，剖胸术后对肺功能影响大，容易导致术后肺感染，引起呼吸功能不全。3、手术创伤大，时间长，出血多，术中长时间低血压， 机体迷走中枢兴奋，活动增强，导致胃粘膜血流量减少，胃粘膜缺血、缺氧。4、手术中分离胃脾及胃结肠韧带时术者对胃壁的不正确牵拉，导致胃粘膜损伤。5、术后留置胃管、十二指肠营养管，反复摩擦、机械性损伤胃粘膜。6、精神高度紧张，尤其是内向型患者不能接受自己患癌症的事实，长期精神高度紧张。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　3 吻合口附近新出现的急性溃疡&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　术后 3 d以后出现的上消化道出血更多见于吻合口附近新出现的急性溃疡，其发病机制目前尚不清楚。新出现的急性溃疡，其发病机制 目前尚不清楚可能与以下因素 有关：（1）食管贲门癌术后由于胃窦 、幽门 及十二指肠移行性复合运动波的不协调 运动，部分患者尚可发生胃排空障碍。导致胃内胃酸浓积（2）由于术中迷走神经被切断，术后胃蠕动减弱及食物在胃窦部滞留.刺激 G细胞分泌胃泌素.促进胃酸分泌而引起胃溃疡。胃内黏液分泌减少，黏液一碳酸氢盐屏障受损 .胃游离后血供减少，胃黏膜上皮细胞的更新能力减弱 以及黏膜对有害物质 的清除能 力减弱，这些均可导致胃黏膜屏障的损害（3）情绪应激。临床都表现为呕血和黑便，常常较早期就出现黑便 ，而这一症状往往术后被胸外科医生所忽视，小的溃疡面刚形成初期的少量出血，也可能被肠内营养所掩盖，当溃疡面逐渐增大。当出血量增加，出现明显的呕血症状时，胸外科医生才引起足够的重视，胃镜仍是最好的检查方法，但发现时间越晚、溃疡面越大，治疗起来越困难，通过胃镜电灼出血点和喷入凝血酶，并联合禁食、胃肠减压、去甲肾上腺素冰盐水灌洗、静脉应用止血药和洛赛克灯保守治疗往往难以奏效。于术后7―15天发现的溃疡，往往面积较大，呕血症状明显，保守治疗不佳，再次手术治疗危险性很大，病死率极高。&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　4 吻合口胸主动脉瘘&nbsp;</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　吻合口胸主动脉瘘往往先有吻合口瘘的表现，较晚出现胸主动脉瘘，关键在于防止吻合口瘘。也可见于吻合口处钛钉随着胸主动脉的搏动持续摩擦胸主动脉外膜，逐渐形成主动脉夹层动脉瘤，一旦破溃出血，可迅速导致死亡。预防措施可以在分离胃脾韧带或胃结肠韧带时留下部分网膜，吻合完毕后用事先留好的网膜隔离吻合口与胸主动脉之间，减少术后吻合口胸主动脉瘘的发生几率。同时术后常规应用抑酸剂，减少食管胃消化性溃疡穿孔，也是预防吻合口胸主动脉瘘的关键。</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1029","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"1664","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"上消化道出血怎么诊断","content":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"1486363680628.jpg\" src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1486363680628.jpg\" alt=\"1.jpg\" /></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　消化道以屈氏韧带为界，其上的消化道出血称为上消化道出血，包括食管、胃、十二指肠、胰腺和胆囊等病变以及胃空场吻合术后空场上段病变引起的出血。上消化道出血的病因很复杂，大体上可分为上四个方面包括消化道疾病、门脉高压、上消化道邻近器官或组织疾病及全身疾病，最常见的原因依次消化道溃疡、食管静脉曲张破裂、急性胃黏膜病变等</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［1］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。它是临床常见急诊，虽然近年诊断及治疗水平已有很大提高，但在高龄、合并全身严重疾病患者中病死率仍相当高，故总结上消化道出血的诊治经验显得十分有必要，本文就上消化道出血诊断及治疗做一综述。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1 上消化道出血的诊断</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　上消化道出血诊断的确立主要依靠临床表现及相应的辅助检查。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1.1 临床表现。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　一方面是呕血、黑便、血便、粪便隐血试验阳性等消化道出血的直接表现，另一方面是由于失血量较多或失血速度过快导致的失血性周围循环衰竭表现如乏力、头晕、昏厥、气短、心悸、心绞痛乃至休克等间接表现，另外还有大量出血导致的氮质血症表现。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　这里需要注意几个问题：①首先上消化道出血诊断的确立需要排除消化道以外的出血如呼吸道出血，口、鼻、咽喉部的出血甚至一些特殊食物导致的&ldquo;黑便&rdquo;如动物血、含铁的部分药物等。②其次需要判断是上消化道出血还是下消化道出血，一般来说呕血提示上消化道出血，黑便大多来自上消化道，下消化道出血往往表现为血便。但是上消化道短时间大量出血也可以出现血便，此时需要辅助检查明确诊断。③再次出血量的估计，成人每日消化道出血大于10ml大便隐性试验可以呈阳性，快速出血超过300 ml的患者可出现呕血，超过50～100ml可出现黑便，而短时间内出血超过1 000 ml的患者也会出现血便，短时间内出血超过1000ml可以出现周围循环衰竭表现</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［2］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　1.2 辅助检查。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　上消化道出血的病因诊断往往需要依靠辅助检查，用于诊断上消化道出血的辅助检查种类繁多，这里着重介绍几种临床常用的有重要临床意义的几种：①胃镜检查为上消化道出血诊断的首选方法，急诊胃镜的临床价值尤为重要。所谓急诊胃内镜是指出血在24h一48h内进行胃镜检查明确出血原因。刘世文以24h为界对行急诊胃镜及非急诊胃镜患者对比研究发现，急诊胃镜可以提高确诊率（94.4%VS83.1%）</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［3］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。另外急诊胃镜还可以根据内镜检查所见病变的特征判断是否继续出血或者估计再出现的风险性，对于决定下一步治疗有重要意义。②血管造影：选择性血管造影操作迅速、定位准确，对消化道大出血有一定的诊断价值，部分患者还可能通过介入治疗止血，在上消化道出血中的应用比较广泛，但较常用于不明原因的小肠出血，另外需要注意的是，血管造影只能发现出血速度在0．5 ml／min以上的活动性出血。③核素显像：放射性核素99mTc扫描显像简便、无创，其诊断的阳性预测值约为60%，是目前常用的定位消化道出血来源的方法之一，能够发现出血速度在0．1～0．2 ml／min以上的活动性消化道出血.与内镜和血管造影相比，其敏感性更高，但对检查的设备、技术和结果分析的要求也更为严格,故临床应用没有内镜普及。④上消化道造影：消化道造影目前已少用，因其导致钡剂在胃肠道残留，影响后面可能需要进行的内镜或血管造影检查。⑤另外还有一些辅助检查可以帮助诊断，如肝功能检查有助于食管与胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的病因诊断，出凝血时间测定、血小板计数等有助于除外全身出血性疾病所致的上消化道出血的病因诊断。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2 上消化道出血的治疗</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　上消化道出血的治疗因根据具体病因采取具体的治疗方式，但无非包括内科治疗及外科治疗，目前绝大多数上消化道出血无需手术干预。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2.1 一般急救措施：因迅速将患者卧位休息，活动性出血时进食，保持呼吸道通畅，严密监测患者生命体征及出血情况。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2.2 &ldquo;循环复苏&rdquo;既通常所说的积极补充血容量，近年循环复苏引起国内外学者的广泛重视，甚至有学者提倡将循环复苏放在一切医疗措施的首位。对血流动力学不稳定的患者，其循环复苏应从接诊即开始，包括建立至少两条大静脉的通路(必要时进行深静脉插管)、快速补充液体扩充血容量。补充血容量可选择的液体有：晶体溶液(生理盐水和乳酸林格液)、胶体，液(羟乙基淀粉等)和血液制品。一般主张先采用晶体液</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［４，５］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">，如低血压纠正不满意或存在低蛋白血症可补充胶体溶液，存在出血倾向或重要脏器氧供不足时则应考虑输注血液制品</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［6］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">，补充的原则一般是&ldquo;先快后慢，先盐后胶&rdquo;</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［7］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。待患者生命体征平稳后，在进一步进行病因诊断检查及治疗。但这里须注意，对于门脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血的患者，过度输血或输液可能导致继续或再出血，所以需要严格计算累计损失量、继续丢失量及生理需要量。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2.3 止血措施。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　上消化道出血据病因可分为静脉曲张破裂型、非静脉曲张破裂型。两种不同的出血原因止血措施也截然不同，以下分别进行讨论。</span><br /><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">　　2.3.1 静脉曲张破裂型上消化道出血：此型出血主要是由于肝硬化等引起门脉高压所致，是肝硬化严重并发症和主要死亡原因。临床上一般应用垂体后叶素静脉滴注进行止血，临床效果可靠。生长抑素制剂是近年来治疗上消化道出血的新近热点药物之一，生长抑素代表药物有八肽、十四肽生长抑素，能抑制胃肠内分泌系统肽类的分泌及抑制生长激素的释放，还能降低门脉高压。食管静脉曲张出血的诊治建议(草案)推荐生长抑素250ug静脉推注后以250 ug／h静脉滴注维持3～5d。另有学者提倡对于食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血应首选生长抑素联合血管加压素</span><sup style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; font-family: Arial, 宋体; line-height: 25.2px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;\">［8］</sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; background-color: #ffffff;\">。另外非选择性&beta;受体阻滞剂被认为是预防食管胃底静脉曲张出血和再出血有效药物，尤其是在欧美国家甚至被认为是标准治疗方案，但国内尚未见到大规模使用；除了药物止血外，气囊压迫术也是此型上消化道出血常用手段，尤其是三强气囊管对于胃底和食管下端填塞，效果确切，但一般用于药物止血失败，且该法不能长时间应用，建议不超过24h，否则容易导致粘膜糜烂；介入治疗也是此型上消化道出血的常用反法，常见的有双介入栓塞术和经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术(TIPSS)，该法成功率高，但是技术要求高且费用昂贵，仍需进一步推广。</span></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1028","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":1},{"id":"9143","isDel":0,"createAt":0,"createBy":null,"createName":null,"updateAt":0,"updateBy":null,"updateName":null,"userId":null,"title":"老年人消化道出血的原因","content":"<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><br/></p><p style=\"margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-indent: 32px; text-align: center; line-height: 200%;\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1513055589342.jpg\" title=\"老年人消化道出血的原因\" alt=\"老年人消化道出血的原因\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">急性消化道出血是常见的病症之一，大多是由于消化道本身疾病引起的。发生在上消化道</span>(包括食管，胃，十二指肠，空肠上段)以及来自胆道或胰管的出血，是老年人常见的急症。那么引起老年人上消化道出血的原因有那些？</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">引起老年人上消化道出血的原因</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">1、消化性溃疡：占首位(约占50%左右)。出血是溃疡病活动的表现，是由于溃疡周围小血管充血，破列所致。当过度疲劳，情绪紧张，饮食不当及服用损作胃粘膜的药物(如阿斯匹林)等均可引起消化性溃疡活动而致出血，老年上消化道出血患者中胃溃疡多于十二指肠溃疡，大多数出血者，平时可无症状，而以出血为首发症状。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">2、食管病变：如肝炎后肝硬化或血吸虫病肝硬化患者可发生食管静脉曲张破裂出血，胃酸的反流及腐蚀作用，粗糙坚硬食物的损伤以及腹腔内压力增高，均可成为出血的诱因，约有30%左右的食管静脉曲张患者出现消化道出血并非是曲张的静脉破裂，而是由于同时合并的溃疡病或胃粘膜病变引起，此外，老年人食管溃疡，食管癌均导致出血。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">3、出血性胃炎：老年人习惯服用阿斯匹林，消炎痛，保太松，布洛芬，氨茶碱，氯化钾，酒精及长期应用激素等，均可损伤胃粘膜而引起出血。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">4、胃恶性病变：如胃癌，胃肉瘤等，随着年龄的增长，老年人胃癌引起出血的发生率增高，主要由于癌组织缺血性坏死而致糜烂或溃疡侵蚀血管引起出血。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">5、其他：如严重肺心病，中风等严重疾患；中毒，外伤等引起的应激性溃疡出血等。</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">消化道出血的症状分析</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0;text-indent:32px;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">出血常常突然发生，患者往往先有恶心，然后呕血，继而排出黑便，呕出的内容物常呈咖啡色，但有进度也可呈暗红色或鲜红色，这主要取决于出血量的多少和在胃内停留时间的长短，黑大便往往呈柏油状，所以又叫柏油便，但在出血量大，血便排出很快时，也可呈暗红色。如老年人出现呕咖啡色液体或排柏油样大便时，要立即进行治疗。一般认为，黑大便的出现，说明每日出血量在</span>50-70毫升以上；当胃内储积血量在250-300毫升进度便可引起呕血，如出血量超过400毫升时，便可出现头昏，乏力，心跳，气短，面色苍白，出汗，脉搏细速，高压下降甚至休克等征象，如挽救不及时，可危及生命。</span></p><p><br/></p>","barId":"1932","topicTypeId":null,"topicThemeId":"1026","readLevel":0,"files":"","clickNoLikeCount":0,"clickLikeCount":0,"clickCount":0,"score":0,"partCount":0,"replayCount":0,"publishStatus":0,"publishTime":0,"isCream":null,"canReply":0,"shareUrl":null,"foodCouponVal":0,"emailNotice":0,"permission":0,"zlyShare":0,"status":0,"sort":0,"highlight":0,"highlightEffectTime":0,"digest":0,"digestEffectTime":0,"top":0,"topEffectTime":0,"closed":0,"stamp":0,"icon":0,"bgcolor":null,"fontcolor":null,"favtimes":0,"isAdopt":0,"adoptId":null,"sortDate":0,"metaSearch":null,"rn":2}],"pageObj":{"list":[],"list4Map":null,"pageBegin":0,"pageSize":5,"pageNumber":0,"totalPage":0,"totalRow":0},"loginUser":null,"replies":[],"forumUserFans":null,"herfList":[],"only":"0","topic":{"id":"7891","isDel":0,"createAt":1511154241222,"createBy":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","createName":"梅油油","updateAt":1524108171034,"updateBy":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","updateName":"梅油油","userId":"8b39c578b53311e7a3d800163e04584d","title":"消化道出血的常见病因","content":"<p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">消化道出血是临床常见症候群，可由多种疾病所致。消化道是指从食管到肛门的管道，包括食管、胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠及直肠。上消化道出血是指十二指肠悬韧带以上的食管、胃、十二指肠、上段空肠以及胰管和胆管的出血。十二指肠悬韧带以下的肠道出血统称为下消化道出血。随着内镜技术的发展</span>,新名词“中消化道”改变了对消化道的传统分段概念的认识。新定义以十二指肠乳头、回盲瓣为标志，将消化道分为“上消化道”（十二指肠乳头以上）、“中消化道”（十二指肠乳头至回盲瓣）和“下消化道”（盲肠、结、直肠）。<strong>消化道出血的常见病因</strong></span><span style=\"font-family: 宋体;line-height: 200%;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 16px\">有哪些？</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent: 32px; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><img src=\"http://01luntan.com/ly_img/uimgs/1511154668010.jpg\" title=\"消化道出血的常见病因\" alt=\"消化道出血的常见病因\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\"/></span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\"><br/></span></span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（一）食管胃底静脉曲张</span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">食管、胃底静脉曲张是导致肝癌上<strong>消化道出血</strong>的最主要原因。其发生的主要机制为：</span>80%以上的肝癌患者伴有肝硬化，肝硬化可导致门静脉压力增高，食管、胃底静脉曲张，当门静脉或肝静脉阻塞，可加剧门静脉高压，导致已曲张的食管、胃底静脉破裂出血，引起上消化道出血；肝癌可加重肝功能损害，使肝硬化程度加重，导致门静脉高加剧；当肝癌病灶位于肝门部时，可压迫门静脉主干，也可使门静脉压升高。 </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（二）凝血机制障碍</span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">肝癌患者由于正常肝组织减少，肝脏合成的凝血因子减少，凝血机制发生障碍。由于脾功能亢进，医学教育</span>|网搜集整理血小板破坏增加，凝血机制也会发生障碍。此外，癌栓进入血液后，很容易引起急性弥散性血管内凝血（DIC），引起消化道出血。 </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">（三）胃肠黏膜糜烂</span> </span></p><p style=\"line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\">&nbsp;</span></p><p style=\"text-indent:32px;line-height:200%\"><span style=\";font-family:宋体;line-height:200%;font-size:16px\"><span style=\"font-family:宋体\">肝癌患者由于门静脉高压，常造成胃肠道淤血、动膜水肿糜烂，引起出血。</span> 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